Index

Abortion, legalization of, 168–69

Academic Karelia Society, 258

Agitprop, 210, 213

Akhmatova, Anna, 226, 232

Akselrod, Pavel, 23, 25, 29, 89

Aleksandr II, x, 3, 8, 9, 41

Aleksandra (Empress), 105–106

All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, 182, 214

All-Russian Congress of Soviets: 2d, 120–21, 122; 3d, 143; 8th, 175–76, 185; 9th, 214

All-Russian Congress of Working Women and Peasants, 1st (1918), 150, 152–56, 165

American Socialist Party: during World War 1, 94–95, 100; German Socialist Federation of, 94, 95, 96, 100; Socialist Propaganda League, 100

Ankersmit, Heleen, 114

Antonova (woman worker), 66

Armand, Aleksandr, 77

Armand, Evgenii, 76

Armand, Inessa: enters work among women, 75–81; childhood, 77; during World War I, 89–90; in 1917, 109, 111, 112; in 1918, 152–57 passim; as head of Zhenotdel, 164–66, 168, 294–95n12, 298n71; mentioned, xii, 171, 172, 177, 212, 216, 220, 229, 234, 240, 295n17

Arvatov, B., 232–33, 234

Assarsson, Vilhelm, 263

Balabanoff, Angelica, 89, 93, 194, 196, 244, 298n71

Barinova (worker), 154

Beatty, Bessie, 122, 148

Bebel, August: Woman Under Socialism, xi, 48, 52–54, 278n24; attitude toward organizing women workers, 54–56 passim; mentioned, 17, 58, 71, 73, 74, 226

Bekrenev, V. P., 304n42

Berkman, Alexander, 179

Bernstein, Eduard, 24, 27, 28, 35, 274n6

Berzin, la. A., 136

Bestuzhev-Riumin, K. N., 14

Bestuzhev-Riumin courses, 14, 76

Bey, Ragip Raif, 251–52

Bloody Sunday, 30

Body, Marcel, 209, 234, 244, 245, 250, 252–53, 254

Bogdanov, A. A., 31, 67, 72, 74, 281n81

Boheman, Eric, 261–69 passim

Bonch-Bruevich, V. D., 145

Bosh, Evgeniia, 103, 104

Boudin, Louis, 94, 100

Branting, Hjalmar, 85, 89, 93, 101, 104

Branting, Sonia, 89

Braun, Heinrich, 56

Braun, Lily, 56, 65

Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of: negotiations, 137–40; Left Opposition to, 138–39, 140, 141–44, 150; Kollontai’s opposition to, 139–43, 144; ratification of, 142–43; mentioned, 149

Bryant, Louise, 127–28, 131, 146, 148, 159, 178

Bukharin, N. I.: in New York, 99-100; in Left Opposition, 138–42 passim; at 10th Party Congress, 193, 194, 196, 200–201; at 3d Comintern Congress, 205, 208–209; mentioned, 92, 97, 154, 164, 178, 185, 234, 245, 308n9

Bukhovskii, Mikhail, 116

Burko, Maria, 66

Calles, Plutarco Elias, 246, 247

Cheka, 221–22

Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 42

Chicherin, Georgii, 221, 242, 243

Chudnovskii, G. I., 100

Churchill, Sir Winston, 268, 269

Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, 223, 242, 244, 258, 270

Commissariat of Labor, 131, 147, 174, 182

Commissariat of Social Welfare, xii, 124, 127, 129, 147

Commissions for Work Among Women: proposed, 153, 156; in operation, 157–58, 160–61; transformed into Zhenotdel, 163

Communist International: 1st Congress, 159; 2d Congress, 167; 3d Congress, 204–10, 234; Woman’s Secretariat of, 167–68, 177, 212, 217; Executive Committee of, 215, 216, 217

Communist Party of Mexico, 246, 247, 309n23

Communist Party of the Soviet Union: 8th Conference, 164; 9th Conference, 179, 183–84, 192; 7th Congress, 142–43; 8th Congress, 159–61, 183; 9th Congress, 166; 10th Congress, 185, 189, 192, 193–201, 210, 234; 10th Congress, resolutions of, 199–200, 217, 219–20; 11th Congress, 216, 217–20; 14th Congress, 245

Comte, Auguste, 35

Confederación Regional de Obreros Mexicanos, 246, 247

Continuation War, 265–70, 312n88

Council of People’s Commissars (Sov-narkom), 123, 130, 132, 134, 145, 146, 203, 254, 289–90n4

Croy, de (Belgian ambassador to Sweden), 266

Cunow, Heinrich, 277nl8

Debs, Eugene, 96

Democratic Centralists, 182–85 passim, 192, 193

Denikin, Anton, 161, 162

Department for the Protection of Mothers and Children, 129

Dobroliubov, Nikolai, 21

Dolgoriukaia, Ekaterina, 9, 10

Domontovich, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna, x, 4-15 passim, 22, 25–26

Domontovich, Mikhail Alekseevich, x, 3-15 passim, 22, 25, 26, 27

Dragomirov, Mikhail, 13

Dragomirov, Vania, 13

Dragomirova, Sonia, 14

Draper, Theodore, 94

Dybenko, Pavel Efimovich: early life, 134–35; marriage to Kollontai, 135–36, 166–67, 221, 297n66, 305n60; court martial, 144–47, 156, 293n83; death, 252, 254, 311n48, 50

Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 218, 293n89

Economism, 24, 29, 33

Egorov, Ivan, 125, 126, 130, 132

Elgstrom, Anna, 251

Elizarova, Anna, 80

Engels, Friedrich: The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, xi, 48–51, 52, 54, 58, 69, 73, 277n18, 278n24; attitude toward organizing women workers, 54–56; mentioned, 17, 24, 28, 71, 74, 226, 227, 228, 235

Erkko, Eljas, 263

Fedorova (woman worker), 111, 112

Feminism: European, ix, 40–41, 43, 236; Russian, 43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 61, 62–63, 111; socialist attitude toward, 43–44

Finland: Kollontai’s studies of, 25, 26–28, 61; Soviet policy toward, 257–64, 266–70; in the Winter War, 259–64; in the Continuation War, 265–69

Fischer, Ruth, 245

Fourier, Charles, 40

Fraina, Louis, 94, 100

Frunze, Mikhail, 188

Fuller, Margaret, 99

Ganetski, la. S., 114

Gerhard, Carl, 252

German Communist Labor Party, 204, 205, 209, 216, 219

German Social Democratic Party. See Social Democratic Party of Germany

Germany: policy toward Soviet Union 1939–41, 257–58, 259; policy toward Finland 1944—45, 266–69 passim

Goldman, Emma, 179

Golubeva (Zhenotdel worker), 304n45

Gorky, Maxim, 61, 116, 117

Grimm, Robert, 93, 286n68

Gripenberg, Georg, 266–69 passim

Günther, Christian, 259–67 passim, 311n66

Gustav V (king of Sweden), 250, 270

Hagglof, Gunnar, 264, 265

Hangö, Cape of, 261, 262 , 263, 267, 269

Hanson, A. P., 103

Hansson, Per Albin, 262

Hardie, Keir, 66, 83

Haywood, William, 96

Herkner, Heinrich, 25

Hillquit, Morris, 95

Hitler, Adolf, 252, 257, 258, 264, 265, 268

Hodgson, Miss, 4, 7, 8, 9, 273n2

Hoffman, Max von, 139–40

Höglund, Zeth, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 113, 135, 244, 249, 251, 284n37

Iakimov, N.N., 247

Iaroslavskii, Emelian, 210

Ignatov, E. N., 182

Ignatovtsy, 301n20

Insaev (prison inspector), 116

International Conference of Communist Women: 1st (1920), 167; 2d (1921), 205

International Woman’s Day, established, 65, 66; in Russia, 78, 79–80

International Workers of the World, 96, 100, 216

Ioffe, A. A., 138

Jakobson, Max, 264

Jaurès, Jean, 66, 82

July Days, 113–14

Kamenev, L. D., 105, 107, 108, 114, 119, 123, 137, 205, 225, 229, 244, 245, 247, 249, 254, 255

Kant, Immanuel, 35, 36

Katayama, Sen, 100

Kautsky, Karl, 24, 25, 26, 33, 56, 277n18

Kellogg, Frank B., 245, 246

Kerensky, Aleksandr, 114–22 passim

Kiselev, A. S., 304n42

Kokoreva, N. S., 172

Kollontai, Aleksandra Mikhailovna: marriage to Kollontai, 14–16; studies of Finland, 25, 26–28; adoption of Menshevism, 28–29; during 1905 revolution, 30–39, 44, 45; On the Question of the Class Struggle, 32; Who Are the Social Democrats and What Do They Want?, 32–33; on ethics, 35–38; 222–23; work among women, 1905–08, 44, 45–8, 61–63; The Social Bases of the Woman Question, 56–61; work abroad, 1908–14, 63–81; Around Workers’ Europe, 67–68; writings on the new woman, 68–75; switch to Bolsheviks, 87–93; work for Lenin, 93-101, 113–14, 119; imprisonment, 114–17; activity in October Revolution, 117–21; reforms for women, 128—31; work among veterans, 131–33; marriage to Dybenko, 134–36, 144—47, 166–67, 221, 297n66, 305n60; opposition to Brest-Litovsk, 139–43, 144; work among women, 1918, 150–58, 159–61; work in civil war, 160–63; work as head of Zhenotdel, 168–77, 203–204, 210–14; The Workers’ Opposition, 189–94, 204–205, 209, 216–19 passim·, at 10th Party Congress, 194–201; “Theses on Communist Morality,” 203–204; at 3d Comintern Congress, 205–10; at 11th Party Congress, 218–20; attitude toward opposition to Stalin, 225, 244–45, 247–50; on Akhmatova, 226; “Make Way for the Winged Eros!”, 226–28; “Sisters,” 228; Woman at the Turning Point, 228–29, 231–32; “A Great Love,” 229; The Love of the Worker Bees, 229–30, 232; “The Love of Three Generations,” 230–31, 235; Fragments from a Diary, 236; and marriage law debate, 237–39; work in Norway, 242–44, 250; work in Mexico, 245–47; work in Sweden, 250–71; reaction to the Purges, 252—57; negotiator in Russo-Finnish Wars, 257–70; retirement, 270–71; death, 271–72

Kollontai, Mikhail (Misha): childhood, 16, 26, 64; during World War I, 83–85, 98–99, 101; later life, 117, 130, 135, 159, 251; death, 265, 270

Kollontai, Praskovia Il’inichna, 14

Kollontai, Vladimir Ludvigovich, 1422 passim, 98, 285n58

Kollontai, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 251

Kommunistka, 166, 168, 171, 210, 271, 302n7

Kopp, Victor, 250

Korolenko, V. G., 16

Korolev, Nikolai, 128, 129, 130

Krestinskii, N. N., 164

Kronstadt Rebellion, 193, 195, 196–97

Krupskaia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna: enters work among women, 75, 77–78, 79, 80; early life, 78; during World War I, 89, 90; attitude toward Kollontai, 233, 234, 302n7, 306n18; mentioned 97, 99, 100, 109, 111, 167, 168, 229, 294n12, 306n10

Kutuzov, I. I., 198, 304n42

Kutuzov, N. V., 304n42

Kuusinen, Otto, 259

Kuusinen Regime, 259, 261, 262

Kuznetsov, N. V., 220

Lafarge, Paul, 26

Lapua Movement, 258

League for Women’s Equality, 111

Left Opposition, 138–43, 144, 148, 150, 161, 163

Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich: vanguard theory of the party, 28–29, 32, 187; work with Kollontai, 31, 89–94, 97–105, 109, 111–12, 124–25, 132–33, 156, 205, 209, 283n29, 284n37, 285n48, 286n68, 303n11; and Inessa, 77, 78, 80–81, 168, 229; Kollontai’s attitude toward, 87–88, 89–93 passim, 122–23, 140; “Letters from Afar,” 104, 105; “April Theses,” 109; in Brest-Litovsk negotiations, 137–44 passim, attitude toward work among women, 154, 160, 169—70, 240–41; role in trade union debates, 184–88 passim; role at 10th Party Congress, 193–201 passim, 300n15, 301n20, 41; attack on Workers’ Opposition after 10th Congress, 214–18 passim; mentioned, xi-xii, 18, 25, 33, 74, 86, 108, 114–20 passim, 130, 181, 220, 223, 225, 253, 254, 255, 311n54

Liebknecht, Karl, 84

Lilina, Zinaida, 111, 205, 212

Litvinov, Maksim, 244, 246, 250, 258, 270

Lore, Ludwig, 95, 100

Lorentsson, Emy, 270, 271, 280n71, 305n60

Lunacharskii, A. V., 67, 117, 188

Lutovinov (Workers’ Oppositionist), 304n42

Luxemburg, Rosa, 25, 26, 32, 33, 92, 198

Maiskii, I. M., 66, 251, 270

Makar, Aleksandr, 247, 309n23

Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf, 268, 270

Marriage law, 1926 revision of, 236–38

Martov, Iulii, 29, 68, 89, 91

Marx, Karl, 17, 23, 24, 27, 28, 33, 37, 52, 54, 55, 56, 71

Masalin, Aleksandr, 4

Maslov, Petr Pavlovich, 68–69, 87, 229, 280n71

Maternity care. See Maternity insurance

Maternity insurance: Kollontai as expert on, xi, 59, 60, 97–98, 282n97; debate at Copenhagen Congress of International, 65; Russian Social Democratic legislation on, 66, 75, 76, 80; Kollontai’s institution of, 126, 128–31; discussed at 1918 women’s congress, 154, 155; Soviet programs on, 239

Medvedev, S. P., 192, 198, 199, 202, 214–20 passim, 224, 225

Miasnikov, G. I., 304n42

Mikhailov, M. L., 42, 43

Mikoian, Anastas, 198, 199

Miliutin, Dmitri, 8

Mill, John Stuart, 35, 42

Ministry of Social Welfare. See Commissariat of Social Welfare

Mirovich, Zinaida, 62

Mitin, F. A., 220, 304n42

Moirova, V. A., 165

Möller, Gustav, 260

Molotov, Viacheslav, 260–70 passim

Morgan, Lewis, 48, 49, 50

Morgari, Oddino, 93

Mravinskaia, Adele, 4, 6, 9, 12, 26

Mravinskaia, Evgeniia, 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 26

Mravinskii, 4, 9, 10, 273n10

Mravinskii, Aleksandr, 26

Muranov, M. A., 160

Natanson, M. A., 136

Nerman, Ture, 93, 94

New Economic Policy: instituted, 199; Kollontai’s criticism of, 204–209, 230, 231, 234, 305n60; 1921–22 debate on, 202, 214–15, 217–18; mentioned, 212, 302n7

Niessel, Henri, 136

Nietzsche, Friedrich, 29, 37

Nikolaeva, Klavdiia, 111, 112, 119, 152, 212

Nikolai II, 25, 30, 102, 105, 106, 107

Nilsson, Ada, 252, 254, 256, 257

Norwegian Communist Party, 308n9

Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 243

Norwegian Social Democratic Party. See Social Democratic Party of Norway

Okhrana, 279–80n63

Osinskii, N., 182

Ostrogorskii, Viktor Petrovich, 14

Palace of Motherhood, 129–31, 133, 148

Palencia, Isabel de, 265

Panina, Sofia, 290n18

Parskii, D. P., 145

Pavlovna, Vera (heroine of What Is To Be Done?), 42

Perovskaia, Sofia, 9

Pestkovskii, S. S., 246

Peters, Iakov, 293n89

Petrograd Conference of Women Workers (1917), 119, 126, 151, 152

Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies: Executive Committee of, 107, 109, 112, 140; mentioned, 106–107, 114–20 passim, 131, 140

Petrovskii, G. I., 77, 218

Piatakov, G. L., 92, 97, 103, 104

Pirogov, N. I., 41–42, 43

Plekhanov, Georgii, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 110

Podvoiskii, Nikolai, 108, 123

Populism: appeal in the 1890s, 18;

and woman question, 42–43

Pravdin, A. G., 217, 304n42

Preobrazhenskii, 203

Prostitution: feminist programs on, 43; Engels on, 50, 51; Bebel on, 52; Kollontai on, 58, 70, 72, 173–75, 228, 279–80n63; 1910 conference on, 66

Provisional Government, 106, 112–20 passim, 125, 181

Purges (1936–38): causes, 251; Kollontai’s reaction to, 252–57

Rabotnitsa, 78, 80, 112, 113, 119, 127, 282n98

Radek, Karl, 113, 114, 178, 205

Rakovskii, Kristian, 245

Reed, John, 120–21, 128, 178–79, 184, 223

Reichenbach, Bernhard, 204–205, 209

Revisionism, 24–25, 29, 32, 33

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 268

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 268, 269

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 38

Russian Social Democratic Labor Party: 2d Congress, 28–29; 6th Congress, 117; St. Petersburg Committee, 31, 46, 61, 62, 108, 110, 279n51; mentioned, xi

Russian Women’s Mutual Philanthropic Society, 43, 44

Rutgers, S. J., 94, 100

Rykov, 205

Ryti, Risto, 259, 261, 263, 267, 268, 312n88

Sadoul, Jacques, 139, 145, 146, 148

Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. F., 311n54

Samoilov, A. A., 76

Samoilova, Konkordiia Nikolaevna: enters work among women, 75–76, 78, 79–80; early life, 76; in 1917, 111, 119, 126, 127; and work among women, 1918–20, 152–57 passim, 165, 166, 170, 172, 240, 297n60; in civil war work, 162; death, 212

Sand, George, 40, 233, 235

Sapronov, T. V., 176, 182

Schmidt, V. V., 108

Second International: Stuttgart Congress (1907), 47, 48; Woman’s Secretariat of, 48, 80, 81; Copenhagen Congress (1910), 64–65; Basel Conference of, 82; reaction to World War I, 84, 85

Sedova, Natalia, 234, 249

Semashko, A. Ia., 115

Semenov, Vladimir, 268, 270

Sexuality: Engels on, 51, 53, 54; Bebel on, 53–54; Kollontai on, 58–59, 68, 73–74, 226–31

Shabanova, Anna M., 43

Shadurskaia, Zoia, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 26, 94, 114, 115, 117, 130, 135, 217, 244

Shchepkina-Kupernik, Tatiana, 82, 104, 247, 256

Shliapnikov, Aleksandr Gavrilovich: early life, 86; and Kollontai, 87, 93, 97, 98, 105, 107, 108, 244; work with Lenin, 88, 284n36, 285n53; in Workers’ Opposition, 183, 185–87, 189, 192–202 passim, 214–20 passim, 225, 304n43; death, 252, 254; mentioned, 123, 131, 135, 260

Slutskaia, Vera, 62, 110, 111, 279n51

Smidovich, Sofia, 220–21, 304n45

Smirnov, V. M., 182

Social Democratic Party of Germany: revisionism within, 23–24; work among women, 45–46, 63–64, 277n8; Kollontai’s criticism of, 67–68, 90–91, 198; reaction to World War I, 84

Social Democratic Party of Norway, 93, 97

Social Democratic Party of Sweden, 85–86, 88, 89, 93, 101

Society of Mutual Aid for Women Workers, 46

Sol'ts, A. A., 218, 219

Sorokin, Pitirim, 118

Sosnovskii, L. S., 212, 213, 303n33

Sovnarkom. See Council of People’s Commissars

Spencer, Herbert, 21, 35

Stal’, Liudmilla, 78, 103, 111, 119, 152, 153, 154

Stalin, J. V.: in 1917, 105, 107, 108, 117, 133; and Kollontai, 136, 216, 218, 221, 234, 244, 245, 248, 253, 255, 286n7, 311n55; campaign against opposition, 225, 229, 247; attitude toward female emancipation, 240; in World War II, 257, 259, 260, 262, 269; mentioned, 257, 264, 311n55

Stasova, Elena, 18, 19, 29, 30, 149

Steinberg, Isaac, 293n83

Stomoniakov, B. S., 258

Strakhova, Maria Ivanovna, 11–12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20

Strom, Fredrik, 85, 86, 88, 89, 113, 244, 245, 249, 251

Sukhanov, N. N., 109, 119

Svartz, Nanna, 265, 270

Sverdlov, Iakov, 119, 140, 152, 154, 169, 295n23

Swedish Foreign Ministry, 250, 259

Swedish Social Democratic Party. See Social Democratic Party of Sweden

Tanner, Väinö, 258–63 passim, 269, 312–13n90

Taylor, Harriet, 42

Tolstoi, Lev, 4, 133, 233

Trade Union Bureau (Petersburg), 61, 62

Trotsky, L. D.: during World War I, 89, 93, 283n28; and Kollontai, 99-100, 117, 123, 135, 136, 194, 217, 244, 247, 249, 253, 255, 283–84n31, 311n54; and Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 137–40 passim; and trade union debate, 184, 185, 188, 193, 300n15, 301n20; at 3d Comintern Congress, 205, 208–209; opposition to Stalin, 225, 229, 232; mentioned, 28, 122, 142, 150, 180, 181, 223, 234

Tsvetkov, Aleksei, 131, 132

Tukhachevskii, ?. N., 254

Ul’ianov, D. I., 162, 163

Union for Women’s Equality, 44, 45, 47

Unskova, A., 158

Vandervelde, Emile, 93

Vinogradskaia, Polina, 232, 233–34, 306n21

Volodarskii, V. V., 100

Vorovskii, V. V., 113, 114

Webb, Beatrice, 25

Webb, Sydney, 25

Wied, Victor von, 257

Williams, Albert Rhys, 135–36, 147

Wilson, Woodrow, 100

Winter War, 257–64, 311n66

Wolfe, Bertram, 246

Woman’s Bureau. See Zhenotdel Women workers: conditions before 1917, 44–15; activism in 1912, 75–76; attitudes toward Bolsheviks, 150–51, 165, 166

Women’s Progressive Party, 44

Women’s suffrage: 2d International endorsement of, 47, 48; Kollontai on, 59–60

Woolf, Virginia, 68, 75

Workers’ Opposition: formation of, 182, 183; before 10th Party Congress, 185–88, 300–301n19, 301n20; Kollontai’s role in, 188–201, 204–10, 216–20, 225, 234; after 10th Congress, 202–203, 214–20, 304n42; mentioned, 144, 177, 184

Wuolijoki, Hella Murrik, 261, 262

Zalutskii, P. A., 213

Zarudnyi, A. S., 116

Zasulich, Vera, 23, 46

Zetkin, Clara: and SPD woman’s movement, 45–46, 47–48, 63–64; and Kollontai, 64–65, 177, 205, 209, 217; during World War I, 90; and Woman’s Secretariat of Comintern, 167, 177, 205, 209, 297n69; mentioned, 56, 60, 75, 79, 111, 169

Zhenotdel: Kollontai’s proposals for, 46, 79, 111–12, 127, 153; delegate conferences, 153, 157, 164, 165; praktikantstvo, 161, 164; established, 163; under Inessa, 164–66; Central Section of, 164–71 passim, 171, 210–14 passim; condition in fall 1920, 168–71; under Kollontai, 171–77, 203, 210–14, 298n76; after Kollontai, 220–21; mentioned, xii, 184, 201, 209, 216, 217, 239, 240

Zimmerwald Conference, 93, 94, 95

Zimmerwald Left, 97, 100–101, 113, 119, 194, 219

Zinoviev, Grigorii, 111, 115–19 passim, 123, 178, 185, 205, 216, 217, 218, 225, 229, 244, 247, 249, 253, 254, 255, 305n1