Index

Abamalek-Lazarev, S. S., 156

Afanas’ev, A. G., 234

agrarian disorders: impact on zemstvo politics, 44-46; effect on gentry activists, 48–49

Agrarian League (Bund der Landwirte), 143–45, 170–72

agrarian system: of western provinces, 104–10, 118; zemstvo and government expansion of aid to, 191–93; political mentality of peasants as affected by three-field vs. multifield rotation systems, 244–49, 281, 289

Alekseenko, M. M., 87

Alexander I, tsar, 262

All-People’s Russian Union, 148

All-Russian Union of Landowners, 147–50, 170

All-Russian Union of Zemstvos, 50

anti-Semitism, 98, 99

Arkhangel peasantry’s political mentality, 244, 291–92

assemblies of nobility: political evolution of, 40–42; hostility to bureaucracy, 125; and Liberation Movement, 144

autocracy of tsar, 40–42

Avrekh, A. Ia., 97, 100, 142, 204

Baiteriakov, G. Kh., 231

Bakunin brothers, 196

Balashev, P. N., 99, 103, 118, 137

Baltic peasantry’s political mentality, 225–27, 243–46, 288

Bantysh, V. A., 85

Bekhteev, S. S., 158

Bennigsen, E. P., 87

Bezak, F. N., 99, 103

black partition. See land reform issue Bogdanov, S. M., 103

Bobrinskii, A. A., 97, 146, 154, 155, 167

Bobrinsky, V. A., 103, 118

Brafman, A. Ia., 72

Bulygin Ukaz, 44 Bund der Landwirte, 143–45, 170–72

bureaucracy’s political struggle with gentry, 7–8, 30–31, 125, 262–63, 268–69

capitalism in western provinces, 10410, 118

Central Agricultural Region, 281–85

Chermenskii, E. D., 142, 220

Chermodurov, A. A., 147, 148

Chernov, V. E., 109

Chetverikov, S. I., 72, 80

Chikhachev, D. N., 99, 103 chinovnik, 112

Circle of Nobles Loyal to Their Oath, 153

city curia. See urban curia

class conflict, and zemstvo politics, 203–204

“class” peasantry, 220–49

clergy: election to Dumas, 18–20, 84, 95; importance in Third Duma, 95; as surrogates for Russian noble interests, 114–15

commercial-industrial class, 6

communal peasantry curia. See peasant curia

Constituent Assembly of 1918, 290–91

Constitutional Democratic Party. See Kadets

constitutional government, need for, 71–72

Council on the Affairs of the Local Economy: Stolypin’s establishment of, 132, 163; and United Nobility, 159; Stolypin’s defeats in, 165; review power over legislation, 185; and zemstvo politics, 185–86; gentry domination of, 295

county assemblies, 11, 13

crop rotation systems, 247–49

curial system, 10–25, 199

desiatiny, 104

Diakin, V. S., 142

Dicheskul’, P. V., 131

district administration, 166–69

district assemblies, 11

Donetskii, A. A., 135

Dorrer, V. F., 42, 153–54, 158

Dumas: electoral system, 9–25, 38; provincial electors to, 9; domination by large landowners, 10–25, 18485; clergy’s role in, 18–19; zemstvos’ challenge to, 31; peasant victories in elections to, 46–49; Octobrists in, 69, 79–86; analysis of elections to Third, 94–122; Stolypin’s support in, 128; United Nobility’s role in dissolution of First, 159–60; Third dominated by United Nobility, 184–85; peasant voting in 1912 elections to Fourth, 219–60, 279–91; electoral law’s discrimination against peasantry, 221–25; peasant disillusionment with, 226–27; relaxed attitude of gentry in Fourth, 269–71

Durnovo, P. N., 137

dvorianstvo, 100, 108–109, 117

education of peasantry: reforms in, 167–69; zemstvo role in, 191–93; issue of secular vs. parish schools, 193

Ekesparre, O. R., 165

elections: to Dumas, electoral process described, 9–25; to Fourth Duma, peasant voting patterns, 219–60. See also suffrage

electors: role in electoral system of Dumas, 9–11; characteristics of, 2022; to Third Duma, 20–21, 83–84, 95–96, 113–17; terminology used to describe, 95–96; of western, Nationalist and Octobrist gubernias compared, 114–18; to Fourth Duma, 221–22

Enakiev, F. E., 72

Ermansky, O. A. [Kogan, O. A.], 6

Ershov, M. D., 51

“estate” peasantry, 220–49

Estonian peasants’ political mentality, 229–30, 243–46, 288

ethnic affinities, and politics, 234

expropriation of land, 47. See also land reform issue

February 18

Rescript, 145

Firsov, G. A., 157

First Duma: electoral system for, 1015; dissolution of, 31; peasant victories, 46–47; Octobrists in, 79–81; United Nobility’s role in dissolution of, 159–60

four-tail suffrage, 31, 37–38, 51–52, 267

Fourth Duma: and Kadet party, 3–4; elections to, 16–19; nobility’s dominance in, 184–85; peasant voting in 1912 elections to, 219–60; relaxed attitude of gentry, 269–71; peasant political behavior in, 280–91

fraktsiia, 69

Gennert, A. I., 72

gentry. See landed nobility

Gizhitsky, A. S., 99

Glebov, Iu. N., 85

Golitsyn, A. D., 85, 86

Golos Moskvy, 81, 83, 97, 189

Golovin, K. F., 146, 154

Goremykin, I. L., 159

gospoda, 283

Govorukho-Otrok, M. Ia., 166

“grey” peasants, 15, 283

Grimm, K. N., 87, 88

gubernia elections, 95

Guchkov, A. I., 70–72, 75–77, 83–90, 152, 189, 279

Gudovich, V. V., 72, 74, 147, 150–53, 157

Gurko, V. I., 161–62, 167

Henderson, Neville, 101

Heyden, P. A., 72, 76–78, 81

Hosking, Geoffrey, 132

Ichas, M. M., 241, 245

intelligentsia: provincial, 4; gentry, 36, 364; peasant, 229–30

Iskritskii, M. A., 85

Jews: and elections to Third Duma, 99; in western provinces, 105, 116

June 3 System. See System of the Third of June

June 24 Deputation, 42

Kadets: ignorance of politics of rural Russia, 2–4; and zemstvo liberalism, 33–46; educational background of, 33–34; and constitutionalists, 33; occupational background of, 35; as heirs to 1905 zemstvo congresses, 43; effect of peasant disorders on, 46–48; expelled from zemstvo movement, 49–50; approach to landed gentry, 53–54; central committee, 89; classification as “zemstvo left,” 188–90; provincial branches, 189; rout in 1907 elections, 195–98; peasants as, 229, 233, 241, 243; lack of support from gentry, 274

Kalachov, D. V., 167

Karpov, V. I., 167

Kasatkin-Rostovskii, N. F., 154, 165

Kasso, 168

Khomiakov, N. A., 79, 85

Khomiakov, N. S., 72, 75, 101

khutor, 240–41, 245

Kiev, Nationalists in, 109–12

Kievlianin, 133

Kokovtsev, V. V., 160, 168

Kolo, 124, 135

Korf, P. L., 72, 75, 76

Kovno province peasants’ political mentality, 226, 243–46

Krasovskii, M. V., 72

Krupenskii, P. V., 51, 118

Krupensky, P. N., 103

Krupensky family, 103

Krym, Solomon S., 234–35

Kryzhanovskii, S. E., 132

kultumo-bytovaia gruppu, 276–78

Kurakin, I. A., 87

Kushelev, V. L., 130

Kutler, N. N., 148, 151

Ladomirsky, N. N., 99

land captains, 166–67, 201, 223, 287

land reform issue: First and Second Dumas’ commitment to expropriation, 47; Octobrists’ program on, 73, 75; All-Russian Union of Landowners upholds inviolability of private property, 147–49; United Nobility’s stand on, 156–57; peasants’ overwhelming interest in, 220, 282; initial peasant enthusiasm changes to disillusionment, 226–27, 232–33; and crop rotation systems, 247–49

landed nobility: domination of rural political system, 1–25; rift with bureaucracy, 7–8, 30–31, 125, 262–63, 268–69; political mobilization of, 8–9; and elections to Dumas, 9–25; profile of, 21–22; nationality of, 21; occupations of, 21–22; as a service class, 22, 35–36, 261–62, 275–78; characteristics of, 23–24; as “gentry,” 30, 90; liberalism in zemstvos followed by reaction, 1905–1907, 30–66; intelligentsia, 36; economic decline of, 36–37, 143–44; marshals of, 40–42, 124–25, 144, 150–58; dual involvement with agriculture and public service, 47–48; attitude toward peasants, 48; and the Octobrists, 67–93; and elections to Third Duma, 95–122; landholdings of, 105–109, 155, 199–200; in western provinces, Russians vs. Poles, 105109; participation in State Council, 123–41; United Nobility, 126, 14273; political role of, 144–45; and political unification issue, 151–54; political behavior in zemstvos, 18692; diminishing numbers, 199–200, 294–96; relationship with peasants, 233–35; dominant role in politics of countryside, 261–300; self-image as particularistic group identified with the state, 261–62; return to land, 262–63; and Liberation Movement, 263–65; psychological trauma of peasants’ repudiation, 266–67; indifference to party politics, 270–72; support of Octobrists, 273–74; Particularistic culture of, 275–77; dependence on the state and the monarch, 277–78; as dominating body politic under System of the Third of June, 292–96

landowners’ curia, 12–25, 83–84

Landowners Union, 147–50, 170

Larskii, I., 190

latifundii, 23

Law of December 11, 11–14

Law of June 3, 18–19

Left Octobrists, 269, 271–72, 278

Lenin, N., and System of Third of June, 4–5

Lerkhe, G. G., 72

Levanidov, P. A., 244

Levshin, D. D., 167

liberalism, of gentry in zemstvos, 30–66

Liberation Movement: economic crisis and rise of, 37; and 1905 zemstvo sessions, 42–43; opposition to, 4344; paternalism toward peasants, 48; and progressive cause, 50; urban leadership of, 263–64; self-affirmation against state power, 264–65

Lifland peasantry’s political mentality, 243–46, 288

Lindeman, K. E., 88

Lithuanian peasantry’s political mentality, 244–45

Lobanov-Rostovskii, A. N., 166

local reform projects, 128–29, 165–67, 269, 294–96

L’vov, G. E., 50, 80

Makarov, A. A., 166

Maklakov, V. A., 166

market relations, western landowners’ involvement in, 107–10

marketing activities of peasants, 24647

Markov, N. E. II, 97, 158, 270

marshals of the nobility: call for national assembly, 40; political evolution of, 41–42; and state bureaucracy, 124–25; and issue of political unification of the nobility, 144, 15054; tension with United Nobility, 156–58; and peasant voting, 223; and gentry domination of System of the Third of June, 294–96

Mazurenko, G. G., 232

Mel’nikov, N. F., 147

Mensheviks, and System of Third of June, 5–6

Menshikov, M., 155

Miliukov, P. N., 3, 32, 88

Miliutin, Iu. N., 72, 75

Ministry of Internal Affairs: discretionary power to create curiae, 95; western zemstvos appointed by, 106; Council of the Local Economy, 132, 159, 163, 165, 185–86, 295

Mirnoobnovlentsy, 81

Moslems, political role, 231

multifield rotation system, 247–49, 281

nakazy, 282

Namier, Lewis, 102, 265

narodnye sotsialisty, 282

Naryshkin, A. A., 129, 146, 154, 155, 165, 166

national assemblies. See Dumas

national curiae, 135–37

National Group, 104

nationalism: Octobrists’ espousal of, 83; Stolypin’s adoption of policy of, 133–35; and Western Zemstvo bill, 134–38

Nationalists: emergence in elections to Third Duma, 94–122; compared with Octobrists, 97–104, 114–18; compared with pravye, 99; social origins of, 101–102; nobility’s control over, 102; educational background, 10, 102–103; geographical support, 103–104; occupations, 104; landholding by, 104; and western borderlands, 104–113; and market relations, 107–10; urbanization’s effect on, 111–12; electors to Third Duma, 113–18; political behavior in western provinces, 118; and Stolypin, 205–206; and gentry reaction, 269

natsional’nost’, 21

Naumov, A. N., 150

Naval Staff bill, 132–33

Neidgardt, A. B., 133, 134, 165, 167

Nicholas II, tsar, 32, 42, 48, 160

Nikitin, A. N., 72

nobility. See landed nobility

noble assemblies. See assemblies of nobility

non-noble landowners’ curia, 13–14, 199

Novoe vremia, 83, 134, 155

October Manifesto, 40, 44, 45

Octobrists: zemstvos provide organizing nucleus, 46; and the gentry, 6990; two strains of political thought among, 69–70; Shipov and Guchkov as major figures, 70–72; central committee, 72; program, 73–75; organization, 77; membership, 78; political activities, 79; electors to First Duma, 79–81; leadership split, 8183; Second Congress repudiates liberalism, 82–83; power in Third Duma, 83–86; prestige of local notables, 85–86; center factor Zemstvo-Octobrists, 87–90; death of party, 90; in elections to Third Duma, 94–103; compared with Nationalists, 97–104, 114–18; bourgeoisie’s role in, 100; as primarily nobles, 100; lack of unity, 101; educational background, 102–103; geographical support, 103–104; landholding by, 104; occupations of, 104; electors to Third Duma, 11318; relations with Stolypin, 128, 205; political classification in zemstvos, 189–90; provincial branches, 189; and 1907 zemstvo elections, 198; peasants in party, 232, 237; Left group, 269–72; gentry support as fatal political weakness, 273–74, 278–79

Ofrosimov, Ia. A., 131, 166

Okrainy Rossii, 134

Old Believers, 133

Olsuf’ ev, D. A., 165, 167, 168

Oras, Iu. M., 229–30, 236, 241

Orthodox Church, 19, 234. See also clergy

Pares, Bernard, 102

parliamentary politics, 68

party affiliations: in zemstvos, 188–92; of peasantry, 227–35; landed gentry’s indifference to, 270–72

Patriotic Union, 42, 145–46, 160

Pavlov, N. A., 146–49, 170–72

Peaceful Renewal party, 81

peasant curia: electoral system to Dumas, 10–25; in zemstvos, 199201; landowner influence over, 22224; electoral laws’ discrimination against, 221–25; voting for, 285–88

peasantry: “grey,” 15, 283; agrarian disorders of, 44–49; victories in Duma elections, 46–49; interest in zemstvo elections of 1909–10, 200202; tax burden in zemstvos, 201202; political mentality of, 219–60; “class” vs. “estate,” 220–21, 225–42; regional differences among, 221–49, 288–89; relationship with landowners, 233–35; multifield vs. three-field agriculture of, 247–49; repudiation of nobility, 266–67; political behavior under System of Third of June, 279–92; political behavior in C.A.R., 281–84; restriction on suffrage of, 286–88; psychological isolation of, 291

Peasants’ Land Bank, 170

Peasants Union, 39, 284

Perepelkin, N. M., 72

Pertsov, N. N., 72

Petrunkevich, M. I., 196

Pikhno, D. I., 133, 134

Plevako, F. N., 72, 87

Poles: autonomy issue, 70; in western borderland, and Nationalists, 104108, 118–19; in State Council, 124; opposition to western zemstvos, 135–37

political mentality of peasantry, 21960

pomeshchiki, 4, 105–10, 278–79, 285, 292

Pototsky, A. A., 109

Pototsky, Konstantin K., 109

pravye: majority of gentry as, 82; use of term, 94n; in elections to Third Duma, 94–122; nobility’s self-image as, 97–98, 269–70

priests. See clergy

Progressist Party, 228–29

Progressive Bloc, 118

provincial electors. See electors

provincial marshals. See marshals of the nobility

Prutchenko, S. M., 130

Purishkevich, V. M., 97, 154, 168, 270

Raeff, Marc, 264

Rakovich, I. E., 167

reform of local administration, 128–29, 165–67, 269, 294–96

Regime of the Third of June. See System of the Third of June

regional differences among peasantry, 220–21, 225–49, 288–89

religion: and issue of parish vs. secular schools, 193; and political affiliations, 234. See also clergy

Riabushinskii, P. P., 72

Riabushinskii, V. P., 72

Roberti, E. V. de, 196

Rodzianko, M. V., 79, 87

rural vs. urban politics, 1–7

Russian Assembly, 148

Russian Borderland Union, 98

Russian Orthodox peasantry, 19, 234

Ryslev, A. I., 236

Samarin, A. D., 197

Samarin, F. D., 130–31, 165

Samoilov, F. N., 238

Savel’ev, Aleksandr A., 200

Savenko, A. I., 118

Savich, N. V., 85

schools, secular vs. religious, 193

Second Duma: elections to, 14–15; peasant deputies to, 15; dissolution of, 31; peasant victories in, 46–47; Octobrists in, 81–82

selskie obshchestva, 11, 18

service class, landed nobility as, 22, 35–36, 261–62, 275–78

Seymour, Richard, 101

Sharapov, S. F., 147

Shcherbatov, A. G., 147

Sheremetev, P. S., 147, 156

Shidlovskii, S. I., 86, 89

Shipov, D. N., 50–51, 70–77, 80–81, 89, 150, 196, 197

Shirinskii-Shikhmatov, A. A., 146

Shulgin, V. V., 106, 112, 118

Siberian peasants’ political mentality, 226, 243–46, 291–93

Sidoruk, V. F., 244–45

Sinitsyn, A. M., 240–41, 245

sluzhba, 277

Snezhkov, V. N., 152, 171

Social-Democrat party, 236

Socialist Revolutionaries (SR), 290–91

soslovie, 10, 22, 68, 86, 100, 276, 278

soslovnost’, 20–22, 68, 276–77

Stakhovich, M. A., 72, 75, 76, 79, 81, 150, 152–53

state: gentry’s service to, 22, 35–36; nobility’s self-identification with and dependence on, 262, 275–78

State Council: legislation drafted by, 40; membership of, 123–25; political divisions in, 126–27; and Stolypin’s politics, 127–38, 205–206; United Nobility’s influence in, 164–65; zemstvo influence in, 185; elections from zemstvos, 205–207

State Dumas. See Dumas

Stishinskii, A. S., 134, 146, 160–62, 165–67

Stiurmer, V. F., 165

Stolypin, P. A.: reform proposals, 8–9, 32, 128–32; and 1907 Zemstvo Congress, 32; and Octobrists, 81, 86, 89; and Nationalists, 99; tsar retains as prime minister, 133; moves to the right, 133–34; and politics of State Council, 127–38, 205–206; defeat on Western Zemstvos bill, 135–38; United Nobility’s influence on, 142, 159, 162–66, 169; and zemstvo politics, 185–86, 192–93, 198–99, 203207; assassination, 207

Strukov, A. P., 146, 156, 165, 167

suffrage: and Duma elections, 10; four-tail, 31, 37–38, 51–52, 267; zemstvo opinion on, 51; three-tail, 5152; gentry opposition to direct, 26667; restrictions on, 286; and peasant passivity, 286–87

Sukhomlinov, N. P., 156

Sviatopolk-Mirskii, 145

Sychev, A. A., 230–31

System of the Third of June: landed nobility’s role in, 1–29; gentry’s dominance over, 52, 204–209, 292–96; analysis of elections to Third Duma illustrates politics of, 94–122

Tarasov, P. A., 72

Tevkelev, K. B., 231

Third Duma: electoral system, 16–23; Octobrists in, 69, 83–86; analysis of elections to, 94–122; electors to, 113–17; United Nobility’s dominance in, 184–85

Third of June System. See System of the Third of June

three-field agrarian system, 247–49, 281

three-tail suffrage, 51–52

Trepov, D. F., 148

Trepov, V. F., 136, 137

Trubetskoi, E. N., 196

Trubetskoi, P. N., 42, 147, 150–58

Trubetskoi, Sergei, 150

Trudovik party, 236, 241, 243

Tsertelev, D. N., 152

uezd, 31

uezdnye s”ezdy, 11

Union of Archangel Michael, 98

Union of Landowners, 147–50, 170

Union of Liberation. See Liberation Movement

Union of October 17. See Octobrists Union of Russian Men, 42, 146–47

Union of the Russian People, 82, 9899, 148, 232, 270, 273

United Nobility: creation of, 31, 52, 68; leadership cadre, 42; as alternative to Octobrists, 82; Congresses of, 126–32; relations with Stolypin, 129–32; compared with Bund der Landwirte, 143–45; antecedents of, 145–53; marshals’ opposition to formation of, 150–54; personal landholdings of First Congress participants, 155–56; tension with marshals, 156–58; extreme right as dominant, 157; elite interventions with government, 159–61; influence on state policies, 159–69; campaign against Stolypin’s local reforms, 161–63; influence in State Council, 164–65; and local government issues, 165–67; and education reforms, 167–68, 193; influence summarized, 169; and economic questions, 169–73; nature and aims reviewed, 170–73

upol’nomochennye, 11, 13, 229

urban curia, 12–17, 23, 116

urban role in zemstvo politics, 202–203

urban vs. rural politics, 1–7

urbanization, and Nationalists, 111–12

URP. See Union of the Russian People

Urusov, A. P., 103, 104

Veselovskii, B. B., 187–88, 194–95

Volkonskii, N. S., 50–51, 72, 79

Volkonskii, V. N., 150

volostnye s”ezdy, 11

volostnye skhody, 222

Von Gubbenet, N. K., 99

vyborshchiki. See electors

western borderland: impact on Nationalists, 104–19; electors to Duma from, 113–18; political crisis over, 134–38, 204–206

Western Zemstvo bill, 134–38, 206

Witte, Sergei, 31, 48–49, 148, 151

worker electors, 238–39

workers’ curia, 12, 14, 17

Zamyslovsky, G. G., 97

zemskie nachal’niki, 166–67, 201, 223, 287

zemstvos: gentry liberalism in followed by reaction, 1905–1907, 30–66; Congresses of 1905 and 1907, 3133; educational background of participants in, 33–34; occupations of participants in, 34–35; political evolution of, 38; impact of agrarian disorders on, 44–46; purges of leftwing employees, 45; effect of agrarian electoral victories, 46–49; opinion on electorate system, 51; in western borderland, 106, 115–19; hostility to bureaucracy, 125; Stolypin’s reform proposals, 128–30; Western Zemstvo bill, 134–38; political attitudes, 1907–1914, 184218; problems in evaluating election data, 187–91; confusion over political alignments, 188–92; expansion of educational and agricultural services, 191–93; election results, 1903–10, by political tendencies, 195; rout of liberalism in, 197; landholdings of 3 curiae in, 199; peasant interest in 1909–10 elections, 200–201; urban ’ elements in, 202–203; noble domination as perpetuating crisis of Third of June System, 204–209

Zemstvo-Octobrists, 87–90

Zhilkin, I., 203

Zverev, N. A., 168

Zybin, A. I., 154