“The Hermeneutics of Postmodernity”
Abnormality: as variant of normality, 62
Absolute, 13-14, 19, 70-71, 76
Absurd, philosophy of the, 102
Act: of consciousness, 7-8; relationship to the object, 8-10
Action, 22, 101, 113, 169, 183; as manifestation of self, 160, 172 n.31; relationship to language, 96-98; Ricoeur on, 91; teleological structure of, 100, 102
Adventures of the Dialectic, The (Merleau-Ponty), 72-73
Agreement, 30, 31-32
À la recherche du temps perdu (Proust), 116
Albertus. See Shalom, Albert
Alienation, 58, 69, 73
Alston, W., 144, 147
Analogy, 87, 145, 147; role in creativity, 133-34, 135, 142 n.26
Analysand: in psychoanalytic situation, 168, 176-77 n.68
Analytic philosophy, 165, 186
Anarchy: as postmodern belief, 61, 72
Anaxagoras: on reason, 127
Animality of man: and language, 184
Animal rationale: as definition of man, 183
Anthropology (Ethnography), 50, 56 n.45, 66, 156
Anti-institutionalism, 61, 72
Antinomianism, 61, 72
Anxiety: allayed by myth and metaphysics, 125-26
Apel, K.-О., 40
Appearance, 127, 139; realm of, 129, 135, 138
Appearance-reality opposition, 136, 172 n.15, 190
Application: Gadamerian notion of, 109, 113-14, 116
Appropriateness, 29-30, 150-51
Appropriation, 49, 115
Archaeology, 58-60
Arendt, Hannah, 22, 97, 102
Argumentation, 31-32, 33, 35, 39 n.11
Aristotelianism, 129, 170 n.4
Aristotle, 130, 131, 134, 178, 180; on ethics, 34, 39 n.14; on metaphor, 144, 147, 194 n.39; on numbers, 128-29; quoted, 25
Arithmetic, 127
Arts: and imagination, 180-81
Astronomy, 127
Aubenque, Pierre, 52
Augustine, Saint, 17, 32, 57, 160, 170 n.3
Austrian economics, 101
Author’s meaning, 5-6, 13
Bachelard, G., 150
Barthes, Roland, 163
Baudelaire, Charles, 64
Begrifflichkeit (Conceptual framework), 17-18
Behaviorism, psychological, 18
Being, 74, 101, 136, 139, 155, 166, 178; in ancient Greek thought, 127-28; for Gadamer, 117, 118; Heidegger on, 37-38 n.6, 86; as interpreted being, 45, 137-38; as language, 150, 161, 183; for Merleau-Ponty, 66, 68; ontological primacy of, 27, 38 n.6; possibilities of revealed in text, 95-96; as referent, 86, 87; as subject of metaphysics, 130, 132; substance as paradigm of, 159; and thinking, 152. See also Ontology
Being, undivided (l’Être d’indivision), 64, 66, 68
Being and Nothingness (Sartre), 159
Belief, 87, 113; fixation of, 31; and knowledge, 135-36, 137, 190
Benveniste, Émile, 100; on language, 161, 162, 163, 166, 176 n.53
Berger, Gaston, 8
Berkeley, George, 146
Bernstein, Richard, 46, 51, 108, 116, 118 n.2, 152; on Winch, 53 n.5
Betti, Emile, 3, 36 nn. 2, 3, 4, 55 n.32, 109
Beyond Good and Evil (Nietzsche), 55 n.26
Beyond Objectivism and Relativism (Bernstein), 108, 152
Biology: as basis of human behavior, 157-58
Bisociation: and creative act, 142 n.23
Black, Max, 144, 147, 189
Bloom, Harold, 112
Body, 91, 140 n.12, 156, 170-71 n.4; flesh as not, 64, 67. See also Mind-body problem
Boehm, G., 36 n.3
Braithwaite, R. В.: definition of science, 47
Bricolage: creative work as, 133, 142 nn. 23, 26
Bronowski, Jakob, 134
Brown, Norman O., 60-61, 62, 79-80 n.21
Calvino, Italo: Mr. Palomar, 166; quoted, 155
Camus, Albert, 72, 102, 126
Canons, 32, 33
Carnal knowledge: as knowledge, 80 n.21
Carr, David, 44, 54-55 n.22, 59
Cartesianism, 40, 53-54 n.10, 95, 164, 178, 190; demise of, 46; and Dilthey-Winch solution, 42, 53-54 n. 10; influence on Husserl, 43; and mind-body problem, 57-58
Cartesian Meditations (Husserl), 43
Casey, Ed: on imagination, 180-81, 182-83, 184-86, 193 n.30
Castoriadis, Cornelius, 76
Categories, 40, 84, 87, 88
Causal explanation: and empathetic understanding, 41
Causation: mathematics as, 127, 140 n.7
Cézanne, Paul: view of nature, 132
Changelessness: of author’s meaning, 6, 8, 19, 34
Chardin, Teilhard de, 171 n.4
Charron, Pierre, 139
Circularity: relation between self and other as, 67
Cogito, 60, 91, 94, 100, 105 n.46
Cognition: imagination’s role in, 182
Cognitive science, 158, 182
Coherence: as methodological principle, 29
Coincidence, 67-68, 73
Communication, 13, 72, 102, 164, 165-66; Merleau-Ponty on, 70-71
Communality, 32
Community of Interpretation, 163
Comprehensiveness: as methodological principle, 29
Computers: and “representation languages,” 182
Conceptual framework (Begrifflichkeit), 17-18
Conceptual truth, 87-88
Conceptual vision, 88
Conflit des interprétations, Le (Ricoeur), 88
Consciousness, 42, 58, 64, 74-76, 92, 96; and belief, 136; Brown’s effort to dethrone, 61; Camus on, 102; and desire, 165-66; of existence, 156; as false consciousness, 94; Heidegger on, 37-38 n.6; Husserl’s archaelogy of, 58-60; for Merleau-Ponty, 61, 63, 66, 70; as nothingness, 159; for phenomenology, 83; positivism on, 171 n.12; primacy of, 38 n.6, 60; and reflective analysis, 90; relationship to the object, 7-11; relationship to reality, 10-11, 83-84; and scientific study, 157-58; split, 69; and subject-object duality, 67-68; and true being, 179; validity of, 10. See also Self-consciousness
Constitution: Husserl’s notion of, 8
Construction, canons of, 33
Context, 114, 121 n.34
Contextuality: as methodological principle, 30
Conventionalism, 82-83, 87
Conversation, 51-52, 162-63, 166, 168
Conversation in extremis, 167
Copying: James on, 186, 192 n.27
Copy theory of truth, 15, 19
Corporeal, the, 58, 61, 64, 66, 67, 77
Correctness of application: as methodological criterion, 28
Correspondence theory of truth, 13
Cosmic harmony, laws of, 128
Counter-Tradition, 106, 151
Countertransference: in psychoanalytic situation, 167
Creative imagination, 180-81
Creativity, 12, 19, 21, 22, 133-35, 142 n.23
Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology, The (Husserl), 54 n. 11, 58, 60
Critique of Historical Reason (Dilthey), 41
Culture, 42, 46, 71; and symbols, 93, 95
“Death of the Author, The” (Barthes), 163
Decidability: and context, 114, 115, 121 n.34
Deconstruction, 60, 92, 96, 111, 183; of anthropology, 66; as Derrida’s approach, 106-7, 109-12, 174 n.41; and doubt, 105 n.46; Harvey on, 119 n.16; and hermeneutics, 113-15, 116; of metaphysics, 92, 100, 136-37, 166, 190; of mind-body problem, 155-69; Palmer on, 119 n.19; of philosophy, 59, 74; of Shalom’s text, 174 n.39
Deconstructive freeplay, 111
Demonstrative (theoretical) reason: compared with practical reason, 34-35; rules of, 31, 33, 39 n.10
Dennest, D.: The Mind’s I, 157
Derrida, Jacques, 76, 92, 96, 150, 174 n.41; compared with Gadamer, 106-18; on hermeneutics, 108-9, 111; meaning for, 111-16, 120-21 n.33, 121 n.37, 122 n.43; on perception, 186; on play, 116-17, 122 n.48; Rorty on, 119 n.10; on the text, 164, 168-69
Descartes, René, 40, 90, 131, 179, 181
Desire: and consciousness, 165-66
Determinacy: and context, 121 n.34
Detsch, Richard: on “play,” 122 n.45
“Development of Hermeneutics, The” (Dilthey), 40
Dialectics, 20, 52, 68, 106
Dialogue, 52, 70, 72, 166, 168
Dictionary of Philosophy (Runes): on imagination, 180
Différance, 111, 120 nn.24, 25, 164
Difference, 67, 111, 112, 120 n.22
Dilthey, Wilhelm, 25, 36 n.2, 36-37 n.5, 40-42, 50, 55 n.32, 94; Gadamer on, 53-54 n. 10, 108
Diogenes, 140 n.11
Discourse (le Discours), 51-52, 86, 98, 100, 183, 191; relationship to experience, 165-66; and the I, 161, 163; and intention, 83, 87; Ricoeur on, 88, 102; Smith on, 174-75 n.44
Discovery of the Mind, The (Snell), 75
Dualism, 42, 58-60, 61-64, 66, 67
Duality, 62
Dyad: Diogenes on, 140 n.11
Economics: use of Ricoeur’s work, 100-101
Eddington, Arthur, 130
Ego, 96, 161, 164, 168; status of, 159, 171 n.12. See also I, the; Self
Ego, transcendental, 8, 60, 93, 181
Eidetic connexions, 10
Eidetic insight (Weisenschau), 183
Eidetic method, 91, 103 n.8
Einstein, Alfred, 142 n.23
Eleatics, 130
Emotion, 91, 165
Empathetic understanding: and causal explanation, 41-42
Empiricism, 26, 130, 182
Emplotment: in history and fiction, 98-99
Enclosure: Derrida’s critique of, 121 n.37
Entities, 87, 137; numbers as, 128-29
Epistemological circles, 157-59, 171 n.12
Epistemological subject: and the external world, 182, 186
Epistemology, 18, 40, 45, 51, 102, 114; Derrida on, 111; dualism, 59; and endless circles, 157-59, 171 n.12; Gadamer’s approach to, 108, 110; and hermeneutics, 46-47, 50-51, 53 n.4, 155, 161; and imagination, 181-82; on language game, 179; Kuhn on, 17-18; as paradigm, 183, 189; Rorty on, 40, 53 n.4, 107; of social/human sciences, 40-45; and truth, 45, 49-50
Essences, 82-83, 88, 126, 147, 151, 178; as manifestations of language, 87, 88; meanings as, 145-46; as metaphysical question, 155-56
Essentialism, 129, 145-46, 152, 185
Ethics, 34, 107; norms, 28, 33
Ethnography. See Anthropology
Être d’indivision, l’ (Undivided Being), 64, 66, 68
Evans-Pritchard, Ε. Ε., 53 n.9
Evil, 91, 93
Evolution, 171 n.4
Existence, 62, 91, 95, 98, 100-102
Existential function of metaphor, 188
Existential question: translated into metaphysical question, 155
Experience, 14, 126, 132, 189; expressibility of, 91-92, 99; relationship to language, 86-87, 165-66
Experiencing as reflecting, 173 n.39
Experiential phenomenon: self as, 160
Experimental method of interpretation, 5, 21
Explanation: relationship to understanding: 40-42, 45, 47-50; as scientific rationality, 46, 47-48
Expression: and experience, 165-66; and metaphor, 150; relationship to meaning, 192 n.12
Extralinguistic reality, 83, 84, 86
Faith, 15-16, 32
Fictean ideal of the subject, 95
Fifth Cartesian Meditation, 60
Fink, Eugen, 11
Fish, Stanley, 121 n.34, 188, 191, 194-95 n.44
“Fixation of Belief, The” (Peirce), 143 n.33
Flaubert, Gustave: fiction realism of, 187-88
Flesh: for Merleau-Ponty, 64-68, 80 n.21
Foucault, Michel, 61, 92, 96, 158-59, 183
Foundationalism, 108, 111, 179, 181, 186
Freedom, 21, 72-73, 191
Freedom and Nature (Ricoeur), 103 n.8
Free-floating, 114, 115, 162
Freeplay, 108-9, 111-12, 113; of signs, 116
Frege, Gottlob, 82, 83-85, 165
Freud, Sigmund, 80 n.21, 160
Freud and Philosophy (Ricoeur), 103 n.8
Freudianism, 30, 94
Frivolity: and rejection of metaphysics, 106
Fuentes, Carlos, 168
Gadamer, Hans-Georg, 4, 32, 44, 138, 145, 168, 195 n.46; on being as language, 150, 161, 183; compared with Derrida, 106-18; on Dilthey, 53-54 n.10; hermeneutics, 3, 26, 33, 36 n.4, 45, 55 n.32, 108-11, 113-14, 119 n.18; on language, 136, 165; meaning for, 113-17; on method in interpretation, 25-27, 29-30, 32, 33-35; on play, 116-17; Ricoeur on, 36-37 n.5; Rorty on, 112; on subjectivity, 26-27; truth for, 115-18; on understanding, 51, 96, 166-67
Galileo, 132
Geertz, Clifford, 48, 50, 56 n.45
Geisteswissenschaften (Human sciences; Social sciences), 4, 40-50
Geometry, 127, 141 n.13
Gilson, Etienne: on science, 141 n.15
Gnosticism, 39
Goodman, Nelson, 82-83
Gorgias, 106, 134, 138, 142 n.26
Grammatical self-referential discourse, 162
Greek philosophy, 126-30, 136
Habermas, Jürgen, 28, 72, 171 n.12
Harré, Rom, 47, 51, 175 n.47
Harvey, Irene, 119 n.16
Hegel, G. W. F., 69, 80 n.29, 130, 146, 165-66, 186; influence on Merleau-Ponty, 63; on metaphysics, 125; on philosophy, 106
Hegelianism, 95, 117
Heidegger, Martin, 42, 60, 69, 71, 86, 122 n.50; influence on Gadamer, 3, 37-38 n.6, 110, 117; on language, 96, 186
Heisenberg, Werner, 130
Heraclitus, 16-17, 127, 129, 1З2, 138
Hermeneutical arc, 50
Hermeneutical object, 11, 13-14, 15
Hermeneutical phenomenology, 76. See also Phenomenological hermeneutics
Hermeneutics, 16, 50-52, 72, 91, 106-7, 110, 163; analysis of metaphysical theories, 131-36; as continuation of dialectics, 52; debate on method in, 25-35; and deconstruction, 93, 113-15, 116; Derrida on, 108-9, 111; and epistemology, 40, 42, 46-47, 53 n.4, 155, 161; Gadamer on, 3, 26, 33, 36 n.4, 45, 55 n.32, 108-11, 113-14, 119 n.18; Hirsch on, 3-5, 12, 18; language as basic to, 161; Palmer on, 119 n.19; and problem of self-understanding, 57; and reading, 167-68; and rhetoric, 164; Ricoeur on, 90-103; Rorty on, 53 n.4; and science, 45-49; of subjectivity, 90-103, 155-69. See also Interpretation; Phenomenological hermeneutics
Hermeneutics of suspicion, 30, 93-94
Hirsch, E. D., 3-22, 55 n.32; critique of Gadamer, 4, 32, 114; on method in interpretation, 25-29, 31, 32-35
Historical consciousness, 38 n.6
Historical narrative, 98
Historicism, 3, 8
Historicity, 19
Historiography, 98, 176 n.64
History, 20, 37 n.6, 73, 97, 100, 115; as theme of Leclerc’s work, 130-31; and truth, 168
History and Truth (Ricoeur), 102
Hobbes, Thomas: on imagination, 182
Hofstader, D., 157-58
Holton, Gerald, 47, 142 n.23
Horton, Robin, 142 n. 26
Human Action (Mises), 101
Human being. See Man
Human dignity, 137
Humanism, 31, 77, 92, 117
Humanities, 4, 25-26, 34. See also Geisteswissenschaften
Human sciences. See Geisteswissenschaften
Hume, David: on imagination, 181
Husserl, Edmund, 7-12, 14, 62, 66, 80 n.29, 95; on consciousness, 38 n.6; criticisms of, 91, 92-93; and debate on social sciences, 42-44, 54 n. 11; on the ego, 164; influence on Casey, 185-86; influence on Gadamer, 25; influence on Hirsch, 7-8, 9, 25; on language and experience, 165; on Lebenswelt, 40, 50; Merleau-Ponty’s critique of, 77-78; method of eidetic insight, 183; on metaphysical discourse, 136; and mind-body problem, 62, 74, 77; on natural science, 48; on objectivism and subjectivism, 58-60; on poetic object, 87; on reason, 70; use of phenomenological reduction, 181-82; use of quote from Augustine, 17; on the world, 15, 83
Hyppolite, Jean, 80 n.21
I, the, 161, 162, 164, 166. See also Ego; Self
Idea, 11, 178
Ideal: as real world, 129, 140-41 n.13
Idealism, 8-9, 91, 93, 16o, 181
Ideas (Husserl), 9-10, 59
Identity, 67-68, 145, 152, 169; personal, 57, 58, 77, 162, 169; Shalom on, 173-74 n.39
Identity Theorists: on material body, 156
“I-hood”: 100
Images, 178, 193-94 n.32; and imagination, 180-81, 182, 184
Imagination, 30, 190, 192 n.7, 193-94 n.32, 195 n.47; defined by Runes, 180; and language, 184-86, 188, 195 n.47; and metaphors, 189-9o, 194 n.39; postmodern approach to, 178, 183-91; relationship to perception, 180, 182, 185-87, 193 n.30; traditional approach to, 179-83
“Imaging,” 184
Imagining (Casey), 180
“Imagining-that”: as form of imagination, 184-85
Immanence, 14-15
Impressionist painters: view of nature, 132
Inexhaustibility: as hermeneutical notion, 115, 121 n.37
Ingarden, Roman, 187, 193-94 n.32
Insight, 61, 167, 179
Instrumental rationality, 28
Intelligence: metaphysics as function of, 126-30
Intelligible, the: and the sensible, 129, 130, 140 n.12
Intelligibility, 167; of metaphor, 144
Intended, the, 83, 86
Intended meaning, 83, 86
Intending, 184-85
Intention, 29, 87, 109
Intentionality, 7, 8-10
Interaction theory of metaphor, 189
Interpretant: Peirce’s notion of, 112-13
Interpretation, 41, 45, 46, 49-50, 169, 187; for Derrida, 108, 112; Dilthey on, 50; for Gadamer, 4, 115; Hirsch’s science of, 3-7, 12-13, 18-22, 38-39 n.8; Husserl’s countermodel for, 9, 12; and meaning of the text, 22, 176 n.62; method in, 25-35; misinterpretation of, 187-88; for Peirce, 113; for Ricoeur, 93, 95-96; as role of social sciences, 50; theories of, 25-26, 49-50; as understanding, 109, 167; validity of, 10, 15. See also Hermeneutics
Intertextuality: as analysis of metaphysics, 131-33
Intuition, 64, 178
Irony, 86, 107
Irrationality, 39 n.11, 127-28
Iser, Wolfgang, 193-94 n.32, 194 n.34
Isocrates, 33, 183; quoted, 25
Jalousie (Robbe-Grillet), 99
James, William, 125, 135, 137, 186, 192 n.27
Jeu. See Freeplay; Play
Jeu de différance, 122 n.48
Jeu de mots: metaphysics as, 134
Judgment: role in hermeneutical method, 28
Jung, C. G.: on reason, 139 n.3
KA (knowledge acquisition) theory, 182
Kant, 41, 181
Kantianism, 40
Kierkegaard, Søren, 106, 117, 155, 164
Kirk, C. S.: on Heraclitus, 127
Klein, Malanie, 79-80 n.21
Kline, Morris, 140 n.11, 140-41 n.13, 141 n.14
Knorr-Cetina, K., 47
Knowledge, 15, 31, 55 n.30, 70, 115, 190; and belief, 135-36; as carnal knowledge, 80 n.21; Derrida on, 108; Gadamer on, 108; for Hirsch, 4-5; and imagination, 181; role in Husserl’s philosophy, 43
Knowledge acquisition (KA) theory, 182
Koestler, Arthur, 142 n.23, 189
Kuhn, Thomas, 16-18, 20, 21, 46, 55 n.32
Laboratory Life (Latour and Woolgar), 47
Lacan, 75, 185
Landgrebe, Ludwig, 54 n.11
Language, 51, 111, 152, 162, 182, 183; analogical use of, 87; being as, 150, 161; and context, 121 n.34; as creator of alternative worlds, 136; Derrida on, 111-12, 164; Gadamer on, 37 n.6, 45, 109, 116, 122 n.41; Heidegger on, 37-38 n.6; and the I, 163-64; and imagination, 184-86, 188, 195 n.47; Lévi-Strauss on, 175 n.49; and meaning-intention, 83, 86; Merleau-Ponty on, 65-66, 68; and metaphor, 75-76, 144; as referential, 82-86; relationship to action, 96-97; relationship to experience, 86-87, 165-66; relationship to reality, 83, 86-87, 135-36; Ricoeur on, 92, 95, 195 n.47; Russell’s view of, 190; of symbolic logic, 148-49; as theme of Leclerc’s work, 130-31; and thought, 175 n.50, 187. See also Literal language
Language game, 42, 45-46, 53 n.8, 162, 164, 179; explanation as, 48
Latour, В., 47
Lebenswelt (Life-world), 40, 50, 60; Husserl’s concept of, 43-44, 48, 54-55 n.22; Merleau-Ponty on, 62, 68-69
Leclerc, Ivor: on history of metaphysics, 130-31 133-34, 136-37, 138
Leonardo da Vinci, 132
Letter on Humanism (Heidegger), 37 n.6
Levinas, Emmanuel, 91
Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 92, 116, 133, 142 n.26, 175 n.49
Liberal tradition: Merleau-Ponty’s belief in, 72-73
Life Against Death (Brown), 60-61
Life-world. See Lebenswelt
Likenesses: articulated by metaphor, 144-45, 151
Linguisticality, 51, 114
Linguistic code: and truth, 116
Linguistic relativity, 84
Literal language, 83, 85, 88, 146-47
Literal meanings, 145, 148-49
Literal speech: and metaphor, 148-50
Literal truth: and metaphorical truth, 87
Literary criticism: as branch of Geisteswissenschaften, 49-50
Literary text. See Text
Literature: as history, 98; and imitation of reality, 168
Lived experience. See Experience
Logic, 47, 133, 149, 179
Logical Investigations (Husserl), 7-8
Logical positivism: influence on Hirsch, 26
Logic of argumentation, 31, 35
Logic of interpretation, 4-5
Logocentrism, 92, 111, 115
Logos, 126, 127, 183. See also Reason
Love’s Body (Brown), 61, 79 n.21
McCloskey, Donald, 190
Machine, metaphor of the, 137
Maclntyre, Alasdair, 162, 166
Madison, Gary: Stewart on, 144-48
Man (Human being), 58, 96, 137, 178, 183-84; Merleau-Ponty’s idea of, 62, 66, 69-70; as metaphysical image, 155-59, 166; as the object of philosophy, 74-75, 76-77; place in nature, 58, 76
Mannerism: as opposed to Cartesianism, 164
Manufacture of Knowledge (Knorr-Cetina), 47
Marx, Karl, 80 n.29
Marxism, 30
Materialistic mechanism, metaphysics of, 137
Materialist metaphysics, 160
Mathematics, 126-30, 140 n.11, 141 n.13
Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty (Kline), 140 n.11
Meaning, 15, 30, 33, 83, 91-92, 101; author’s, 5-6, 13; Camus on, 102; for Derrida and Gadamer, 111-17; as either-or, 168-69; of existence, 101-2; of experience, 165; hermeneutical view of, 188; for Hirsch, 3-6, 7-8, 13, 15-16, 19-22; for Husserl, 8; as linguistic illusion, 175 n.49; and metaphor, 82, 86, 88, 144-45, 148-49, 188-90; as objective, 182; as pattern, 133; plot necessary for, 99; private, 191; through pseudo-description, 193-94 n.32; relationship to expression, 192 n.12; revealed in narrative, 97; for Ricoeur, 91, 93-94, 95; surplus-value of, 86; unity of, 29. See also Meaning of the text
Meaning-intention, 65, 83, 86
Meaninglessness: of metaphors, 144, 150, 188-89; of univocal concepts, 152
Meaning of the text, 11, 15, 19-22, 34-35, 95-96, 132-33; actualization of, 49; Derrida on, 108-9; for Gadamer, 109, 110; for Hirsch, 7, 19-20; methodological criteria for, 27; and the reader, 167-69, 176 n.62, 187-88, 194 n.34
Mental act: imagination as, 183, 185
Mental models hypothesis: and knowledge acquisition theory, 182
Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 60, 61-78, 86, 102, 166, 175 n.50; on absolute values, 13-14; on Being, 34, 38 n.6; on la foi perceptive, 15, 141 n.14; on Husserl, 43, 91; on the inner man, 160-61; on perceptions, 30, 192 n.29, 193 n.30; on phenomenological reduction, 44; on philosophy, 74-78, 80 n.29; on subjectivity, 158; on teleology, 117
Metaphor, 68, 75-76, 82-88, 110, 144-53, 194 n.39; as center of language, 188-90; and literal speech, 148-50; as meaningless, 144, 150; phenomenological-pragmatic theory on, 144-48; play as, 117
Métaphore vive, La (The Rule of Metaphor) (Ricoeur), 82-88
Metaphorical analogy, 133-34
Metaphorical language: relationship to literal language, 85, 88
Metaphorical transsubstantiation: as analysis of metaphysics, 131, 133-34, 135-36
Metaphorical truth: Ricoeur on, 82, 84, 85-86, 87
Metaphorics of textuality, 187-88
Metaphor of the machine, 137
Metaphysical belief, suspension of, 137, 138
Metaphysics, 13, 42, 87, 91, 95, 114, 178; approach to imagination, 180-81; critiques of, 17, 51, 92, 100, 107-8, 109-10, 164; deconstruction of, 100, 109-10, 137, 166; essence as idea-product of, 151; existential question translated into, 155; Gadamer on, 108, 117; as grounds for existence as meaningful, 102; and mathematics, 126-30; as metaphor, 87; mind-body question as problem for, 156, 158; as myth, 87, 125-39; Nietzsche on, 159-60; oppositions in, 190; and problem of subjectivity, 170-71 n.4; as a science, 106, 126, 131, 134, 136; Shalom on, 173-74 n.39
Metaphysics (Aristotle), 131
Metaphysics of presence, 92, 165, 178-79, 190; Derrida on, 107, 111; Gadamer on, 109, 111; Merleau-Ponty on, 70, 77
Method, 5, 26-34, 38 n.6, 41, 179; Gadamer on, 25-26, 110
Methodology as technology, 39 n.10
Mind, 156-58, 182-83
Mind-body problem, 57-61, 74, 80 n.21, 156-59; deconstruction of, 155-59, 170-71 n.4; Merleau-Ponty on, 61-62, 64, 77
Mind’s I, The (Hofstader and Dennent), 157
Mirror, 178, 183; of language, 150; metaphorics of, 182; of nature, 166, 168, 183
Mises, Ludwig von, 101
Mr. Palomar (Calvino), 166
Model of the Text: Meaningful Action Considered as a Text, The (Ricoeur), 97
Monad, 140 n.11
Monism, 62, 64
Montaigne, Michel de, 13, 131, 132, 134
Morowitz, H., 157-58, 160
Motivation, 91, 97-98
Mumford, Lewis, 137
Music: and Pythagorean cosmic harmony, 128
Mysticism, 132
Myth: as believed poetry, 87; and intention, 87; of language, 190; metaphysics as, 100, 125-39
Mythe de Sisyphe, Le (Camus), 102
Mythos: shift to logos, 126
Mythos-logos, 160
Nabert, Jean, 90, 94
Narrative, 98-100, 162, 166, 169
Naturalism, 42, 48
Natural sciences (Naturwissenschaften), 4-5, 40-42, 45; and the life-world, 44; relationship to human and social sciences, 46-50
Nature, 16-17, 59, 140 n.11, 155; alienation from man, 58; and imagination, 183; objectivity of, 58-59; relationship to consciousness, 61, 66, 67; representation of, 132-33
Nature of things: as subject of metaphysics, 131-33
Naturwissenschaften. See Natural sciences
Neo-Kantianism: and Husserl, 181
Neoplatonism, 131
Newman, John Cardinal, 32
Nicholas of Cusa, 133
Nichomachean Ethics (Aristotle), 39 n. 14, 178
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 50, 67, 108, 139, 140 n.12, 166; on being, 45, 137-38, 191; as counter-traditionalist, 17-18, 106; denial of philosophy, 80 n.29; on essence, 151; on histonography, 176 n.64; on metaphysics, 159-60, 190; notion of play 116-17; on physics, 55 n.26; on truth, 14, 168, 195 n.44
Nietzscheans, French, 61
Nihilism, 17-18, 76, 96, 110, 113, 163; Derrida’s position seen as, 174 n.41; and truth, 168
Noema, 9-11, 136
Noesis, 136, 178-79
Nominalism, 82-83, 87, 145-46
Normality: relationship to abnormality, 62
Norris, Christopher, 174 n.39
Nothingness: and Sartre, 159
Numbers, 128-29, 140 n.11, 141 n.13
Object, 5, 13, 34, 58, 76, 136; of belief, 87; of consciousness, 7-8, 9-11; and the flesh, 64, 67; and mental images, 193-94 n.32; objectivity of, 7, 8-9, 17; of poetry, 87
Objective, the, 61, 178, 182
Objectivism, 42, 59, 70, 76, 108, 163; Ricoeur’s overcoming of, 94-95, 96; and subjectivism, 58; and truth, 168; and understanding, 76
Objectivistic-subjectivistic philosophy, 152
Objectivity, 16-17, 21, 26, 49, 51, 116; for Hirsch, 4, 5-6, 19; for Husserl, 11; of nature, 58-59; of the object, 7, 8-9, 17; and subjectivity, 158, 159; of the text, 12
Object simpliciter, 10-11
Occam, William of, 126, 137, 151
One, 128-29
On Non-Being (Gorgias), 106, 138
Ontological commitment to meaning, 102
Ontological primacy of being, 27, 38 n.6
Ontology, 43, 64, 74, 86, 88. See also Being
Ordo cognoscendi, 27, 85
Ordo essendi, 27, 85
Other, the, 66, 67, 117, 165
Other minds, 162, 175-76 n.53
Palmer, Richard, 119 n.19
Parmenides, 128, 131, 134
Pascal, Blaise, 50, 57, 133, 136, 139, 142 n.23
Peirce, C. S., 12, 112-13, 120 n.32, 142, n.22, 162-63; on belief, 135, 143 n.33
Perception, 181, 194 n.32; Merleau-Ponty on, 65, 66, 68, 160-61, 192 n.29, 193 n.30; relationship to imagination, 180, 182, 185-87, 193 n.30
Perelman, Chaim, 171-72 n.15
Perlocutionary effect, 150
Perlocutionary force, 145, 188
Permanence, locus of: subjectivity as, 173-74 n.39
Personhood, 48, 57, 170 n.4
Persuasion: scientific rationality as, 46
Persuasive (practical) reasoning, 33-35; rules of, 31-33, 39 n.10
Phänomenologie des Geistes (Hegel): preface to, 106
Phenomenological hermeneutics, 26, 101, 108, 109, 114-15, 176 nn.62, 66; and the essentialism-relativism dichotomy, 152; on the I, 164; on metaphors, 148-51; methodological criteria for, 27-35; poststructuralist criticism of, 100; Ricoeur’s approach to, 92-94; and textual interpretation, 49-50
Phenomenological pragmatism, 144-48, 150-51, 184
Phenomenological reduction, 8, 44, 182
Phenomenology, 7, 9, 14, 17, 83, 90; Husserlian, 25, 43, 59; Ricoeur on, 91-92; and subjectivity, 38 n.6, 115
“Phenomenology and Hermeneutics” (Ricoeur), 91-92
Phenomenology of Perception (Merleau-Ponty), 60, 62-63, 75-76, 91
“Philosophie als strenge Wissenschaft” (Husserl), 42
Philosophy, 17, 57, 76-77, 130, 155, 178; Derrida’s equation with metaphysics, 110; end of, 74, 78, 107; Husserl’s concept of, 42-44; man as chief object of, 74-75; for Merleau-Ponty, 63, 65, 68-69, 74-78, 80 n.29; as myth, 138; post-Merleau-Pontyian, 92, 100; progress in, 74, 77; rejection of, 51, 80 n.29; as science, 43-45, 77-78, 88, 106, 138; and theories of imagination, 180, 182
Physics, 55 n.26, 129-30, 133, 142 n.23, 157
Plato, 131, 134, 151, 166, 178-79, 181; on reality, 129, 141 n.13; Timaeus, 130
Platonism, 8, 129, 140-41 n.13, 141 n.15, 190
Play (Jeu; Spiel), 37 n.6, 116-18, 120 n.22; free-floating, 114, 115, 162; freeplay, 108-9, 111-12, 113
Plot: as guideline to understanding, 98-99
Plotinus, 129, 131
Plutarch, 141 n.13
Poetry, 82, 87, 126
Polanyi, Michael, 18
Political philosophy, 61, 72-73, 107
Popper, Karl, 16, 21, 36 n.2
Positivism, 4, 33, 82, 85, 140 n.12, 171 n.12; and economics, 100-101; hermeneutics, 18, 26, 31; view of science, 43, 134
Postmodernism, 51, 67, 114, 164, 190; approach to imagination, 178, 183-91; on language, 183, 188; and Merleau-Ponty, 60, 65, 68-69, 71-72; playful characteristics of, 118 n.2; among sociologists, 60-61
Postmodernity, 61, 66
Postpositivists, 31
Poststructuralism, 51, 61, 92, 99, 100; on language, 163-64, 165; Ricoeur’s criticism as, 96, 100
Practical (persuasive) reasoning, 33-35; rules of, 31-33 39 n.10
Pragmatism, 17, 113. See also Phenomenological-pragmatism
Presence, 76, 93, 111, 117, 179
Presence, metaphysics of. See Metaphysics of presence
Primacy: methodological, 27; ontological, 27, 38 n.6
Primacy of Perception (Merleau-Ponty), 71
Primitivism: Merleau-Ponty on, 68-69
Primordial We (On), 66
Probabilities, calculus of, 31
Probability judgments, 5, 14
Proper, the, 115
Proper Meaning Superstition, The, 151
Proust, Marcel, 116
Psyche: as part of man, 156, 158
Psychic, the, 64, 67; realm of, 59; relationship to the corporeal, 57, 61, 77. See also Mind-body problem
Psychoanalysis, 58, 73, 79 n.21; model of interpersonal relations, 167, 176-77 n.68
Psychologism, 8, 9, 12
Psychology, 36-37 n.5, 59, 156, 157-58, 180, 182
Pythagoras, 128, 131, 140 n.11
Pythagoreanism, 128, 131, 140 nn.11, 13
Quantum mechanics, 157
Quotation marks: and the truth, 116
Radicalism, political, 61, 72-73
Rationalism, 70-71, 78, 85, 148, 180; as basis for mathematics, 127; view on metaphor, 144-45, 147, 152
Rationality, 13, 32, 51, 59, 70-72; role in judgments, 28; in theory of argumentation, 31-32
Rationalizing: as human business, 183
Rational judgments, 28
Raven, J. G.: on Heraclitus, 127
Reader Reception Theory, 167
Readers, 114, 116
Reading, 113, 167-69, 187-88, 193-94 n.32; Derridian technique for, 109, 112, 114; for Gadamer, 114, 116
Realism, 3, 8-9, 12, 14-15, 18; fictional, 187-88
Realism-idealism dilemma, 12
Reality, 17-18, 62, 117, 126, 151, 163, 171 n.12; as analogical, 147; and appearances, 127, 129, 136, 140-41 n.13; and being, 137-38; as cliché, 85; defined by Peirce, 12; and doubt, 105 n.46; experience as derivative of, 173-74 n.39; flesh as, 67; of discourse, 161; and imagination, 180, 182, 190-91; interpretive constructs of, 187; Kuhn on, 17; and laws of logic, 179; likeness as prior to, 145; mathematical essence as, 127-28; and mental models hypothesis, 182; and metaphors, 82-83, 85, 135-36; as metaphysical postulate, 138-39; of the object, 9-10; paradox of, 134; relationship to consciousness, 10-11, 83-84; relationship to language, 83-84, 86-87, 88, 165; for Ricoeur, 94; schemas of in science, 16-17; as thought, 184
Reason, 42, 45, 46, 70, 126, 127; as essence of man, 179; and faith, 32; as inferior to instinct, 61; Jung on, 139 n.3; for Merleau-Ponty, 70-72; trickery of, 128, 137
Reasoning, 31-33, 39 n.10
Reasons for actions, 183
“Rediscovering the Mind” (Morowitz), 157
Reduction, phenomenological, 8, 44, 182
Reductionism, 48-49, 59, 157-58, 163
Reductive interpretations, 30, 94, 181
Reference, 82, 83-85, 114, 116
Referent, 83-87, 136
Referential-representationalism, 178, 193 n.32
Reflecting (reflective) subject, 68, 95, 100
Reflection (Reflexion), 63, 78, 88, 94, 103 n.8; philosophy as, 64, 65, 90
Reflective analysis, 90, 135-36
Reflective (reflexive) philosophy: of Merleau-Ponty, 63; and Ricoeur, 90-91, 92, 94-95
Reflexivity: and language, 184
Relativism, 3, 17, 51, 76, 84, 145; and deconstruction, 114; and essentialism, 152; Gadamer’s approach to, 108; and Hirsch’s position, 13-14, 19; and intention, 87; and objectivism, 96; and subjectivity, 12; and truth, 168
Relativistic reductionism: on self, 175 n.47
Relativity theory, 157
Renaissance painters: use of Euclidean geometry, 132
Representation, 43, 50, 109, 168, 187
Representationalism, 178-79, 181-82, 191
Republic (Plato), 141 n.13
Resemblances: created through metaphors, 85, 194 n.39
Responsible judgments, 28
Revelation, truths of, 39 n.11
Revolutionism: and postmodernistic thought, 72-73
Rhetoric, 35, 164, 183
Rhetorical language: deconstructive reading of, 110
Rhetoric of Economics (McCloskey), 190
Richards, I. Α., 144, 151
Ricoeur, Paul, 36 n.2, 84, 115, 175 n.49, 188, n.47; on conflict of interpretations, 27, 42; on hermeneutics, 30, 50, 90-103; on Husserl, 9, 10-11; on Derrida, 120-21 n.33; on Gadamer, 26, 36-37 n.5; on Merleau-Ponty, 193 n.30; on metaphor, 82-88, 194 n.39; on reading, 167-68; on symbols, 93, 103 n.15; on textual interpretation, 22, 55-56 n.41
Riffaterre, Michael, 187
Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 99
Rorty, Richard, 43, 150, 151, 161, 162, 184; as antifoundationalist, 108; on conversation, 51-52; critique of metaphysics, 107-8; on Derrida, 112, 119 n.10; on doing philosophy without mirrors, 183; on epistemology, 40, 53 n.4; on Gadamer, 112; on universal commensuration, 51, 70
Royce, Josiah, 163
Role of Metaphor, The (La Métaphore vive) (Ricoeur), 82-88
Runes, Dagobert D.: on imagination, 180
Russell, Bertrand: on language, 190
Ryle, Gilbert: on metaphor, 84-85
Salambō (Flaubert), 187-88
Sapir, Edward, 84
Sartre, J.-P., 7, 60, 64, 106, 159, 164
Saussure, Ferdinand de, 83, 111, 120 n.32, 147
Scepticism. See Skepticism
Schafer, Roy, 160, 167, 176-77 n.68
Schleiermacher, Friedrich, 25, 37 n.5, 55 n.32, 109, 110
Schrag, Calvin О., 96-97, 98, 105 n.46
Science, 12-13, 16-18, 31, 35, 58-59, 133; as deductive system, 28, 47; divorce from rhetoric, 164; as empirical, 130, 141 n.14; and epistemology, 40, 45-46; and hermeneutics, 18, 46, 50-51; and humanities, 25; and imagination, 180-81; interpretation as, 3-7; as language game, 45; and the life-world, 43-44, 50; metaphysics as, 106, 126, 131, 134, 136; and mind-body problem, 156-57; philosophy as, 43-45, 77-78, 88, 106, 138. See also Natural sciences
Science, philosophy of, 45-46
Scientific method: Carr on, 54-55 n.22
Scientific rationality, 46, 47-48
Scientism, 18-19, 42, 68-69
Self, 67, 90, 159-63, 166, 169, 173-74 n.39; and dialogical exchange, 117, 167-68; and external world, 79-80 n.21; Harré on, 175 n.47; and the other, 66, 67; as product of metaphorical usage, 75; in psychoanalytic situation, 167; transformed in reading, 167-68. See also Ego; I, the
Self-awareness, 138, 156, 159
Self-consciousness, 69, 75-76, 156, 162-63; Ricoeur on, 92, 93, 94
Self-identical object, 6, 8, 19
Self-realization, 117-18
Self-referential discourse, 162
Self-reflection, 90, 93
Self-understanding, 45, 47-49, 51, 57, 59, 90-91; and language, 184; Ricoeur on, 92, 93, 94-96, 97; understanding as, 162
Sellars, Wilfred, 186
Semiology, 111, 120 n.32, 184, 189
Semiosis, 95
Semiotic: Peirce’s, 112-13, 120, n.32
Semiotic analysis of text, 49
Sensation, 171 n.12, 174 n.39, 181, 182-83
Sense, 82, 84, 114, 136
Sense and Non-Sense (Merleau-Ponty), 70-71
Sensible, the, 64, 67, 76, 129, 140 n.12
Sextus Empiricus, 128
Shalom, Albert (Albertus): on subjectivity, 170-71 n.4, 173-74n n.39
Signification: of reflection, 90
Signified, 83, 111-13
Signifiers, 83, 109, 111-13, 148-49
Signs, 93, 114-15, 116, 148-49, 165; meaning of, 111, 132; Peirce’s theory of, 112-13, 120 n.32; self-understanding mediated by, 92, 94, 95
Signs (Merleau-Ponty), 66-67, 72-74
Similarities, 145-47, 151, 152
Skepticism (Scepticism), 3, 14, 17, 170 n.3, 181
Smith, Barbara Herrnstein, 174-75 n.44
Snell, Bruno, 75
Social reality: and language, 172 n.26
Social sciences (Geisteswissenschaften), 4, 40-50
Solipsism, 12, 60, 162, 175 n.53, 190-91
Soul (Spirit), 60, 67, 156; union with body, 57-58, 61-62, 64. See also Mind-body problem
Speaking, 165, 175-76 n.53
Speech, 66, 75, 147, 160, 188
Spiel. See Play
Spirit. See Soul
Spurs/Éperons (Derrida), 108-9
State, the: and freedom, 72
State of affairs: as correlate of intending, 184-85
Steiner, George, 86, 136
Stevens, Wallace, 85, 190, 191
Stewart, Donald: Madison on, 148-53; on metaphors, 188
Structuralism, 92, 111, 114, 120 n.32; on language, 163, 165, 174-75 n.44
Structure of Behavior, The (Merleau-Ponty), 61-62
Structure of Scientific Revolution, The (Kuhn), 16-17
Subject, 57-58, 64, 75-76, 164; Derrida on, 114; man as a, 161; for Merleau-Ponty, 66, 67; as object, 76-77; Ricoeur’s hermeneutics of, 90-103; Schrag on, 104 n.31
Subjective: relationship to the objective, 61, 158, 190
Subjective idealism, 12
Subjective judgment, 28
Subjectivism, 3, 12, 18, 60, 92; for Merleau-Ponty, 60, 65-67; and methodologism, 38 n.6; and objectivism, 58; and objectivity, 26; and phenomenology, 38 n.6; and representationalism, 178-79, 181; transcendental, 91
Subjectivity, 17, 18, 49, 74, 115, 161; deconstruction of, 60, 105 n.46; Gadamer on, 26-27, 117; hermeneutics of, 155-69; Husserl on, 9, 12; of the interpreter, 12; for Merleau-Ponty, 69, 77; Ricoeur’s hermeneutics on, 90-103; Schrag on, 104 n.31, 105 n.46; Shalom on, 170-71 n.4, 173-74 n.39; transcendental, 59
Subject-object dichotomy, 11, 12, 18, 64
Substance, 6, 7, 17, 22, 156, 159, 163
Suggestiveness: as methodological principle, 30
Suicide option: Camus on, 102
Symbolic logic, language of, 148-49
Symbolique du mal, Le (The Symbolism of Evil) (Ricoeur), 90, 93
Symbolism, 80 n.21
Symbols, 76, 90, 92-95, 103 n.15
Taylor, Charles, 172 n.26
Technological understanding of human understanding, 182
Technology, methodology as, 39 n.10
Teleology, 99-100, 117
Telos, 12, 42
Temporality, 32, 99-100, 170-71 n.4. See also Time
Text, 29-30, 49, 85, 93, 113; deconstructionist position on, 114-15; Derrida on, 107, 111-12, 120 nn.22, 26, 164; Iser on, 194 n.34; relationship to action, 97-98; self-understanding mediated by, 92, 95, 98. See also Meaning of the text
Textual interpretation, 49-50, 112
Textuality, 93, 95, 97, 113, 183; metaphorics of, 187-88
Textual meaning. See Meaning of the text
Themes from Lectures (Merleau-Ponty), 78
Theoretical (demonstrative) reason: compared with practical reason, 34-35; rules of, 31, 33, 39 n.10
Theory, 27-28, 31, 142 n.26, 189
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 129, 145, 147, 152, 170 n.4
Thoroughness: as methodological principle, 29
Thought, 105 n.46, 128, 136, 163, 175 n.50, 184
Timaeus (Plato), 130
Time, 12, 19, 67, 98, 170-71 n.4. See also Temporality
Time and Narrative (Ricoeur), 98, 99
Timelessness, 6, 19, 32, 34
Totality, 117, 121 n.37
Tradition, 27, 46, 118, 122 n.50, 169
Transcendence, 10, 14-15, 126
Transcendental Ego, 8, 60, 93, 181
Transcendental idealism, 8-9, 59-60
Transcendentalism: and objectivism, 59
Transcendental pragmatics, 135
Transcendental signified, 111, 112, 113, 115, 149
Transcendental subjectivism, 91, 92
Transcendental subjectivity, 59
Transexperiential reality, 14
Transference: in psychoanalytic situation, 167
Transformation, 112, 114, 167-68, 176 n.60
Transitivism: as Merleau-Ponty’s philosophy of man, 66
Transsubstantiation, metaphorical: as analysis of metaphysics, 131, 133-34, 135-36
Truth, 15, 17-18, 21, 26, 31-32, 138; and epistemology, 45, 49-50; for Gadamer and Derrida, 37 n.6, 108, 115-18; and hermeneutics of subjectivity, 168-69; Hirsch on, 7, 12-13, 18, 21; for Merleau-Ponty, 66, 68, 71; for Pythagoreans and Platonists, 140-41 n.13; Ricoeur on, 82, 84, 85-86, 87-88
Truth and Method (Gadamer), 3, 25, 37 n.5, 109-10, 113-15, 117
Truth-value: of metaphorical discourse, 85-86; of science, 46
Twilight of the Idols (Nietzsche), 139
Unconscious, 64, 75, 93
Understanding, 30, 33, 47, 76, 117, 135-36, 137; and cognitive science, 182; as finite and pluralist, 51; for Gadamer, 37-38 n.6, 109, 110, 114, 115, 117, 166-67; as goal of interpretation, 49-50; Heidegger on, 37-38 n.6, 110; in hermeneutics, 27, 33; Hirsch on, 13-14, 19-20; and imagination, 190; and metaphor, 75, 145-46, 150; as method, 41; nесessary for plot, 99; philosophical and seientific, 88; relationship to explanation, 40-42, 45-50; relationship to knowledge, 55 n.30, 115; for Ricoeur, 94, 96, 167; role in methodological principles, 29; self-understanding as, 162; and semantic innovation, 194 n.39; and suspension of metaphysical belief, 138; technological understanding of, 182; theories of, 26, 34-35. See also Self-understanding
Understanding: A Phenomenological-Pragmatic Analysis (Madison), 133, 144
Understanding and Explanation (Apel), 40
Undivided Being (l’Être indivision), 64, 66, 68
Universal commensuration, 51, 70
Universality, 32, 70, 110-11
Universe, nature of, 128, 129
Univocity, 145, 147, 148, 152-53
Utopianism, 61, 69, 72-73
Valdés, Mario, 49-50
Validation, 28-29, 30, 33, 35
Validity, 3-22
Validity in Interpretation (Hirsch), 3, 25
Vico, Giambattista, 164
Visible, the, 66
Visible and the Invisible, The (Merleau-Ponty), 63-69, 74-75, 76-77
Volontaire et l’involontaire, Le (Ricoeur), 91
Voyage, Le (Baudelaire), 64
Wahrheit und Methode (Gadamer). See Truth and Method
We (On), primordial, 66
Weltanschauungen (World views), 41
Wesenschau (Eidetic insight), 183
Whitehead, A. N., 130, 133
Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 84
Winch, Peter, 41-42, 48
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 42, 53 n.48, 83, 187, 193 n.32
Woolgar, S.: Laboratory Life, 47
World, 15-16, 83, 129
World views (Weltanschauungen), 41
Writing, 112-14, 132, 163
Xenophanes, 128
Ζoon logon ekon: as Greek definition of man, 183
Zur Seinsfrage (Heidegger), 71
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