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A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology: A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology

A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology

A Baudouin de Courtenay Anthology

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Topical Index

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Accent: accent and vowel harmony, 109; morphological, 303; psychological, 109, 265, 292 ff.

Acousmeme, 267, 271, 280, 325

Acoustics, (See Phonetics)

Alalia, 123

Alternants, (See Alternations)

Alternations: causes of, 186; classification of, 162 ff.; conflict of, 164 ff.; definitions of, 149; embryonic, 165, 174, 193 ff., 209; foreign, 166, 187 ff., 192; foreign monolingual, 163; historical layers of, 183, 349 ff.; in children’s language, 208 ff.; innovations in, 181; layers of, 73, 349 ff.; living, 351; mixed (foreign-native), 161, 191; neophonetic, 194, 205; of alternations, 170 ff., 191; of correspondences, 187; of morphemes, 154; paleophonetic, 194, 204 ff.; paleopsychological, 204; petrified, 165; phonetic, 149 ff., 154, 270; psychophonetic, 181, 203, 205, 349; simple vs. complex, 170; traditional (inherited), 163, 185, 186, 201, 205, 211; vowel/zero alternations, 350 ff. (See also Correlations, Divergence(s))

Analogy (Morphological assimilation): 87, 103, 178, 190, 230, 345; “prohibitive,” 173

Anthropophonetics, (See Phonetics; Divergence(s))

Anthropophonic alternations, (See Divergence(s))

Aphasia, 123, 264

Apperception, 58, 262

Articulatory-auditory elements, (See Representations)

Artificial (International, World) languages, 139, 142, 247 ff., 256, 315 ff.

Assimilation, 88

Automatization, 264

Categories (of linguistics and Ianguage), 73

Cerebration, 123, 135

Characterization, (See Classification of languages)

Children’s language: 74, 122, 203, 215; alternations in, 208; development of, 208 ff.

Classification of languages (Characterization, Systematics): 60, 64, 118, 136, 304 ff., 312, 321; by internal form, 119; by similarities and differences, 136, 289; genetic, 64, 76, 108, 113, 136, 243 ff., 311; geographical, 117, 225; historical relationship, 225, 296; morphological, 64 ff., 77, 108, 120, 137, 258; morphological-semasiological, 313; morphological vs. genetic, 109; phonetic, 84, 312 ff.; principles of, 119; statistical, 242; structural, 224, 312

Comparative grammar, 56, 137, 239, 319 ff.

Comparative method: 56, 117; chronological principle, 117

Comparison of languages, (See Classification of languages)

Compounding, (See Morphology)

Conjugation, 102

Correlations (Correlatives, Psychophonetic alternations; See also Alternations): 162, 180, 203, 210; borrowed, 182; innovations in, 181; levels of intensity, 206

Correspondences: 269; alternation of, 187 ff.; interlingual, 170

Declension, 100

Derivation, 99

Dialect(s): 244; complex dialects, 319; dialectal diversity, 310, 318; dialect group, 244; dialect mixture, 219; dialect vs. language, 319; geographical classification, 117, 225; isoglosses, 297; transitional dialects, 308

Dissimilation, 88

Divergence(s) (Anthropophonetic alternations); 161, 205 ff.; causes, 163; features of, 173 ff.; neophonetic alternations, 194, 205; substitution as divergence, 173

Divergents, 161

Dysalphabetic, 245

Dysphonia, 264

Endings, 101

Epenthesis (insertion), 87

Epigraphy, 244

Errors: in hearing, 267 ff., 273; in writing, 82

Etymology, 98, 105, 245, 247

Evolution, (See Language change)

Feeling for language, 116, 229

Folk-etymology, 87, 98 ff.

Forces, (See Language)

Genders: types of, 358

Glottology, (See Linguistics)

Gradation: vowel, 177

Grammar, (See also Morphology): analysis, 81 ff.; chronological principle in, 62; division of, 61 ff., 114; explanatory, 56; historical, 239; logical, 55; object of, 134 ff.

Grammatical purism, 142

Grapheme, Graphemics, (See Writing)

Guna, 178

Habits (in language): 56, 88, 270; phonetic, 173; psychological, 283

Heredity (in language), 107, 208, 264

History of languages: 108, 213, 215, 306; as genetic classification, 65; external vs. internal, 63, 317

Individual language(s): 79, 129 ff., 243, 262, 268, 297; vs. common language, 273

Infixes, 99

Inflection, 62, 100, 104, 119, 136

Intention (vs. realization), 172, 266, 294

Interference, (See Mixed languages)

Isoglosses: 297; graphic, 356; phonetic, 356.

Japhetic theory, 304

Juncture, 267

Kinakeme, 271, 280, 325

Kineme, 267, 271, 280, 325

Language, (See also Languages): as a tool, 256; as an organism, 67, 78, 213, 241, 273; artificiality in, 52, 256 ff., 315; “average” (ethnic), 147, 274; categories of, 73; causality in, 72; collective-individual, 275 ff.; common vs. individual, 273, 316; conditions of, 134; conservatism in, 269, 294, 338; definition of, 68; embryology and pathology, 121 ff., 243; essence of, 123; esthetic aspect, 90; form and meaning, 78; forces, 57 ff., 107; historical layers, 62, 302; internal aspect, 119, 134; internal form, 105; knowledge and performance, 70; language vs. dialect, 79, 268, 319; matter and form, 120; microscopic fluctuations in, 193, 272, 276; model of, 134 ff.; of deaf mutes, 74, 79; pathology, 51, 121 ff., 265; peripheral aspect, 142; philosophy, 250 ff.; phonetic vs. psychological aspects, 262, 313; psychological base, 139, 213, 241; psychological and social character, 133,138,146, 213, 256, 283; purity, 216; role of consciousness, 71, 108; social product, 68; stability and fluctuation, 241, 269 ff.; stratification, 63, 75, 108, 301; synchronic laws, 71; system in potentia, 68, 78, 135; world view and language, 65, 242, 284 ff.; written, 312; (See also Writing)

Language change (evolution), (See also Language history; Language development; Sound-change): 62, 75, 228, 239, 242, 271, 272; by imitation, 275; chronological principle, 108, 193; conservative force, 269, 294, 339; cultural, 315; directions of, 242, 313; dynamics and statics, 59 ff., 83, 86, 92 ff., 107, 116, 214, 269, 313 ff.; explanation of, 108; external, 76, 108; historical laws, 71; humanization of language, 213; incipient tendencies, 298; internal, 63, 76, 108; invariance in, 65; limit on, 94; macroscopic and microscopic, 272, 276 ff.; morphological change, 111, 138, 211, 252, 307; prediction of, 64, 242; principle of least effort, 51, 57, 86, 88, 213, 240, 264, 293 ff.; relative chronology, 241; statics and dynamics, (See Dynamics and statics); statistical constant, 270; tendencies, 87 ff., 118, 308; tree theory, 113, 244, 297; wave theory, 113 ff, 241, 258, 297

Language contact, (See also Mixed Languages): Balkan languages, 305; geographic proximity, 296, 305, 320; geographical principle, 218; interlingual relations, 252; role of geography, 90; unrelated languages, 320

Language development: and evolution, 252; defined, 215; forces, 57; in children, 210; individual peculiarities, 130; laws of, 116

Language history, 64, 131; conservatism, 110; cultural, 315; external aspect, 76, 108; historical layers, 73 ff., 349 ff.; internal aspect, 63, 76, 108; progressiveness, 110; turning points in, 166; trends, 75; vs. development, 215, 252

Language mixture, (See Mixed languages)

Language of animals, 70, 131, 243

Language teaching, (See also Applied linguistics): 141; to deaf mutes, 51

Languages (See also Artificial, Individual, Mixed languages): 64 ff., 77 ff., 119, 258; agglutinative, 77, 137, 307; analytic (secondary), 65, 137, 295, 305, 317, 358; church languages, 317; creolized, 77; flexionai, 77, 137; general patterning of, 312; isolating (monosyllabic), 77, 137; Japhetic, 219 ff., 303; literary, 71, 138, 142, 225, 316, 320; living (modern, and their study), 73, 214, 317; national, 129; nominal, 110; phonetic development of, 314; social, 224, 268; special, 138; synthetic (primary), 65, 138, 230, 296, 305, 317, 358; Turanian, 109 ff., 112; verbal, 110; written, 288, 312, 316; (See also Writing)

Laws (of language): Auslautgesetz, 87; generalizations, 59 ff.; nature of linguistic, 57 ff.; of causality, 276; of social intercourse, 263; physiological, 263; psychological, 263; sound laws, 116, 252, 275 ff., 282 ff.; teleological, 72; vs. statistical statements, 272

Lexicology, 245, 321

Linguistic: affinity, 296; area, 244, 319; categories, 63, 73; concepts, (See also Representations), 240, 258 ff.; continuity, 274; embryology, 122; fictions, 269; generalizations, 224; geography, (See Dialect(s)); laws, 57 ff.; paleontology, 67; norms, (See Norm); records, 74; representations, 261 ff., 270 ff.

Linguistics: and practical politics, 142; applied, 53, 60, 67, 140 ff.; as a natural science, 241; as a psychological science, 139; as a science, 237; as an inductive science, 55; as science of language(s), 53, 57, 128; as social science, 57, 63 ff., 139; as socio-psychological science, 138; auxiliary sciences of, 139; chronological principle in, 214; comparative, 56 ff., 119, 312, 319 ff.; deductive method in, 56 ff., 64; democratization of, 244; descriptive (empirical), 55 ff., 70, 81; empirical, 54 ff., 60, 70, 81; experimental method, 252; explanatory, 56, 71 ff.; generalizations in, 59 ff.; genetic, 55; geographical principle, 214; goal-directed activity, 128; historical, 55, 148, 243; history of, 73; philosophical (speculative, aprioristic), 53 ff., 240; psychological, 239 ff.; pure, 60 ff., 81; qualitative method, 252 ff.; quantitative method, 252 ff.; socio-psychological science, 139; statistical, 84, 92, 256; synchronic, 214, 229

Mimicry, 133

Mixed languages, (See also Language contact; Dialect(s)): 112, 139, 213, 298 ff.; artificial, 256; confusion of tongues, 268; conscious in ter ference, 182, 256; effects, 220 ff.; formation, 219, 247, 298, 318; fusion of languages, 77, 297 ff., 302, 305; substratum, 302

Morpheme(s): 114, 135, 153; alternations of, 154

Morphological: accent, (See Accent); analysis, 136; assimilation, (See Analogy); change, (See Language change); classification, (See Classification of languages); comparison, 321; disturbances, 232; dynamics and statics, 95; layers, (See also Alternations), 101; role of phonemes, 281, 293; shifting of m. boundaries (“absorption”), 214, 230; structure of words, (See Word); translation, 109

Morphologization, (See Sounds; Phoneme(s))

Morphology: 61 ff., 135 ff., 245 ff., 312, 321; compounding, 99; “general” case, 293 ff.; historical development, 213; substitution (simple for complex), 298; types of word-formation, 120

Multilingualism, 218

Neophonetic alternations, (See Alternations)

Norm: abnormal linguistic behavior, 121 ff.; deviations from, 298; double norms, 288

Origin of language: 74, 131 ff., 296; monogenesis vs. polygenesis, 132, 215, 274, 296; phylogeny and ontogeny, 74, 215, 240

Orthoepy, 69

Paleophonetic alternations, (See Alternations)

Particles, 104

Parts of speech, 77, 100

Philology, 71; classical, 125 ff.; comparative, 57

Phonation, 123, 135 ff.

Phoneme(s), (See also Sounds; Phonetics; Phonology; Psychophonetics): 170 ff., 266 ff., 270 ff.; adaptation of, 211, 283; as ultimate unit, 324 ff.; as sum of phonetic properties, (See Representations); borrowed, 342; combinatorial properties, 173; combinatorial and spontaneous change, 200; definition of, 152, 266, 279; facultative, 288; foreign, 345; historical change, 282; merger of, 344; morphological role, 281, 293; morphoand semasiologization, 264, 266 ff., 281, 292, 324, 349 ff.; oppositions, 83 ff., 331; proto-phoneme (Urphoneme), 200; psychological reality of, 159 ff., 172, 266, 294; splitting of, 171 ff., 194, 335; tables of, 328, 343; variants of, 194; vs. grapheme, 281, 289

Phonology, (See Sound(s); Phoneme(s); Psychophonetics): 245, 278, 280; comparative, 321; phonological relationship, 148

Phonetic: cement, 109; change, (See Sound change); development, 262; dynamics and statics, 92, 115, 313; habits, 84; “laws,” 158, 263, 272, 283; levelling, 207; translation, 77, 111, 117; system, 272

Phonetics, (See also Divergence(s); Sound(s); Phonology; Phoneme(s); Psychophonetics): 82, 135, 151, 246, 278, 280; acoustic-physiological aspect, 82; acoustics, 75; anthropophonetics, 245 ff., 252; as periphery of language, 139; comparative, 321; etymological, 262; external aspect of language, 139; grammatical role, 115, 283; historical, 61, 245; laws of, 116 ff.; physiological aspect, 61 ff., 115 ff.; psychological aspect, 82, 117, 158 ff., 271, 313; sentence-phonetics, 288; statistics, 84, 92

Physiology (of language), 59 ff., 75, 85, 115

Prefixes, 99

Principle of least effort, (See Language change)

Protolanguage(s), 77, 117, 296

Psychological stress, 293 ff.

Psychology (of language), 59 ff., 213, 239, 266

Psychophonetic alternations, (See Alternations; Correlatives)

Psychophonetics, 246, 280, 292

Purism (in language), 51

Repetition: as principle of change, 273; frequency of, 273

Representations: 261 ff.; articulatoryauditory (phonetic), 79, 152, 158, 261 ff., 267, 280, 284, 292, 324; extralinguistic, 287; graphic-visual, 280; morphologized and semasiologized, 264, 280 ff., 292, 313; psychophonetic, 281; sound-images, 313

Rhetoric, 141

Roots: 95 ff., 214; monosyllabism, 214

Semasiologization, (See Phoneme(s))

Semasiology (semantics), 105, 136, 245, 313

Semasiological attraction, 267

Sentence-phonetics, (See Phonetics)

Sentence-structure, 306

Sign-language, (See Visual language; Writing)

Sound(s), (See also Phoneme(s); Phonetics; Phonology): dynamics, 93, 115 ff., 313; equivalents, 115; facultative, 266, 291 ff.; laws, 116, 213, 252, 275, 282 ff.; morphologization of, 264, 280, 292 ff., 349 ff.; objective properties, 115; oppositions, 83, 331; parallelism of, 85; physiological causes, 86; physiology, 85, 115; psychological properties, 115, 266; psychological stress, 109, 292 ff.; psychophysiological aspect, 93; sounds vs. letters, (See Writing); stability, 84, 89, 94; statics, 92, 115 ff.; substitution, (See Divergence(s))

Sound change, (See also Language change): 84, 86, 112, 313 ff.; by imitation, 275; categories of, 87, 92; causes, 86, 93; chronological layers, 315; combinatorial and spontaneous, 200; compensatory lengthening, 87; general tendencies, 88, 94 ff.; microscopic and macroscopic, 276; phonetic evolution, 313 ff.; physiological causes, 115; sound shift, 87

Speech: careful, 294; slovenly, 294 ff.; tempo and style of, 294; vs. language, 134

Speech act: cycle of, 266; speaker vs. hearer, 292

Statics, (See Language change)

Stems: 102 ff., 227 ff.; absorption of, 230 ff.; formation of, 62

Stress, (See Accent)

Structure of language: centralized (synthetic), 358; change in, 111; decentralized (analytic), 358; fluctuation and variation, 252; foreign influence on, 222

Style, (See also Languages; Speech): high style, 294

Substitution, (See Divergence)

Suffixes, 99

Syllable(s): heteroand tautosyllabism, 328

Syntagm, 267

Syntax: 61 ff., 105, 136, 245; statics and dynamics, 105 ff.

Systematics, (See Classification of languages)

Tendencies, (See Language change)

Tree Theory, (See Language change)

Universais (of language), 137

Visual language, (See also Writing): 284, 287; of deaf mutes, 74, 79; sign language, 131 ff.; vs. acoustic language, 131

Vowel-harmony, 109

VImageddhi, 177 ff.

Wave theory, (See Language change)

Word(s): borrowèd (foreign vs. assimilated), 97; morphological structure, 230, 282, 306, 312

Word-formation, (See Morphology)

Word order, 110

Writing, 271; diacritics, 288; grapheme, 271, 280; grapheme vs. phoneme, 271, 281, 289; graphic-phonetic relation, 61, 289; ideography, 287; influence of, 71, 172, 284, 320; influence on world view, 284 ff.; morphemography, 285, 289; orthography, 286 ff.; phonemography, 285, 289; principles of, 285 ff., 289; syntagmography, 286 ff.; written language, 312 ff.

Zero, (See also Alternations), 116, 341

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