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Accent: accent and vowel harmony, 109; morphological, 303; psychological, 109, 265, 292 ff.
Acousmeme, 267, 271, 280, 325
Acoustics, (See Phonetics)
Alalia, 123
Alternants, (See Alternations)
Alternations: causes of, 186; classification of, 162 ff.; conflict of, 164 ff.; definitions of, 149; embryonic, 165, 174, 193 ff., 209; foreign, 166, 187 ff., 192; foreign monolingual, 163; historical layers of, 183, 349 ff.; in children’s language, 208 ff.; innovations in, 181; layers of, 73, 349 ff.; living, 351; mixed (foreign-native), 161, 191; neophonetic, 194, 205; of alternations, 170 ff., 191; of correspondences, 187; of morphemes, 154; paleophonetic, 194, 204 ff.; paleopsychological, 204; petrified, 165; phonetic, 149 ff., 154, 270; psychophonetic, 181, 203, 205, 349; simple vs. complex, 170; traditional (inherited), 163, 185, 186, 201, 205, 211; vowel/zero alternations, 350 ff. (See also Correlations, Divergence(s))
Analogy (Morphological assimilation): 87, 103, 178, 190, 230, 345; “prohibitive,” 173
Anthropophonetics, (See Phonetics; Divergence(s))
Anthropophonic alternations, (See Divergence(s))
Aphasia, 123, 264
Apperception, 58, 262
Articulatory-auditory elements, (See Representations)
Artificial (International, World) languages, 139, 142, 247 ff., 256, 315 ff.
Assimilation, 88
Automatization, 264
Categories (of linguistics and Ianguage), 73
Cerebration, 123, 135
Characterization, (See Classification of languages)
Children’s language: 74, 122, 203, 215; alternations in, 208; development of, 208 ff.
Classification of languages (Characterization, Systematics): 60, 64, 118, 136, 304 ff., 312, 321; by internal form, 119; by similarities and differences, 136, 289; genetic, 64, 76, 108, 113, 136, 243 ff., 311; geographical, 117, 225; historical relationship, 225, 296; morphological, 64 ff., 77, 108, 120, 137, 258; morphological-semasiological, 313; morphological vs. genetic, 109; phonetic, 84, 312 ff.; principles of, 119; statistical, 242; structural, 224, 312
Comparative grammar, 56, 137, 239, 319 ff.
Comparative method: 56, 117; chronological principle, 117
Comparison of languages, (See Classification of languages)
Compounding, (See Morphology)
Conjugation, 102
Correlations (Correlatives, Psychophonetic alternations; See also Alternations): 162, 180, 203, 210; borrowed, 182; innovations in, 181; levels of intensity, 206
Correspondences: 269; alternation of, 187 ff.; interlingual, 170
Declension, 100
Derivation, 99
Dialect(s): 244; complex dialects, 319; dialectal diversity, 310, 318; dialect group, 244; dialect mixture, 219; dialect vs. language, 319; geographical classification, 117, 225; isoglosses, 297; transitional dialects, 308
Dissimilation, 88
Divergence(s) (Anthropophonetic alternations); 161, 205 ff.; causes, 163; features of, 173 ff.; neophonetic alternations, 194, 205; substitution as divergence, 173
Divergents, 161
Dysalphabetic, 245
Dysphonia, 264
Endings, 101
Epenthesis (insertion), 87
Epigraphy, 244
Errors: in hearing, 267 ff., 273; in writing, 82
Etymology, 98, 105, 245, 247
Evolution, (See Language change)
Feeling for language, 116, 229
Folk-etymology, 87, 98 ff.
Forces, (See Language)
Genders: types of, 358
Glottology, (See Linguistics)
Gradation: vowel, 177
Grammar, (See also Morphology): analysis, 81 ff.; chronological principle in, 62; division of, 61 ff., 114; explanatory, 56; historical, 239; logical, 55; object of, 134 ff.
Grammatical purism, 142
Grapheme, Graphemics, (See Writing)
Guna, 178
Habits (in language): 56, 88, 270; phonetic, 173; psychological, 283
Heredity (in language), 107, 208, 264
History of languages: 108, 213, 215, 306; as genetic classification, 65; external vs. internal, 63, 317
Individual language(s): 79, 129 ff., 243, 262, 268, 297; vs. common language, 273
Infixes, 99
Inflection, 62, 100, 104, 119, 136
Intention (vs. realization), 172, 266, 294
Interference, (See Mixed languages)
Isoglosses: 297; graphic, 356; phonetic, 356.
Japhetic theory, 304
Juncture, 267
Kinakeme, 271, 280, 325
Kineme, 267, 271, 280, 325
Language, (See also Languages): as a tool, 256; as an organism, 67, 78, 213, 241, 273; artificiality in, 52, 256 ff., 315; “average” (ethnic), 147, 274; categories of, 73; causality in, 72; collective-individual, 275 ff.; common vs. individual, 273, 316; conditions of, 134; conservatism in, 269, 294, 338; definition of, 68; embryology and pathology, 121 ff., 243; essence of, 123; esthetic aspect, 90; form and meaning, 78; forces, 57 ff., 107; historical layers, 62, 302; internal aspect, 119, 134; internal form, 105; knowledge and performance, 70; language vs. dialect, 79, 268, 319; matter and form, 120; microscopic fluctuations in, 193, 272, 276; model of, 134 ff.; of deaf mutes, 74, 79; pathology, 51, 121 ff., 265; peripheral aspect, 142; philosophy, 250 ff.; phonetic vs. psychological aspects, 262, 313; psychological base, 139, 213, 241; psychological and social character, 133,138,146, 213, 256, 283; purity, 216; role of consciousness, 71, 108; social product, 68; stability and fluctuation, 241, 269 ff.; stratification, 63, 75, 108, 301; synchronic laws, 71; system in potentia, 68, 78, 135; world view and language, 65, 242, 284 ff.; written, 312; (See also Writing)
Language change (evolution), (See also Language history; Language development; Sound-change): 62, 75, 228, 239, 242, 271, 272; by imitation, 275; chronological principle, 108, 193; conservative force, 269, 294, 339; cultural, 315; directions of, 242, 313; dynamics and statics, 59 ff., 83, 86, 92 ff., 107, 116, 214, 269, 313 ff.; explanation of, 108; external, 76, 108; historical laws, 71; humanization of language, 213; incipient tendencies, 298; internal, 63, 76, 108; invariance in, 65; limit on, 94; macroscopic and microscopic, 272, 276 ff.; morphological change, 111, 138, 211, 252, 307; prediction of, 64, 242; principle of least effort, 51, 57, 86, 88, 213, 240, 264, 293 ff.; relative chronology, 241; statics and dynamics, (See Dynamics and statics); statistical constant, 270; tendencies, 87 ff., 118, 308; tree theory, 113, 244, 297; wave theory, 113 ff, 241, 258, 297
Language contact, (See also Mixed Languages): Balkan languages, 305; geographic proximity, 296, 305, 320; geographical principle, 218; interlingual relations, 252; role of geography, 90; unrelated languages, 320
Language development: and evolution, 252; defined, 215; forces, 57; in children, 210; individual peculiarities, 130; laws of, 116
Language history, 64, 131; conservatism, 110; cultural, 315; external aspect, 76, 108; historical layers, 73 ff., 349 ff.; internal aspect, 63, 76, 108; progressiveness, 110; turning points in, 166; trends, 75; vs. development, 215, 252
Language mixture, (See Mixed languages)
Language of animals, 70, 131, 243
Language teaching, (See also Applied linguistics): 141; to deaf mutes, 51
Languages (See also Artificial, Individual, Mixed languages): 64 ff., 77 ff., 119, 258; agglutinative, 77, 137, 307; analytic (secondary), 65, 137, 295, 305, 317, 358; church languages, 317; creolized, 77; flexionai, 77, 137; general patterning of, 312; isolating (monosyllabic), 77, 137; Japhetic, 219 ff., 303; literary, 71, 138, 142, 225, 316, 320; living (modern, and their study), 73, 214, 317; national, 129; nominal, 110; phonetic development of, 314; social, 224, 268; special, 138; synthetic (primary), 65, 138, 230, 296, 305, 317, 358; Turanian, 109 ff., 112; verbal, 110; written, 288, 312, 316; (See also Writing)
Laws (of language): Auslautgesetz, 87; generalizations, 59 ff.; nature of linguistic, 57 ff.; of causality, 276; of social intercourse, 263; physiological, 263; psychological, 263; sound laws, 116, 252, 275 ff., 282 ff.; teleological, 72; vs. statistical statements, 272
Lexicology, 245, 321
Linguistic: affinity, 296; area, 244, 319; categories, 63, 73; concepts, (See also Representations), 240, 258 ff.; continuity, 274; embryology, 122; fictions, 269; generalizations, 224; geography, (See Dialect(s)); laws, 57 ff.; paleontology, 67; norms, (See Norm); records, 74; representations, 261 ff., 270 ff.
Linguistics: and practical politics, 142; applied, 53, 60, 67, 140 ff.; as a natural science, 241; as a psychological science, 139; as a science, 237; as an inductive science, 55; as science of language(s), 53, 57, 128; as social science, 57, 63 ff., 139; as socio-psychological science, 138; auxiliary sciences of, 139; chronological principle in, 214; comparative, 56 ff., 119, 312, 319 ff.; deductive method in, 56 ff., 64; democratization of, 244; descriptive (empirical), 55 ff., 70, 81; empirical, 54 ff., 60, 70, 81; experimental method, 252; explanatory, 56, 71 ff.; generalizations in, 59 ff.; genetic, 55; geographical principle, 214; goal-directed activity, 128; historical, 55, 148, 243; history of, 73; philosophical (speculative, aprioristic), 53 ff., 240; psychological, 239 ff.; pure, 60 ff., 81; qualitative method, 252 ff.; quantitative method, 252 ff.; socio-psychological science, 139; statistical, 84, 92, 256; synchronic, 214, 229
Mimicry, 133
Mixed languages, (See also Language contact; Dialect(s)): 112, 139, 213, 298 ff.; artificial, 256; confusion of tongues, 268; conscious in ter ference, 182, 256; effects, 220 ff.; formation, 219, 247, 298, 318; fusion of languages, 77, 297 ff., 302, 305; substratum, 302
Morpheme(s): 114, 135, 153; alternations of, 154
Morphological: accent, (See Accent); analysis, 136; assimilation, (See Analogy); change, (See Language change); classification, (See Classification of languages); comparison, 321; disturbances, 232; dynamics and statics, 95; layers, (See also Alternations), 101; role of phonemes, 281, 293; shifting of m. boundaries (“absorption”), 214, 230; structure of words, (See Word); translation, 109
Morphologization, (See Sounds; Phoneme(s))
Morphology: 61 ff., 135 ff., 245 ff., 312, 321; compounding, 99; “general” case, 293 ff.; historical development, 213; substitution (simple for complex), 298; types of word-formation, 120
Multilingualism, 218
Neophonetic alternations, (See Alternations)
Norm: abnormal linguistic behavior, 121 ff.; deviations from, 298; double norms, 288
Origin of language: 74, 131 ff., 296; monogenesis vs. polygenesis, 132, 215, 274, 296; phylogeny and ontogeny, 74, 215, 240
Orthoepy, 69
Paleophonetic alternations, (See Alternations)
Particles, 104
Parts of speech, 77, 100
Philology, 71; classical, 125 ff.; comparative, 57
Phonation, 123, 135 ff.
Phoneme(s), (See also Sounds; Phonetics; Phonology; Psychophonetics): 170 ff., 266 ff., 270 ff.; adaptation of, 211, 283; as ultimate unit, 324 ff.; as sum of phonetic properties, (See Representations); borrowed, 342; combinatorial properties, 173; combinatorial and spontaneous change, 200; definition of, 152, 266, 279; facultative, 288; foreign, 345; historical change, 282; merger of, 344; morphological role, 281, 293; morphoand semasiologization, 264, 266 ff., 281, 292, 324, 349 ff.; oppositions, 83 ff., 331; proto-phoneme (Urphoneme), 200; psychological reality of, 159 ff., 172, 266, 294; splitting of, 171 ff., 194, 335; tables of, 328, 343; variants of, 194; vs. grapheme, 281, 289
Phonology, (See Sound(s); Phoneme(s); Psychophonetics): 245, 278, 280; comparative, 321; phonological relationship, 148
Phonetic: cement, 109; change, (See Sound change); development, 262; dynamics and statics, 92, 115, 313; habits, 84; “laws,” 158, 263, 272, 283; levelling, 207; translation, 77, 111, 117; system, 272
Phonetics, (See also Divergence(s); Sound(s); Phonology; Phoneme(s); Psychophonetics): 82, 135, 151, 246, 278, 280; acoustic-physiological aspect, 82; acoustics, 75; anthropophonetics, 245 ff., 252; as periphery of language, 139; comparative, 321; etymological, 262; external aspect of language, 139; grammatical role, 115, 283; historical, 61, 245; laws of, 116 ff.; physiological aspect, 61 ff., 115 ff.; psychological aspect, 82, 117, 158 ff., 271, 313; sentence-phonetics, 288; statistics, 84, 92
Physiology (of language), 59 ff., 75, 85, 115
Prefixes, 99
Principle of least effort, (See Language change)
Protolanguage(s), 77, 117, 296
Psychological stress, 293 ff.
Psychology (of language), 59 ff., 213, 239, 266
Psychophonetic alternations, (See Alternations; Correlatives)
Psychophonetics, 246, 280, 292
Purism (in language), 51
Repetition: as principle of change, 273; frequency of, 273
Representations: 261 ff.; articulatoryauditory (phonetic), 79, 152, 158, 261 ff., 267, 280, 284, 292, 324; extralinguistic, 287; graphic-visual, 280; morphologized and semasiologized, 264, 280 ff., 292, 313; psychophonetic, 281; sound-images, 313
Rhetoric, 141
Roots: 95 ff., 214; monosyllabism, 214
Semasiologization, (See Phoneme(s))
Semasiology (semantics), 105, 136, 245, 313
Semasiological attraction, 267
Sentence-phonetics, (See Phonetics)
Sentence-structure, 306
Sign-language, (See Visual language; Writing)
Sound(s), (See also Phoneme(s); Phonetics; Phonology): dynamics, 93, 115 ff., 313; equivalents, 115; facultative, 266, 291 ff.; laws, 116, 213, 252, 275, 282 ff.; morphologization of, 264, 280, 292 ff., 349 ff.; objective properties, 115; oppositions, 83, 331; parallelism of, 85; physiological causes, 86; physiology, 85, 115; psychological properties, 115, 266; psychological stress, 109, 292 ff.; psychophysiological aspect, 93; sounds vs. letters, (See Writing); stability, 84, 89, 94; statics, 92, 115 ff.; substitution, (See Divergence(s))
Sound change, (See also Language change): 84, 86, 112, 313 ff.; by imitation, 275; categories of, 87, 92; causes, 86, 93; chronological layers, 315; combinatorial and spontaneous, 200; compensatory lengthening, 87; general tendencies, 88, 94 ff.; microscopic and macroscopic, 276; phonetic evolution, 313 ff.; physiological causes, 115; sound shift, 87
Speech: careful, 294; slovenly, 294 ff.; tempo and style of, 294; vs. language, 134
Speech act: cycle of, 266; speaker vs. hearer, 292
Statics, (See Language change)
Stems: 102 ff., 227 ff.; absorption of, 230 ff.; formation of, 62
Stress, (See Accent)
Structure of language: centralized (synthetic), 358; change in, 111; decentralized (analytic), 358; fluctuation and variation, 252; foreign influence on, 222
Style, (See also Languages; Speech): high style, 294
Substitution, (See Divergence)
Suffixes, 99
Syllable(s): heteroand tautosyllabism, 328
Syntagm, 267
Syntax: 61 ff., 105, 136, 245; statics and dynamics, 105 ff.
Systematics, (See Classification of languages)
Tendencies, (See Language change)
Tree Theory, (See Language change)
Universais (of language), 137
Visual language, (See also Writing): 284, 287; of deaf mutes, 74, 79; sign language, 131 ff.; vs. acoustic language, 131
Vowel-harmony, 109
Vddhi, 177 ff.
Wave theory, (See Language change)
Word(s): borrowèd (foreign vs. assimilated), 97; morphological structure, 230, 282, 306, 312
Word-formation, (See Morphology)
Word order, 110
Writing, 271; diacritics, 288; grapheme, 271, 280; grapheme vs. phoneme, 271, 281, 289; graphic-phonetic relation, 61, 289; ideography, 287; influence of, 71, 172, 284, 320; influence on world view, 284 ff.; morphemography, 285, 289; orthography, 286 ff.; phonemography, 285, 289; principles of, 285 ff., 289; syntagmography, 286 ff.; written language, 312 ff.
Zero, (See also Alternations), 116, 341