Notes

I. Officers and Men in the Russian Army

1. Translated as “Distsiplina v russkoi armii,” Razvedchik, 22 Sept. 1903.

2. Walter Pintner, “Russia as a Great Power, 1709-1856: Reflections on the Problem of Relative Backwardness, with Special Reference to the Russian Army and Russian Society,” Kennan Institute Occasional Paper No. 33, Washington, D.C., July 18, 1978, pp. 2-3, 48-9. Another selection of foreign comments on the eighteenth-century Russian army is provided by M. Borodkin, “Russkaia armiia pri Ekaterine II,” VS, 1909 no. 8, pp. 18-19.

3. Fon Tettau, “Dva mesiatsa v gostiakh v russkoi armii,” Razvedchik, 17 Feb. 1904 (emphasis presumably added by the editors of Razvedchik). Among the many books Von Tettau wrote on the Russian army was Ergänzung und Organisation der Russischen Armee in Krieg und Frieden, Berlin, 1902.

4. “Distsiplina v russkoi armii,” Razvedchik, 22 Sept. 1903.

5. “Otchet po prizyvu k ispolneniiu voinskoi povinnosti naseleniia Imperii za 1903 god,” VS, 1905 no. 1, pp. 264-5. in the infantry, cavalry, and artillery in 1910, 60-65% were agriculturalists, 16-19% artisans and tradesmen; in engineering units 27% and in railroad units 8% were agriculturalists, while in both 46% were artisans and tradesmen; Voenno-statisticheskii ezhegodnik armii za 1910 god, Spb., 1911, p. 279.

6. Two officers made this connection intelligently: A. Rittikh, Russkii voennyi byt v deistvitel’nosti i mechtakh, Spb., 1893, pp. 257-9, and Veselovskii, K voprosu 0 vospitanii soldat, Spb., 1900, pp. 7-10.

7. On the Petrine officer corps, see M. D. Rabinovich, “Sotsial’noe proiskhozhdenie i imushchestvennoe polozhenie ofitserov reguliarnoi russkoi armii v kontse Severnoi voiny,” Rossiia v period reform Petra 1, M., 1973, pp. 133-71; I have recombined his social categories to arrive at the figure 17% non-noble. For the rest of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, see the well-reasoned speculation in Pintner, “Russia as a Great Power,” pp. 36-7. The figure on class background for the mid-nineteenth century is from John Shelton Curtiss, The Russian Army under Nicholas I, 1825-1855, Durham, N.C., 1965, p. 177. For the late nineteenth century, see P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia na rubezhe XIX-XX stoletii, M., 1973, pp. 203-12, and A. P. Korelin, Dvorianstvo v poreformennoi Rossii 1861-1904 gg., M., 1979, p. 86.

8. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, pp. 213, 220-27; Hans-Peter Stein, “Der Offizier des russischen Heeres im Zeitabschnitt zwischen Reform und Revolution, 1861-1905,” Forschungen zur osteuropaischen Geschichte, v. 13, 1967, pp. 409-11, 415-18; John Bushnell, “The Tsarist Officer Corps, 1881-1914: Customs, Duties, Inefficiency,” American Historical Review, v. 86 no. 4, Oct. 1981, pp. 757-8.

9. For a more detailed discussion, see Bushnell, “Tsarist Officer Corps,” pp. 755-63. See also William C. Fuller, Jr., Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, Chapter 1, forthcoming, Princeton University Press.

10. Nikolai A. Epanchin, “Na sluzhbe trekh imperatorov,” typescript, 1939, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University, p. 70.

11. Alexander Herzen, “The Russian People and Socialism. An Open Letter to Jules Michelet,” in Herzen, From the Other Shore, New York, 1956, p. 182.

12. George Foster, “Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good,” American Anthropologist, v. 67 no. 2, 1967, pp. 293-315.

13. A. G. Rashin, “Gramotnost’ i narodnoe obrazovanie v XIX i nachale XX v„“ IZ, v. 37, 1951, p. 45.

14. Ben Eklof, “Peasant Sloth Reconsidered: Strategies of Education and Learning in Rural Russia before the Revolution,” JSH, Spring 1981, pp. 355-85.

15. V. A. Nikonov, Imia i obshchestvo, M., 1974, pp. 66, 172-3.

16. For a useful review of the literature on the Miliutin reforms, see Peter Von Wahlde, “Dmitrii Miliutin: Appraisals,” Canadian Slavic Studies, v. 3, no. 2, Summer 1969, pp. 400-414. The best study is P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Voennye reformy 1860-1870 godov v Rossii, M., 1952.

17. For a brief account of the traditional leave-taking ritual, and a sample of the laments recited over the conscripts, see E. V. Barsov, Prichitan’ia severnogo kraia, v. 2, Plachi, zavoennye, rekrutskie i soldatskie, M., 1882, pp. 262-75. Sources from other regions describe much the same ritual.

18. A. N. Radishchev, Puteshestvie iz Peterburga v Moskvu, M., 1966, p. 174.

19. Barsov, Prichitan’ia, v. 2, p. 220.

20. A superficial survey is provided by E. N. Pushkarev, “Soldatskaia pesnia—istochnik po istorii voennogo byta russkoi reguliarnoi armii XVIII-pervoi polviny XIX v.,” Voprosy voennoi istorii Rossii. XVIII i pervaia polovina XIX vekov, M., 1969, pp. 422-32.

21. For Miliutin’s general thoughts on military reform, see P. A. Zaionchkovskii, “D. A. Miliutin. Biograficheskii ocherk,” in D. A. Miliutin, Dnevnik D. A. Miliutina 1873-1875, v. 1, M., 1947, pp. 23-6; Zaionchkovskii, Voennye reformy, pp. 49-50, 52, 58; Edwin Willis Brooks, “D. A. Miliutin. Life and Activity to 1856,” Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 1970, pp. 162-3. For Miliutin’s observations on military life as he knew it in the artillery, see D. A. Miliutin, Vospominaniia, Tomsk, 1919, reprinted with an introduction by Bruce Lincoln, Newtonville, Mass., 1979, pp. 80, 86-7, 90-93. Miliutin’s remarks on the treatment of soldiers are in “Suvorov kak polkovodets,” Otechestvennye zapiski, 3 part 2, April 1839, pp. 24, 27-8, 31.

22. Brooks, “Miliutin,” pp. 14, 28, 37, 45-6, 50-51, 67, 88-9, 99-100, 112-23, 134, 142, 147-8, 160 and passim; Zaionchkovskii, “D. A. Miliutin,” pp. 7, 21, 32, 36, 37, 57-9, 63-4; Zaionchkovskii, Voennye reformy, pp. 54-5, 82, 258-9.

23. Zaionchkovskii, Voennye reformy, pp. 82-3, 104; “O rekrutskom nabore v 1863 godu,” VS, v. 28, 1862, pp. 385-92.

24. M. Grulev, Zloby dnia v zhizni armii, [Brest-Litovsk], 1911, p. 75; Zaion-chkovskii, Voennye reformy, pp. 210-13; Forrestt A. Miller, Dmitrii Miliutin and the Reform Era in Russia, Nashville, Tenn., 1968, pp. 210-13; Rashin, “Gramotnost’,” p. 44. In the late 1850s and 1860s, Voennyi sbornik published numerous articles emphasizing the advantages of literacy.

25. Quoted in Nicholas Golovine, The Russian Army in the World War, New Haven, 1931, pp. 1-2. Miller, Dmitrii Miliutin, pp. 182-225; P. A. Zaionchkovskii, “Podgotovka voennoi reformy 1874 goda,” IZ, v. 27, 1948, pp. 170-201; Miliutin, Dnevnik, v. 1, pp. 77-80, 83, 105-11, 119-20.

26. In fact, literacy instruction was made optional in 1880, during Miliutin’s tenure; Grulev, Zloby dnia, pp. 75-8. I have seen no discussion of this, but it is likely that Miliutin yielded to the pressure of colonels and generals who complained that schooling cut into drill, the standard excuse officers gave for not educating illiterate soldiers. On the post-Miliutin attitude toward educating soldiers, see John Bushnell, “Peasants in Uniform: The Tsarist Army as a Peasant Society,” JSH, Summer 1980, pp. 566, 573 n. 4. In addition: N. Butovskii, “Shkola gramotnosti i prepodavanie ustavov v voiskakh,” VS, 1886, no. 6, pp. 301-5; K. Shavrov, “Gramotnost’ v voiskakh,” VS, 1892 no. 2, pp. 191-6; F. A. Arnol’dov, “Sovremennoe znachenie voinskoi povinnosti,” Ezhemesiachnye literaturnye prilozheniia k zhurnalu “N.iva,” May-Aug. 1902, pp. 271-2; P. Kochergin, Nuzhdy russkogo soldata, Saratov, 1905, pp. 11-12, 16-17; L.S., “Vospominaniia studentasoldata,” Byloe, 1906, no. 5, pp. 180-81; A. I. Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 2, Paris, 1931, p. 165. A. I. Denikin, Put’ russkogo ofitsera, New York, 1953, p. 123, claims that at least after 1902 hundreds of thousands of Russian soldiers did become literate while in the army, but the statistics do not bear him out. In 1910, 46% of all soldiers in the army were literate, 22% were semiliterate (probably meaning they could read but not write); Voenno-statisticheskii ezhegodnik armii za 1910 god, p. 276. The combined figure is just slightly higher than the average rate of literacy of the conscript classes of 1907-1909: 61.9, 64.1, 62.9. Rashin, “Gramotnost’,” p. 45. There would in any case be a tendency for army literacy to be slightly above conscript literacy even in the complete absence of schooling in the army, since the few NCO reenlistees would necessarily have been literate.

27. N. Wrangel, From Serfdom to Bolshevism. The Memoirs of Baron N Wrangel 1847-1920, Philadelphia, 1927, pp. 121, 123.

28. Fedor Stepun, Byvshee i nesbyvsheesia, v. 1, 1956, pp. 65, 67-71, 73, 75, 79, 81, 86; Golos iz russkoi armii. Razoblacheniia, Berlin, 1902, pp. 5, 7-8, 20, 23, 28, 30, 36, 50-51, 53, 58-61; M. Grulev, Zapiski generala-evreia, Paris, 1930, pp. 92-3; V tsarstve shtykov, Nizhnii Novgorod, 1908, p. 9; Captain Ivanko, “Sluzhba v polku,” Na sluzhbe otechestva, San Francisco, 1963, p. 290; L.S., “Vospominaniia studenta-soldata,” pp. 170-71, 173-6, 178-9, 182-3.

29. A. Denikin, “Soldatskii byt,” Razvedchik, 24 June 1903.

30. Ustav vnutrennei sluzhby, Spb., 1902, pp. 13-16; K. A. Piatin, Spravochnik. Polnyi i podrobnyi alfavitnyi ukazatel’ prikazov po voennomu vedomstvu, tsirkuliarov, predpisanii i otzyvov Glavnogo shtaba i prochikh Glavnykh upravlenii i prikazov, prikazanii i tsirkuliarov po vsem voennym okrugam. Za 52 goda, s 1859 po 1911 g., Book 2, 3rd ed., Spb., 1911.

31. The evidence on this point is conclusive. Tsarist officers themselves provide ample testimony: E. I. Martynov, Iz pechal’nogo opyta russko-iaponskoi voiny, Spb., 1906, p. 72; Aleksei Ignatyev, A Subaltern in Old Russia, London, 1944, p. 95; A. I. Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 1, Paris, 1929, pp. 46-7; A. Lobanov-Rostovsky, The Grinding Mill. Reminiscences of War and Revolution in Russia, 19131920, New York, 1935, pp. 6-7; Kochergin, Nuzhdy, p. 14.

32. For a summary of the controversy over the form of address, see Grulev, Zloby dnia, pp. 1-4.

33. “Bran’ v voiskakh,” Razvedchik no. 560, 10 July 1901.

34. Golos iz russkoi armii, pp. 7-8, 49, 62; P. N. Krasnov, Of Dvuglavogo Orla k krasnomu znameni, v. 1, New York, 1960, pp. 46-8. Officers knew that soldiers came into the army expecting to be beaten; Zenchenko, Obuchenie i vospitanie soldata. (Soobshchenie), Spb., 1902, p. 74.

35. Rittikh, Russkii, p. 20, also pp. 38, 263. For a similar view, see Arnol’dov, “Sovremennoe znachenie voinskoi povinnosti,” pp. 266-72.

36. Daniel Lerner and Richard D. Robinson, “Swords and Plowshares: The Turkish Army as a Modernizing Force,” World Politics, v. 13, Oct. 1960, p. 32. The same thought has been expressed by others who have studied third world armies.

37. Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter II. The comparison of course is of total military expenditures divided by the number of soldiers. Comparison of the money actually devoted to the upkeep of soldiers would be even less favorable to Russia—see Kochergin, Nuzhdy, pp. 62-3. Unfortunately, Kochergin compares provisions for Russian and Western soldiers in real rather than monetary terms.

38. See the sources in Bushnell, “Tsarist Officer Corps,” p. 766, and Bushnell, “Peasants in Uniform,” p. 573 n. 9.

39. A. Gerua, Posle voiny. O nashei armii, 2nd ed., Spb., 1907, p. 51; Vs. Sakharov, “Mysli po sovremennym voprosam,” VS, 1907, no. 6, pp. 64-7. Similar estimates are provided by Grulev, Zloby dnia, p. 154; Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 2, pp. 179-80; and A. Petrov, “Prakticheskie zaniatiia pekhoty v letnyi period,” VS, 1905 no. 10, pp. 72-3.

40. Petrov, “Prakticheskie zaniatiia,” pp. 65-82; V. M. Dragomirov, “Podgotovka russkoi armii k velikoi voine,” VS, v. 5, 1924, pp. 199, 204; A. Voronetskii, “K vospitaniiu voisk,” VS, 1913 no. 11, p. 90.

41. Gerua, Posle voiny, p. 52.

42. Bushnell, “Tsarist Officer Corps,” pp. 768-9 and notes.

43. On vol’nye raboty generally, see B. V. Gerua, Vospominaniia, 0 moei zhizni, v. 1, Paris, 1969, pp. 71-2; A. Gerua, Posle voiny, pp. 108-11; Grulev, Zapiski, p. 93; V tsarstve shtykov, p. 29; Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 2, pp. 178-9; Rittikh, Russkii, pp. 51-2; Kochergin, Nuzhdy, pp. 34-5; Polozhenie 0 khoziastve v rote, Spb., 1878, pp. 44-8; and “Vol’nye raboty,” Razvedchik, 1 May 1901.

44. Quoted in Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, pp. 272-3.

45. Razvedchik, 13 Feb. 1901.

46. Razvedchik, 12 Dec. 1902; Rittikh, Russkii, p. 52; Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, p. 275; F. A. Maksheev, Voennoe khoziaistvo v mirnoe vremia v armiiakh: russkoi, germanskoi, avstriiskoi i frantsuzskoi. (Sravnitel’nyi ocherk sovremennogo ustroistva ego), Spb., 1904, pp. 683-4. K. Kononovich, “Nuzhdy soldata i ego raskhody,” VS, v. 25, 1862, p. 157, puts the earnings of an average Guards regiment at 11, 88o rubles. V. Andro-de-Biui Gingliatt, “O rotnom khoziastve i neobkhodimykh denezhnykh sredstvakh dlia nego,” VS, 1909, no. 8, p. 152, asserts that a company earned 600-1,000 rubles per year (a regiment, thus, 9,60016,000) from vol’nye raboty, the hiring out of horses, and the sale of vegetables from the company garden.

47. Kochergin, Nuzhdy, pp. 32-3, 35-6, 39, 42. A selection of articles on the subject: Razvedchik, 13 Feb. 1901; 1 May 1901; 7 May 1902; 9 July 1902; 17 June 1903.

48. Razvedchik, 13 Feb. 1901; 7 May 1902; VVZh, 1902 no. 1; 1903 no. 5; Kochergin, Nuzhdy, pp. 39-42.

49. “Otriad generala Renenkampfa v 1900 godu,” VVZh, 1902 no. 8, p. 755.

50. Razvedchik, 16 Oct. 1901.

51. F. Maksheev, “Zhalovan’e i pensii nizhnym chinam,” lntendantskii zhurnal, 1903 no. 5, pp. 44-7; E. N. Sysoev, “Vol’nye raboty,” Razvedchik, 1 May 1901; K. K. Piatnitskii, “Vol’nye raboty,” Razvedchik, 14 Aug. 1901; “Po povodu proekta Podpolkovnika Derevitskogo ob otmene zhalovan’ia riadovym,” VVZh, 1902 no. 5, sets the soldier’s monthly budget at 147 kopeks. For the early 1860s, K. Kononovich, “Nuzhdy soldata i ego raskhody,” set the monthly budget at 226 kopeks.

52. Razvedchik, 7 May 1902; 3 June 1903; 17 June 1903; VVZh, 1902 no. 1; A. M. Volgin, Ob armii, 3rd ed., Spb., 1908, p. 111; Kononovich, “Nuzhdy soldata,” p. 159; Grulev, Zapiski, p. 94; B. V. Rechenberg-Linten, Russische Soldaten und Offiziere aus der Zarenzeit. Nach selbsterlebnissen in einer russischen Garnison, BernLeipzig, 1924, p. 16; Kochergin, Nuzhdy, p. 43; V. A. Petrov, Ocherki po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Russkoi armii v 1905 g., M.-L., 1964, p. 150 (citing a Kostroma police source on soldier begging); and V. E. Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v chastiakh Irkutskogo voennogo okruga,” Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v armii v gody pervoi russkoi revoliutsii. Sbornik statei, M., 1955, p. 300 (begging reported in 1904 by the Irkutsk local brigade).

53. Bushnell, “Peasants in Uniform,” p. 566.

54. Rittikh, Russkii, pp. 44-7, 54, 100, 143, 146, 153; Arnol’dov, “Sovremennoe znachenie voinskoi povinnosti,” pp. 276-88.

55. Gerua, Posle voiny, p. 66; Stoletie voennogo ministerstva, 1802-1902, vol. 5, Glavnoe intendantskoe upravlenie: Istoricheskii ocherk, part 1, Vvedenie i tsarstvovanie Imperatola Aleksandra I, Spb., 1903, pp. 1-129; Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia iflot v XVIII veke, pp. 111-25, 375-82; V. Anichkov, Voennoe khoziaistvo. Sravnitel’noe issledovanie polozhitel’nykh zakonodatel’stv Rossii, Frantsii, Prussii, Avstrii, Sardinii, Bel’gii i Bavarii, Spb., 1860, pp. 456-8, 471-2, 543-6, 550-51, 556-60, 576-81, and passim; Curtiss, Russian Army, pp. 212-15, 246-48; Richard Pipes, “The Russian Military Colonies, 1810-31,” fournal of Modern History, v. 12 no. 2, June 1950, pp. 205-19; Kononovich, “Nuzhdy soldata,” pp. 156-8; Armeiskii rotnyi komandir, “Temnaia summa. Po povodu stat’i g. Klugina: Russkaia soldatskaia artel’,” VS, v. 23, 1862, pp. 172-3; Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, pp. 270-71; V. F. Borzunov, Proletariat Sibiri i Dal’nego Vostoka nakanune pervoi russkoi revoliutsii. (Po materialam stroitelstva transsibirskoi magistrali, 1891-1904 gg.), M., 1965, pp. 36-7, 67-71.

56. RI, 28 Oct. 1900.

57. “Esche o vol’nykh rabotakh,” VVZh, 1902 no. 1.

58. Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 1, p. 93; General P. I. Zalesskii, Vozmezdie. Prichiny russkoi katastrofy, Berlin, 1925, pp. 62-4; A. Gerua, Posle voiny, pp. 48-9; Aleksandr Bragin, “Vospominaniia. Zhizni mysh’ia begotnia,” typescript, 1941, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University; v. 1, pp. 63-4. Golos iz russkoi armii, p. 5; Grulev, Zloby dnia, 228-9, 237-8, 269-70; N. Butovskii, Stat’i na sovremennye temy, Spb., 1907, pp. 62-65.

59. V tsarstve shtykov, pp. 13, 23; P. N. Krasnov, Nakanune voiny, Paris, 1937, pp. 14-15; P. N. Krasnov, Na rubezhe Kitaia, Paris, 1939, p. 66; Bragin, “Vospominaniia,” v. 1, pp. 33-4, 64-6; v. 2, pp. 66-7; G. Mannerheim, Erinnerungen, Zurich, 1952, pp. 20-21; Petr Pil’skii, “Armiia i obshchestvo: Elementy vrazhdy i prepiatsvii,” Mir bozhii, 1906 no. 7, pp. 223-4; Grulev, Zloby dnia, p. 23; V. Sukhomlinov, Vospominaniia, Berlin, 1924, pp. 94-5. As is made clear by D. A. Iuzefovich, “Neskol’ko slov ob ustroistve polkovogo i rotnogo khoziaistva,” VS, v. 23, 1862, pp. 465-6, commanders did not always seek personal gain by acting as middlemen, they might instead be amassing funds for other needs of the unit; yet suspicion that they were profiting personally was, as Iuzefovich recognized, inevitable.

60. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, pp. 274-5; VVZh, 1902 no. 1.

61. Soldatskimi mozoliami ofitsery syto zhivut: L. Voitolovskii, “Soldatskie pesni i skazki. (Iz knigi ‘Po sledam voiny’),” Krasnaia nov’, 1923 n. 5, p. 130.

62. A. P. Voznesenskii, “O voennom khoziaistve,” Obshchestvo revnitelei voennykh znanii, 1906 no. 4, pp. 111-12, 122; Armeiskii rotnyi komandir, “Temnaia summa,” pp. 171-2, 192; Lt. Col. Sul’menev, “Nedostatki nashego voiskovogo khoziaistva,” VS, 1906 no. 5, pp. 190, 193; Staryi, “Kaveleriiskie mysli i nabroski,” VS, 1906 no. 6, p. 133.

63. Barsov, Prichitan’ia, v. 2, p. 203.

64. A. Rediger, Unter-ofitserskii vopros v glavnykh evropeiskikh armiiakh, Spb., 1880, pp. 8-10, 145-7, 151-64 and passim; Grulev, Zapiski, pp. 92, 98; Zenchenko, Obuchenie, p. 59; A. Gerua, Posle voiny, p. 83; Col. Mamontov, “Sovremennoe polozhenie ‘untr-ofitserskogo voprosa’ v Rossii i za granitseiu,” Obshchestvo revnitelei voennykh znanii, 1906 no. 4, pp. 97, 101-2; V. M. Dragomirov, “Podgotovka russkoi armii,” v. 5, pp. 196-7; Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, pp. 120-23.

65. On the territorial basis of assignment to units, see A. Rediger, Komplektovanie i ustroistvo vooruzhennoi sily, 3rd ed., Spb., 1900, pp. 115-16; A. Gerua, Posle voiny, pp. 86, 88. Direct evidence on the existence of zemliachestva in army units is scant, but in August of 1907 a conference of SR military organizations resolved to use zemliachestva as a means of drawing soldiers into their organizations because of the very strong bonds among zemliaki; “Protokoly chastnogo soveshchaniia predstavitelei Vyborgskoi, Peterburgskoi, Kronshtadtskoi i Revel’skoi voennykh organizatsii P.S.R. 2 avgusta 1907,” manuscript, IISH, SR Archive, Dossier 700, no. 4 [pp. 3-4]. There is very good evidence on zemliachestva in the Black Sea Fleet: I. Iakhnovskii, “Iz istorii revoliutsionnoi raboty v Chernomorskom flote,” PR, 1930 no. 11, pp. 90-91; A. P. Platonov, Vosstanie v chernomorskom flote v 1905 g., L., 1925, p. 31.

66. Iuzefovich, “Neskol’ko slov,” pp. 466-7; “Trudy komiteta vysochaishee utverzhdennogo dlia opredeleniia dovol’stviia armeiskikh voisk,” VS, v. 28, 1862, pp. 299-306; Armeiskii rotnyi komandir, “Temnaia summa,” pp. 169-70, 188-9; Anichkov, Voennoe khoziaistvo, pp. 543-5, 557, 577-8; Polozhenie 0 khoziaistve v rote, pp. 24-37, 45, 47; V tsarstve shtykov, p. 13; [A. Sil’vin,] V kazarme. Iz nabliudenii sots.-demokrata, Geneva, 1903, pp. 9-10; Capt. I. D. Mikhailov, “DovoTstvie voisk,” Voennaia entsiklopediia, v. 9, Spb., 1912, pp. 150-51.

67. V tsarstve shtykov, pp. 23-4; Veselovskii, K voprosu 0 vospitanii, pp. 11-12; Krasnov, Of Dvuglavogo Orla, p. 316.

68. I. Voronitsyn, Istoriia odnogo katorzhanina, M.-L., 1926, pp. 20-26; Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 2, p. 151.

69. Konstantin Nikolaevich Rozen, “Vospominaniia o sluzhbe v polku, 19021917,” Paris, 1928, typescript, Bakhmeteff Archive, p. 33; N. Voronovich, Vechertiyi zvon. Ocherki proshlogo, v. 1, 1891-1917, New York, 1955, pp. 160-64; B. V. Gerua, Vospominaniia, v. 1, p. 65; Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, pp. 227-8; N. A. Petrovskii, “Vospominaniia Fligel’-Ad”iutanta Polkovnika Nikolaia Aleksandrovicha Petrovskogo,” in N. M. Devlet-Kil’deev, ed., Kirasiry Ego Velichestva, 1902-1914. Poslednye gody mirnogo vremeni, Washington, D.C., 1959, p. 35; F. N. Buak, “Vospominaniia starogo kavalergarda 1885-1902 goda,” n.p., n.d., typescript, Bakhmeteff Archive, MsColl/Rozen Box 2, pp. 19, 86-7; Istoriia L.Gv. Konnogo polka 1730-1930, v. 3, Paris, 1964, pp. 28, 78; Epanchin, “Na sluzhbe,” p. 33; M. A. Svechin, Zapiski starogo generala 0 bylom, Nice, 1964, p. 18; Ignatyev, Subaltern, pp. 14-15, 64-5, 68, 91-2.

70. Anichkov, Voennoe khoziaistvo, pp. 576, 579-80; Svechin, Zapiski, pp. 56-7; Buak, “Vospominaniia,” p. 13.

71. Al. Akkerman, “Iz svetlogo proshlogo. Rozhdestvenskaia elka v batarei,” Vestnik L-Gv. 2-i artilleriiskoi brigady, no. 1, 3/16 Feb. 1935, pp. 19-23; Rozen, “Vospominaniia,” pp. 23-9; Ignatyev, Subaltern, pp. 86-7, 89, 144; Petrovskii, “Vospominaniia,” pp. 65-7; Paul Rodzianko, Tattered Banners. An Autobiography, London, 1939, p. 86; btoriia L.Gv. Konnogo polka, v. 3, pp. 78-9.

72. Data on the involvement of members of the Imperial family in the Guards regiments is available in Imperatorskaia gvardiia. Po 1 maia 1899 g. Spravochnaia knizhka, Spb., 1899. See also D. Podshivalov, Vospominaniia kavalergarda, Tver, 1904, passim (Podshivalov was a Sgt. Major); N. V. Nagaev, “Leib-Gvardii 2-i Strelkovyi batalion—Leib-Gvardii 2-i strelkovyi Tsarskosel’skii polk. Ocherki byta i sluzhby Tsariu i Rodine za period ot Iaponskoi do Mirovoi voiny. Iz vospominanii Tsarskosel’skogo strelka,” in E. A. Vertsinskii, ed., Pamiatnye dni. Iz vospominanii Gvardeiskikh Strelkov, [v. 2], Tallinn, 1937, pp. 23-8, 44-6; Svechin, Zapiski, pp. 38-40; Rodzianko, Tattered Banners, p. 89; btoriia L.Gv. Konnogo polka, v. 3, p. 77.

73. Petrovskii, “Vospominaniia,” p. 73.

74. B. V. Gerua, Vospominaniia, p. 67; General P. A. Polovtsoff, Glory and Downfall: Reminiscences of a Russian General Staff Officer, London, 1935, p. 11; Svechin, Zapiski, p. 57; Rodzianko, Tattered Banners, pp. 89-90; Ivanko, “Sluzhba v polku,” p. 258.

75. Krasnov, Of Dvuglavogo Orla, p. 144.

76. Ibid., p. 205.

77. W. Barnes Steveni, The Russian Army from Within, London, 1914, pp. 36, 46; Zenchenko, Obuchenie, pp. 70-71; Rittikh, Russkii, p. 19; Rodzianko, Tattered Banners, pp. 84-6; Veselovskii, K voprosu 0 vospitanii, p. 23; “Report of Lt. Col. Walter S. Schuyler,” and “Report of Capt. Carl Reichman,” U.S. War Dept. Gen. Staff G-2, Reports of Military Observers Attached to the Armies in Manchuria, v. 1, Washington, D.C. 1906, pp. 138, 244-5.

78. V. N. Birkin, Osinoe gnezdo. Povesti minuvshikh let, v. 4, Berlin, 1930, p. 134.

79. Maxim Gorky, On Literature, Seattle, 1973, p. 300.

II. Enemies Domestic

1. Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v Rossii v 1857-mae 1861 gg. Sbornik dokumentov, M., 1963, p. 15 (henceforth KDR).

2. S. V. Tokarev, “O chislennosti krest’ianskikh vystuplenii v Rossii v gody pervoi revoliutsionnoi situatsii,” Revoliutsionnaia situatsiia v Rossii v 1859-1861 gg., v. I, M., 1960, pp. 124-32; KDR (1857-1861), pp. 15-16, 736; P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Otmena krepostnogo prava v Rossii, 3rd ed., M., 1968, pp. 63-124; Zaionchkovskii, Provedenie v zhizni krest’ianskoi reformy 1861 g., M., 1958, pp. 64-81; 1.1. Ignatovich, “Volneniia pomeshchich’ikh krest’ian ot 1854 po 1863 g.,” Minuvshie gody, 1908 no. 5-6, pp. 93-127; no. 7, pp. 45-92; no. 8, pp. 181-208; no. 9, pp. 152-173; no. 10, pp. 227-253; no. 11, pp. 189-211; Terence Emmons, “The Peasant and the Emancipation,” in Wayne S. Vucinich, ed., The Peasant in Nineteenth-Century Russia, Stanford, 1968, pp. 41-71; Daniel Field, Rebels in the Name of the Tsar, Boston, 1976, pp. 31-111.

3. See the statistics and lists in KDR (1861-1869), M., 1964, pp. 798-800; KDR (1870-1880), M., 1968, pp. 521-9; KDR (1881-1889), M., 1960, pp. 788-830; KDR (1890-1900), M., 1959, pp. 601-648. The data are mostly from the central archives and of course are incomplete.

4. See the breakdown of causes and characteristics of peasant disturbances prepared by the Ministry of Interior’s Department of Police, “Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v kontse XIX v. (1881-1894 gg.),” KA, 1938, v. 4-5 (89-90), pp. 219-21. For the incidents referred to, see KDR (1890-1900), pp. 36-9, 44-5, 102-8, 272, 332.

5. In a file of 872 disorders 1865-1884, troops were used 219 times: KDR (18611869), pp. 798-800; KDR (1870-1880), pp. 521-9; P. A. Zaionchkovskii, Krizis samoderzhaviia na rubezhe 1870-1880 godov, M., 1964, p. 10. (Zaionchkovskii counts 189 disorders and 51 instances of military intervention, 1881-84; KDR [1881-1889], pp. 788-830, lists 308 disturbances in the same four years, but does not provide a good record of the number of times troops intervened.) Unfortunately, the volumes of KDR for 1881-1900 do not provide a complete record of the intervention of the army in peasant disorders. For some examples of the use of troops against peasants in the 1880s, see KDR (1881-1889), PP. 43-52, 58-60, 66-7, 108-17, 121-5, 130^_33, 169-73, 176-8, 192-4, 197-203, 209-13, 221, 233-7, 275-7, 343-9, 354-64, 381-4, 386, 428-34, 461-4, 466-9, 475-7, 480-83, 486, 564, 566-7, 573-7, 586-90, 594-5, 671, 710-11, 721-4. This sample is no different than in the other volumes of KDR.

6. The idea that a “black repartition” was an age-old peasant dream is firmly established but wrong, as shown by B. A. Litvak, Opyt statisticheskogo izucheniia krest’ianskogo dvizheniia v Rossii XIX v., M, 1967, pp. 18-21. On the emergence of such rumors in the 1870s and their dissemination by peasants in contact with the cities, see V. A. Vinogradov, “Istochniki dlia izucheniia mirovozreniia poreformennogo krest’ianstva,” Istochnikovedenie otechestvennoii istorii. Sbornik statei. 1979, M., 1980, pp. 163-169; VI. Gorn, “Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie do 1905 g.,” in L. Martov, et al., eds., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX-go veka, v. 1, Spb., 1909, pp. 234-7; and Daniel Field, Rebels, pp. 122, 126, 132-3.

7. Alexander Gerschenkron, “The Rate of Growth of Industrial Production in Russia since 1885,” Journal of Economic History, Supplement to v. 7, 1947, p. 149; Raymond W. Goldsmith, “The Economic Growth of Tsarist Russia, 1860-1913,” Economic Development and Cultural Change, v. 9 no. 3, April 1961, p. 471.

8. The number of workers has been calculated from data in A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klassa v Rossii, M., 1958, pp. 61, 117, 181. The latest results of the combing of archives for information on strikes (correctly distinguished from mere “disturbances”) are provided by A. S. Trofimov, Proletariat Rossii i ego bor’ba protiv tsarizma, 1861-1904 gg., M., 1979, pp. 107-9, 112. Figures compiled by the Factory Inspectorate of the Ministry of Finance for strikes in industries subject to its jurisdiction are lower, but only 50% of all industrial enterprises and 70% of industrial workers were subject to the factory inspectorate: V. E. Varzar, Statisticheskie svedeniia o stachkakh rabochikh na fabrikakh i zavodakh za desiatiletie 1895-1904 goda, Spb., 1905, pp. 1, 22; A. S. Amalrik, “K voprosu o chislennosti i geograficheskom razmeshchenii stachechnikov v Evropeiskoi Rossii v 1905 godu,” IZ, v. 52, 1955, pp. 142, 144.

9. Between 1895 and 1904, troops intervened against 340 of the 1,765 strikes at factories under the jurisdiction of the factory inspectorate; Varzar, Statisticheskie svedeniia . . . 1895-1904 gg., p. 78. For a discussion (really little more than a sample) of the use of troops against workers, see A. F. Vovchik, Politika tsarizma po rabochemu voprosu v predrevoliutsionnyi period (1895-1904), L’vov, 1964, pp. 28394

10. Data on use of troops against workers are in Vovchik, Politika tsarizma, p. 284. Ministry of War figures on the use of troops against all civil disorders are in William C. Fuller, Jr., Civil-Military Conflict in Imperial Russia, forthcoming from Princeton University Press, Chapter 3.

11. Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3; S. I. Potolov, Rabochie Donbassa v XIX veke, M.-L., 1963, pp. 212-14.

12. Potolov, Rabochie Donbassa, pp. 204-7, 210-11, 215-16, 229, 233-4; V.Ia. Laverychev, Tsarizm i rabochii vopros v Rossii (1861-1917), M., 1972, pp. 118-19; V. Kuz’min, “Revoliutsionnaia rabota sredi soldat i vosstanie bobruitsev v 1905 g.,” 1905 god v Stalingradskoi gubernii, Stalingrad, 1925, pp. 67-8.

13. Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3; Laverychev, Tsarizm, pp. 119-20; Vovchik, Politika tsarizma, p. 294.

14. Laverychev, Tsarizm, p. 118; Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3.

15. P. S. Gusiatnikov, Revoliutsionnoe studencheskoe dvizhenie v Rossii, 1899-1907, M., 1971, pp. 13-93; Lewis S. Feuer, The Conflict of Generations: The Character and Significance of Student Movements, New York, 1969, pp. 135-43; Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3.

16. L. S., “Vospominaniia studenta-soldata,” Byloe, 1906 no. 5, pp. 163-9, 17983; the Kiev military district circular of 22 October 1899 is in Rabochee delo, Geneva, no. 6, April 1900, pp. 59-62.

17. Allan Wildman, The Making of a Workers’ Revolution. Russian Social Democracy, 1891-1903, Chicago, 1967, pp. 116-17, 150-51, 213-21 and passim; “Events in Kharkov,” FR, 1 Feb. 1902, pp. 14-15; “The Battle in Ekaterinoslav,” ibid., p. 15; Rabochee dvizhenie v Rossii v 1901-1904 gg. Sbornik dokumentov (henceforth RDR), L., 1975, pp. 63-4, 130-32, 157-9, 239-41, 385-6, 404, 408, 410-11.

18. Wildman, Making of a Workers’ Revolution, pp. 150-51, 246; RDR, pp. 28-31, 110-20, 132; “Rabochee dvizhenie na zavodakh Peterburga v mae 1901 g.,” KA, 1936 no. 3, pp. 54-8; [Meer Iakovlevich Lukomskii], Obukhovskaia oborona, Geneva, 1902; Iskra, no. 20, 1 May 1902; Iz Materialov “Revoliutsionnoi Rossii”, no. 38, 19/6 April 1902; PI, no. 65, 17 April 1902. For an account of the Batum events written in 1925 by one of the officers involved, see D. S. Kldiashvili, Izbrannye sochineniia, translated from the Georgian by N. Chkheidze, v. 2, Tbilisi, 1952, pp. 210-17.

19. The latest Soviet count for 1901 is 353 strikes, for 1902 285 strikes; Iu. I. Kir’ianov, “Statistika stachechnykh vystuplenii rabochikh Rossii nakanune revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg.,” Rabochii klass Rossii v period burzhuazno-demokraticheskikh revoliutsii, M., 1978, pp. 28-47 (Kir’ianov argues convincingly that even this count is incomplete). Permanently detailed units and standing orders on troop disposition in the event of disorders are reported for Batum (Kldiashvili, Izbrannye, v. 2, p. 211), Tiflis (RDR, pp. 63-4), and Poltava (Iz materialov “Revoliutsionnoi Rossii”, no. 43, 1 May/18 April 1902). There is no reason to doubt the same was true elsewhere.

20. Maureen Perrie, The Agrarian Policy of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party. From Its Origins through the Revolution of 1905-1907, New York, 1976, pp. 53-7; F. Volkhovsky, “The Rebellious Peasantry,” FR, 1 June 1902, pp. 62-4; Gorn, “Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie,” pp. 243-45; Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3.

21. RDR, pp. 220-27, 244-7, 253-64, 267-70, 272-4, 280-95, 450 478-91; Vovchik, Politika tsarizma, pp. 300-302; “K istorii vseobshchei stachki na iuge Rossii v 1903 g.,” KA, 1938 no. 3, pp. 76-122; Kir’ianov, “Statistika,” pp. 28-47; Jeremiah Schneiderman, Sergei Zubatov and Revolutionary Marxism. The Struggle for the Working Class in Tsarist Russia, Ithaca, 1976, pp. 143-53, 185-9, 238-42, 246-52, 305-38; Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3.

22. Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3; Petrov, “Tsarskaia armiia v bor’be s massovym revoliutsionnym dvizheniem v nachale XX v.,” IZ, v. 34, 1950, p. 325; Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1903 g., “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu,” Spb., 1905, p. 37; Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie i russkaia armiia, p. 34.

23. A. N. Kuropatkin, Zapiski Generala Kuropatkina 0 russko-iaponskoi voine. Itogi voiny, Berlin, 1909, pp. 166-7; Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3; Vovchik, Politika tsarizma, pp. 303-9.

24. [A. N. Kuropatkin], “Dnevnik A. N. Kuropatkina (17 noiabria 1902 g.-7 fevralia 1904 g.),” KA, 1922 no. 2, p. 27.

25. Quoted in Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, p. 43; Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 3.

26. Quoted in Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, p. 34.

27. Iskra, no. 51, 22 Oct. 1903; RDR, pp. 266-70, 370 n. 4.

28. L. T. Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v russkoi armii i flote v kontse XlX-nachale XX.v., M., 1972, pp. 154-5; RR, no. 8, 25 June 1902; no. 19, 1 March 1903; Letuchii listok (Ekaterinoslav SD), no. 2, April 1902; PI, no. 117, 10 April (28 March) 1903.

29. [Kuropatkin], “Dnevnik . . . 17 noiabria,” pp. 13, 40, 53.

30. L. G. Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia i flot v XIX veke, M., 1973, pp. 214-78; S. S. Volk, Narodnaia volia, 1879-1882, M., 1966, pp. 139, 141, 148, 315-18, 320-22, 329, 331-2; Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe, pp. 42-54; “Programma voenno-revoliutsionnoi organizatsii,” Literatura partii ‘Narodnaia Volia’, M., 1930, pp. 31416; M.Iu. Ashenbrenner, “Voennaia organizatsiia partii ‘Narodnoi Voli’,” Byloe, 1906 no. 7, pp. 4, 9-10, 18, and passim.

31. Vestnik russkoi revoliutsii, no. 1, July 1901, p. 11; Iskra, no. 14, 1 Jan. 1902; no. 45, 1 Aug. 1903; RR, no. 6, May 1902; no. 21, 1 April 1903; V. I. Lenin, PSS, 5th ed., v. 6, M., 1972, p. 129; v. 7, M., 1972, p. 14; and Vtoroi s”ezd RSDRP liul’avgust 1903 goda. Protokoly, M., 1959, p. 432. French secret police agents observing Russian emigrés in England and Switzerland took careful note of the revolutionaries’ interest in the Russian army—shipments of revolutionary brochures for the army, reports on the army in the revolutionary press, and rumors. See the reports in Archives Nationales, F 7 1251 beginning 31 March (Annemasse) and 9 April (London) 1902.

32. The circular is in Iskra, no. 27, 1 Nov. 1902. The commander of the Caucasus military district also noted a surge of revolutionary propaganda directed at the army in 1902; V. A. Petrov, “Revoliutsionnaia propaganda v tsarskoi armii nakanune revoliutsii 1905 goda,” VI, 1949 no. 6, pp. 33-4; Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe, pp. 157-8.

33. A. V. Ushakov, Bor’ba partii za gegemoniiu proletariata, M., 1974, p. 87, finds 21 SD organizations conducting military work in 1902 and 45 in 1903; these figures are probably about right—always remembering that “military work” usually entailed nothing more than producing a leaflet or two for soldiers. No similar figures are available for the SRs, but there is no reason to doubt that they were as active as SDs. SR organizations producing leaflets for the army are listed in RR, no. 6, May 1902; no. 25, 1 June 1903; no. 31, 1 Sept. 1903; and in other issues. SR interest in the army is also noted in a secret police survey, Letopis’ revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Rossii za 1902 g., Saratov, 1924, pp. 37, 45, 115, 161. For the revolutionaries’ thinking on the structure and purpose of military organizations, see RR, no. 31, 1 April 1903; Martov, Militarizm i rabochii klass, Geneva, 1903, p. 30; Lenin, PSS, v. 6, p. 129; v. 7, pp. 81, 103; Vtoroi s”ezd RSDRP, p. 49; Russkii Sotsialist [F. I. Somov], K voprosu 0 tseli revoliutsionnoi raboty v voiskakh [London, 1903]. On the pseudo-reincarnation of the Military Revolutionary Organization in 1903, see Iskra, no. 35, 1 March 1903; no. 51, 22 Oct. 1903; PI, no. 107, 12 Feb./30 Jan. 1903; no. 108, 19/6 Feb. 1903; no. 138, 18/5 June 1903; Osvobozhdenie, no. 8, 2/15 Oct. 1903; RR, no. 20, 15 March 1903; A. I. Spiridovich, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii v period imperii. Partiia sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov i ee predshestvenniki. 1886-1916, 2nd ed., Pg., 1918, p. 98.

34. Ivan Volnyi [V. Dmitreva], Za Veru, Tsaria i Otechestvo, n.p., 1902; K. Mironov, Soldatskii podvig, n.p., 1902; [N. A. Rubakin], K soldatam ot rabochikh sotsialistov-revoliutsionerov, n.p., 1903; A. Mashitskii, Unter-ofitser. Rasskaz, Geneva, 1903. Only one story offers a broader perspective—mutiny leading to successful revolution; A. Mashitskii, Iz zhizni soldata (skazka-pravda), Geneva, 1903.

35. L. N. Tolstoi, Ofitserskaia pamiatka, Christchurch, 1902; Tolstoi, Soldatskaia pamiatka, Christchurch, 1902; Tolstoi, Pis’mo k fel’dfebeliu, Christchurch, 1902. Tolstoi began writing these pamphlets in 1901, after the street demonstrations that had attracted the attention of revolutionaries, too, to the army. Reports of the distribution of these pamphlets by revolutionaries are very frequent, for example: Letopis’ revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, p. 165; Perepiska V. I. Lenina i redaktsii gazety “Iskra” s sotsial-demokraticheskimi organizatsiiami v Rossii 1900-1903 gg., v. 2, Iiun’-dekabr’ 1902, M., 1969, p. 407; V. Manilov, “Kievskaia voennaia organizatsiia RSDRP i vosstanie saper v 1905 g.,” LR, 1925 no. 5-6, pp. 176-7; Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe, p. 140; Iskra, no. 27, 1 Nov. 1902; no. 98, 23 April 1905; RR, no. 14, Dec. 1902; no. 25, 1 June 1903; no. 30, 20 Aug. 1903; Listki “Zhizni”, no. 2, 17/30 May 1902.

36. The best sources on the Alshanskii case are the revolutionary newspapers, which carried many of the official documents: Osvobozhdenie, no. 4, 2/15 Aug. 1903; no. 5, 19 Aug./1 Sept. 1903; bkra, no. 27, 1 Nov. 1902; no. 44, 15 June 1903; RR, no. 25, 1 June 1903; PI, no. 128, 17/44 May 1903.

37. RR, no. 25, 1 June 1903.

38. On Bund distribution of proclamations among draftees in Vitebsk in 1899, see Rabochee delo, no. 6, April 1900; and Vpered. Kievskaia rabochaia gazeta, no. 8-9, Nov. 1899-March 1900. On subsequent Bund activity among draftees: PI, no. 95, 20 Nov. 1902; no. 154, 23/10, Nov. 1903; Iz materialov “Revoliutsionnoi Rossii”, no. 80, 30/17 Nov. 1902; Iskra, no. 11, 20 Nov. 1901; Vtoroi s”ezd RSDRP, p. 506; Letopis’ revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, p. 133. On the SD and SR campaigns among draftees in 1902, see Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe, pp. 141-2; Listovki revoliutsionnykh sotsial-demokraticheskikh organizatsii Ukrainy, 1896-1904, Kiev, 1963, pp. 583-5; A. P. Steklov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh na Kavkaze nakanune pervoi russkoi revoliutsii (do russko-iaponskoi voiny),” Trudy Tbilisskogo gos. ped. in-ta, v. 10, 1955, pp. 86-8; bkra, no. 54, 1 Dec. 1903; V. A. Petrov, “Revoliutsionnaia propaganda v tsarskoi armii nakanune revoliutsii 1905 goda. (Do russkoiaponskoi voiny),” V.I, 1949 no. 6, pp. 36-7; Spiridovich, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie, p. 98; Letopis’ revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, pp. 115, 161; Iz materialov “Revoliutsionnoi Rossii”, no. 77, 2 Nov. 1902; no. 80, 30/17 Nov. 1902; RR, no. 14, Dec. 1902.

39. PI, no. 94, 13 Nov. 1902.

40. A. P. Steklov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh na Kavkaze,” pp. 90-92; Proletarii, no. 11, 9 Aug./27 July 1905.

41. I. Iakhnovskii, “Iz istorii revoliutsionnoi raboty,” PR, 1930 no. 11, pp. 9097; I. Iakhnovskii, “Revoliutsionnaia rabota v Chernomorskom flote,” KiS, 1925 no. 5, pp. 24-7; Denisenko, “Potemkinskoe vosstanie,” KiS, 1925 no. 5, p. 28; I. A. Lychev, Vospominaniia potemkintsa, M.-L., 1924, p. 18; Listki “Zhizni”, no. 2, 17/30 May 1903; Sotsial’demokrat, no. 2, 18 Aug. 1905; no. 13, 1 Sept. 1905; Iskra, no. 105, 15 July 1905; RR, no. 10, Aug. 1902; no. 40, 15 Jan. 1904. According to “Revoliutsionnaia rabota v Chernomorskom flote. (Vospominaniia byvshego matrosa sotsialdemokrata),” Sotsial’demokrat, no. 13, 1 Sept. 1905, in 1903 SRs had circles in 3 barracks, SDs in 6 barracks. According to RR, no. 70, 1 July 1905, as of August 1903 SR circles were attended by more than 100 sailors—so the total of all sailors in circles must have been around 300 at that point. There were anywhere from 600 to 900 sailors in circles in late 1904. From 200 to 300 sailors at a time attended meetings in March 1905 (the numbers of sailors voting for resolutions were counted), and probably no more than one-third to one-half of the organized sailors attended these meetings at one time; Iskra, no. 98, 23 April 1905. According to the somewhat confused testimony of K. F[el’dman], “Chernomorskii flot i revoliutsiia (1905-1917),” Voenmor, Baku, 1920 no. 46, p. 3, 800 armed sailors could be sent from Sevastopol to take part in a demonstration in Odessa in late 1904. The story itself is unlikely, but the figure sounds as though it was mentioned at the time as the number of sailors considered to be “organized.”

42. D. A. Garkavenko, “Sotsial’nyi sostav matrosov russkogo flota v epokhu imperializma,” ISSSR, 1968 no. 5, pp. 39-41, 45.

43. SRs in 1903 were in contact with soldier and sailor groups in Kiev, Moscow, Petersburg, and Samara; Spiridovich, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie, pp. 98-9; Za narod!, no. 25, Jan. 1910. In 1903 SDs were in contact with groups of soldiers in Pskov, Rovno, Saratov, Irkutsk, Vilna, and possibly in Minsk; Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe, pp. 146, 176; Ushakov, Bor’ba, pp. 88, 90; E. D. Stasova, Stranitsy zhizni i bor’by, M., 1957, p. 42; V. E. Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Irkutskogo voennogo okruga,” Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v armii v gody pervoi russkoi revoliutsii. Sbornik statei, M., 1955, pp. 304-5; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Litve. Dokumenty i materialy, Vil’nius, 1961, pp. 31-3, 37; Perepiska V. I. Lenina, v. 2, pp. 435, 551.

44. PI, 23/10 Nov. 1903.

45. The first 51 issues of the SD’s Iskra (Dec. 1900-Oct. 1903) contained 20 or so references to soldiers and the army. The same 51 issues contained 88 letters, reports, articles, and proclamations from, about, or to students; Gusiatnikov, Revoliutsionnoe studencheskoe, p. 11. In the first 38 issues (to the end of 1903) of the SR’s Revoliutsionnaia Rossiia, there was one major article on the army, two on the student movement; there were 23 items of correspondence on the army, against 66 on students; “Polnyi sistematicheskii ukazetel’ ‘Revoliutsionnoi Rossii’,” Pamiatnaia knizhka sotsialista-revoliutsionera [Paris], 1914, pp. 59-88.

46. Ob ulichnykh besporiadkakh [Geneva], 1901; Richard Eiter, “Organizational Growth and Revolutionary Tactics: Unity and Discord in the Socialist Revolutionary Party,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 1978, pp. 198-208.

47. Engels’ pronouncement is in his 1895 introduction to Marx’s Die Klassenkampfe in Frankreich. The introduction was bowdlerized by the German Social Democrats, and Engels took offense at that, fearing that he might appear too moderate. The first published version dropped a paragraph stressing that street fighting was still possible, though more at the end of a period of revolution than at the beginning. Since the text as Engels wrote it was not published until 1930, the 1895 version was what Russian SDs had to go by. Alexander Fischer, Russische Sozialdemokratie und bewaffneter Aufstand im Jahre 1905, Wiesbaden, 1967, p. 3; Voennye organizatsii rossiiskogo proletariata i opyt ego vooruzhennoi bor’by, M., 1974, p. 33. For a good discussion of Engels’ thoughts on the army, see Martin Berger, Engels, Armies and Revolution, Hamden, 1977, pp. 154-70 and passim.

48. Zaionchkovskii, Samoderzhavie, p. 119; Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe, p. 155; Petrov, “Revoliutsionnaia propaganda,” pp. 42-3; A. Drezen, Armiia i flot v revoliutsii 1905 g., M. 1931, p. 9.

49. Osvobozhdenie, no. 9, 19 Oct./1 Nov. 1903; no. 7, 18 Sept./1 Oct., 1903; PI, no. 100, 18/5 Dec. 1902; no. 118,16/3 April 1903; no. 122, 6 May/23 April 1903; no. 148, 15/2 Oct. 1903; RR, no. 25, 1 July 1903; Drezen, Armiia i flot, pp. 9-10; Senchakova, Revoliutsionnoe, pp. 161-4, 166; S. F. Naida, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v tsarskom flote. 1825-1917, M.-L., 1948, pp. 74-5, 85.

50. A. S. Suvorin, DnevnikA. S. Suvorina, M.-Pg., 1923, p. 327.

51. Surveys of the emergence of the liberal movement and of regime activities are Shmuel Galai, The Liberation Movement in Russia, Cambridge, England, 1973, pp. 34-193; Bernard Pares, The Fall of the Russian Monarchy. A Study of the Evidence, New York, 1939/1961, pp. 58-63, 130-32 and passim; and L. G. Zakharova, “Krizis samoderzhaviia nakanune revoliutsii 1905 goda,” VI, 1972 no. 8, pp. 11940. For reaction to assassinations, see Suvorin, Dnevnik, p. 291; and V. I. Gurko, Features and Figures of the Past. Government and Opinion in the Reign of Nicholas II, Stanford, 1939, pp. 6, 88, 176.

52. Andrew Malozemoff, Russian Foreign Policy 1881-1904. With Special Emphasis on the Causes of the Russo-Japanese War, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1958; Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 259-91; Shumpei Okamoto, The Japanese Oligarchy and the Russo-Japanese War, New York, 1970, pp. 57-102.

53. A selection of the vast literature on the war: M. Svechin, “Strategicheskii ocherk russko-iaponskoi voiny ot nachala kampanii do srazheniia pod Liaoianom vkliuchitel’no,” VS, 1907 no. 2, pp. 59-78; 1907 no. 3, pp. 47-63; 1907 no. 4, pp. 47-69; N. Kozlovskii, “K voprosu o sootnoshenii chislennogo sostava russkikh i iaponskikh voisk i ikh boevykh poter’ v voinu 1904-1905 gg.,” VS, 1914 no. 4, pp. 79-86; Dennis and Peggy Warner, The Tide at Sunrise. A History of the Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, New York, 1974; V. A. Apushkin, Russko-iaponskaia voina, 1904-5 gg., 2nd ed., M., 1911; I. I. Rostunov, ed., Istoriia russko-iaponskoi voiny 1904-1905 gg., M., 1977.

54. Galai, Liberation Movement, pp. 196-219; P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia (1859-1917), v. 1, New York, 1955, pp. 242-5; N. S. Rusanov, V emigratsii, M., 1929, pp. 278-80; V. M. Chernov, Pered burei. Vospominaniia, New York, 1953, pp. 206-12.

55. Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 292-302, 309-13; S.Iu. Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 2, M., 1960, pp. 321-4; Roberta Manning, The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia. Gentry and Government, Princeton, 1982, pp. 68-88; Galai, Liberation Movement, pp. 224-36; Terence Emmons, “Russia’s Banquet Campaign,” California Slavic Studies, v. 10, 1977, pp. 45-86.

56. Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 303-4, 315-17; Galai, Liberation Movement, pp. 237-8; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 2, pp. 327-9, 331-5. The text of the public rebuke to the marshal of the nobility is in Suvorin, Dnevnik, p. 329.

57. From the Daily News (London), reprinted in FR, 1 Jan. 1905, pp. 6-7 (I have modernized the transliteration).

58. Russko-iaponskaia voina 1904-1905 gg. Rabota voenno-istoricheskoi komissii, v. 7, Spb., 1910, pp. 26-30; V. A. Petrov, Ocherki po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v russkoi armii v 1905 g., M.-L., 1964, pp. 57-8; Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1904 god, Spb., 1906, “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu za 1904 god,” p. 70; V. E. Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Man’chzhurskoi armii,” IZ, v. 49, 1954, p. 303.

59. Russko-iaponskaia voina 1904-1905 gg., v. 7, pp. 31-3; Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 35-7, 51; M.N., Na voinu. (Iz zapisok zapasnogo soldata), n.p., 1904, pp. 2-4; Iskra, no. 74, 20 Sept. 1904; Grulev, Zloby dnia, pp. 189-91.

60. On the depot battalions: Russko-iaponskaia voina 1904-1905 gg., v. 7, p. 37. Peacetime strength of infantry regiments was set at 70 officers and 1,786 men, wartime strength at 79 officers and 3,830 men: Svod shtatov voenno-sukhoputnogo vedomstva. Izdanie 1895 goda, book 2, Spb., 1893, pp. 29-30. The 50th Belostok regiment lost 44 officers and 1,594 men to the Far East; E. P. Nikolaev, Istoriia 50-go pekhotnogo Belostokskogo polka, v. 2, Odessa, 1909, p. 376. The 179th Ust-Dvinsk regiment lost 31 officers and about 1,100 men through transfers; S. E. Chametskii, Istoriia 179-go pekhotnogo Ust’-Dvinskogo polka, Spb., 1911, pp. 138-44. The 114th Novotorzhok regiment lost only one-third of its officers; E. A. Kirilov, Istoriia 114-go pekhotnogo Novotorzhokskogo polka, Mitava, 1913, p. 286.

61. Iakovlev, “Khar’kovskoe likholet’e,” IV, 1910 no. 11, p. 554. See also: Russko-iaponskaia voina 1904-1905 gg., v. 7, p. 36; Charnetskii, Istoriia 179-go, p. 144; “Volneniia v voiskakh,” Rl, no. 258, 10 Dec. 1905; and Z Pola Walki, no. 7, 29 March 1905 (an order to a garrison in Poland dealing with reserve officers).

62. V. Ul’ianinskii, “Vosstanie Rostovskogo polka v dekabre 1905 goda,” KiS, 1925 no. 6, p. 36; Byvshii zapasnoi, “Vospominanie o zapasnoi pulemetnoi komande,” Pervaia revoliutsiia v Peterburge, v. 2, L., 1925, pp. 131-2; M. A. Iakovlev, “Khar’kovskoe likholet’e,” IV, 1910 no. 11, p. 554.

III. Failing to Contain Revolution

1. The text of the petition is in Walter Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday. Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre of 1905, Princeton, 1976, pp. 344-9.

2. Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday; Gerald D. Suhr, “Petersburg’s First Mass Labor Organization: The Assembly of Russian Workers and Father Gapon,” Russian Review, v. 40 no. 3, July 1981, pp. 241-62, and v. 40 no. 4, Oct. 1981, pp. 412-41.

3. V. E. Varzar, Statistika stachek rabochikh na fabrikakh i zavodakh za 1905 god, Spb., 1908, p. 5; S. M. Dubrovskii, Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg., M., 1956, pp. 46-51, 70-73; L. K. Erman, Intelligentsiia v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii, M., 1966, pp. 46-67; Robert Byrnes, “Kliuchevskii and the Revolution of 1905,” Colloque la révolution de 1905, Sorbonne, 1981; V. Nevskii, “Ianvarskie dni 1905 g. v provintsii,” KL, v. 4, 1922, pp. 52-132.

4. Kevin R. Cox and George J. Demko, “Conflict Behavior in a SpatioTemporal Context,” Sociological Focus, v. 1 no. 3, Spring 1968, pp. 55-67, treat the spread of agrarian disorders as the result of a peasant-to-peasant demonstration effect. However, peasant disturbances spread north from the Caucasus and east from Poland, the centers of the January rebellion, and the timing of peasant activization appears to fit well the intensity and temporal-geographical spread of strikes. Compare the maps in Cox and Demko with the maps and tables in Varzar, Statistika stachek . . . 1905, pp. 15, 103-4. For official reports on the rumors that circulated among peasants in early 1905, see S. Dubrovskii and B. Grave, compilers, Agrarnoe dvizhenie v 1905-1907 gg., v. 1, M.-L., 1925, pp. 237, 264-5, 385-6. For general discussions of the peasant disorders, see Petr Maslov, Krest’ ianskoe dvizhenie v Rossii v epokhu pervoi revoliutsii, 2nd edition, M., 1924, pp. 3-47, 65-9; Perrie, Agrarian Policy, pp. 118-39; Cox and Demko, “Agrarian Structure and Peasant Discontent in the Russian Revolution of 1905,” The East Lakes Geographer, v. 3, Oct. 1967, pp. 4-20.

5. On peasant social and political psychology, see Field, Rebels in the Name of the Tsar, pp. 1-26; Eugene Vinogradoff, “The Political Consciousness of the Peasantry of Central Russia during the ‘Period of Reaction’ (1907-1914),” (unpublished paper); E. J. Hobsbawm, “Peasants and Politics,” Journal of Peasant Studies, v. 1 no. 1, Oct. 1973, pp. 3-22; George Foster, “Peasant Society and the Image of Limited Good,” American Anthropologist, v. 67 no. 2, 1965, pp. 293-315.

6. Kathleen Prevo, “Worker Reaction to Bloody Sunday in Voronezh,” Colloque la révolution de 1905, Sorbonne, 1981; Gerald Dennis Suhr, “Petersburg Workers in 1905: Strikes, Workplace Democracy, and the Revolution,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1979, pp. 237-44, 381-2.

7. Sablinsky, Road to Bloody Sunday, pp. 216, 243.

8. Varzar, Statistika stachek . . . 1905, p. 7; Varzar, Statisticheskie svedeniia, pp. 30-31, and “Prilozheniia,” p. 11.

9. Varzar, Statistika stachek . . . 1905, p. 7; D. Kol’tsov, “Rabochie v 1905-1907 gg.,” in L. Martov, et al., eds., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX-go veka, v. 2, part 1, Spb., 1910, pp. 191-3, 200-25; Rabochii klass v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg., M., 1981, pp. 87-98, 123-37.

10. The only statistical source (and that incomplete) on SR Party membership dates from October 1906 and records 34,200 members; based on that source, the estimate by Manfred Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei Russlands. Agrarsozialismus und Modernisierung in Zarenreich (1900-1914), Köln-Wien, 1978, p. 267, for late 1906 is 42-45,000. Bolsheviks and Mensheviks together had approximately 76,000 members in October 1906, around 15,000 in late 1905; David Lane, The Roots of Russian Communism. A Social and Historical Study of Russian Social-Democracy, 1898-1907, pp. 12-14. Assuming the ratio of SRs to SDs was the same in 1905 as in 1906, SR membership in late 1905 would be 8-9,000. The Bund membership estimate in 1903 was 30,000; Henry Tobias, The Jewish Bund in Russia. From Its Origins to 1905, Stanford, 1972, p. 239. Latvian SDs numbered 3,400 in 1904, 9,000 by June 1905, 18,200 by October 1905; Ernest O. F. Ames, ed., The Revolution in the Baltic Provinces of Russia. A Brief Account of the Activity of the Lettish Social Democratic Workers’ Party, By an Active Member, London, 1907, pp. 11, 20, 22. As of early 1907, the Bund and the SDKPiL each claimed 25,000 members, the Latvian SDs 13,000; Lane, Roots, p. 13.

11. Eiter, “Organizational Growth,” pp. 222, 227-9; Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, pp. 142-5, 153-4; Perrie, Agrarian Policy, pp. 101-13; “Pred-verie revoliutsii,” RR, no. 58, 20 Jan. 1905, pp. 1-2; “Boevoi moment,” RR, no. 59, 10 Feb. 1905, pp. 1-2; J. L. H. Keep, The Rise of Social Democracy in Russia, London, 1963, pp. 187-202; Solomon Schwarz, The Russian Revolution of 1905, Chicago, 1967, pp. 8-28, 131-4; Alexander Fischer, Russische Sozialdemokratie, pp. 41-81, 102-108.

12. Galai, Liberation Movement, pp. 243-53; Shmuel Galai, “The Role of the Union of Unions in the Revolution of 1905,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 1976 no. 4, pp. 512-25; Manning, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 90-127.

13. Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 355-72, 376-80; V. N. Kokovtsov, Out of My Past. The Memoirs of Count Kokovtsov, translated by Laura Matveev, Stanford, 1935, pp. 38-41, 44-5, 50-51; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 2, pp. 346-8, 368-70, 375-8; E. D. Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii, 2nd ed., M., 1970, pp. 52-61, 70-88; R.Sh. Ganelin, “Ukaz 18 fevralia 1905 g. o petitsiiakh i pravitel’stvennaia politika,” Vspomogatel’nye istoricheskie distsipliny, v. 14, L., 1983, pp. 170-85.

14. “Konets russko-iaponskoi voiny. (Voennoe soveshchanie 24 maia 1905 g. v Tsarskom Sele),” KA, 1928 no. 3 (28), pp. 182-204; Raymond A. Esthus, “Nicholas II and the Russo-Japanese War,” Russian Review, v. 40 no. 4, Oct. 1981, pp. 397-406; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 2, pp. 383-8, 573-5; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, pp. 49-50.

15. “Zapiski A. S. Ermolova,” KA, 1925 no. 1, p. 51.

16. Orders to local garrisons and military districts: Prikaz po voiskam ekaterino-slavskogo garnizona s prilozheniem stat’i “Pravitelstvo gotovitsia,” Geneva, 1905; Pravo, 6 Feb. 1905; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Litve, pp. 97-101, 107-8; Kaluzhskaia guberniia v 1905 godu. Sbornik statei, vospominanii i materialov, Kaluga, 1925, pp. 363-9; Proletarii (Geneva), no. 19, 3 Oct./20 Sept., 1905. The methods by which units operated, and local policy on placement of troops on estates and at factories, and to reinforce police patrols, are detailed in “Pribaltiiskii krai v 1905 godu,” KA, 1925 no. 4-5, p. 274; S. E. Charnetskii, Istoriia 179-go, pp. 144-5; A. Pokrovskii, 3-i Donskoi kazachii polk, Vilna, 1910, pp. 89-90; M. K. Sokolovskii, Istoricheskii ocherk 10-go Ulanskogo polka, Spb., 1912, pp. 398-400; E. A. Kirilov, Istoriia 114-go, pp. 292-5; and many other regimental histories.

17. The figures on units deployed are from a report by Minister of War Rediger to the Tsar: Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Rossii. Dokumenty i materialy. Vysshii pod”em Revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg. Vooruzhennye vosstaniia. Noiabr’-dekabr’ 1905 goda (henceforth: VP), vol. 1, M., 1955, p. 172. The authorized strength of an infantry company was 107 men, of a cavalry squadron 100 men; the strength of these and other types of units listed in Rediger’s report can be found in Svod shtatov voenno-sukhoputnogo vedomstva, vol. 2, Spb., 1893. Of course, not all companies were at authorized strength, and not all men in a company went out on every assignment.

18. Troop strength has been calculated from Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Obshchii obzor,” pp. 2-3, 11-13, 34. The figures therein do not take account of the 6o,ooo-odd cossacks in the field as of October. Kratkoe raspisanie sukhoputnykh voisk, ispravlennoe po 1-e avgusta 1905 g., Spb., 1905, lists 61 ½ cossack regiments and 6 plastoon (foot) battalions in the field as of 1 August. One other regiment was mobilized in August. For that and the dates of the earlier mobilization of cossack regiments for internal service, see Tsirkuliary Glavnogo shtaba, [Spb., 1905,] No. 115, 29 March 1905; No. 196, 8 July 1905; No. 247, 2 Sept. 1905. Four cossack regiments had been mobilized for internal service in the Caucasus in late 1904: Tsirkuliary Glavnogo shtaba, [Spb., 1904,] No. 360, 27 Dec. 1904; and Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Otchet Glavnogo upravleniia kazach’ikh voisk,” pp. 10-11.

19. I. Burskii, Istoriia 8-go gusarskogo Lubenskogo polka, Odessa, 1913, pp. 52021, 523-4. The 24th dragoons were rechristened the 8th hussars after 1905 as part of an army-wide effort to restore unit morale with distinctive uniforms and trappings.

20. Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 5.

21. Quoted in Pereverzev, “Karatel’naia ekspeditsiia Gen.-leit. P. K. Rennenkampfa v Zabaik. Ob.,” Byloe, 1907 no. 4, pp. 134-5.

22. RI, 24 Nov. 1905, 10 Dec. 1905, 17 Dec. 1905, and 18 Dec. 1905; Rozen, “Vospominaniia,” p. 26.

23. PI, no. 243, 2 August/20 July 1905; Ul’ianinskii, “Vosstanie Rostovskogo polka,” p. 34.

24. A Trepov letter of 28 June 1905, quoted in Petrov, Ocherki, p. 55; the incident cited is in I. G. Drozdov, Agrarnye volneniia i karatel’nye ekspeditsii v chernigovskoi gubernii v gody pervoi revoliutsii 1905-1906 gg., M.-L., 1925, p. 27.

25. PI, no. 243, 2 Aug./20 July 1905.

26. See the report on the Plotsk garrison in Proletarii, no. 15, 5 Sept./23 Aug. 1905; Ul’ianinskii, “Vosstanie Rostovskogo polka,” p. 36; Shabrov, “Dni vosstaniia v Rostovskom polku,” Krasnoe znamia (Paris), 1906 no. 4, p. 24.

27. Ul’ianinskii, “Vosstanie Rostovskogo polka,” p. 38; VP, v. 2, p. 428; Vserossiiskaia politicheskaia stachka v oktiabre 1905 goda (henceforth: VPS), v. 2, M., 1955, p. 149; P. Cherkasov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Sibirskogo i Turkestanskogo voennykh okrugov,” 1905. Armiia v pervoi revoliutsii, M.-L., 1927, pp. 296, 327; Ia. Leskovskii, “Dvizhenie sredi voisk v Krasnoiarske v 1905 g.,” PR, 1925 no. 10, p. 60; Iak. Novogreshnov, 1905 god v Krasnoiarske. Populiarnyi ocherk, Krasnoiarsk, 1925, p. 19; Samarskii kur’er, 29 Nov. 1905; [Mariampol SD/Bund Military Revolutionary Organization,] “Otkrytoe pis’mo soznatel’nykh soldat 112 Ural’skogo i 111 Donskogo pekhotnykh polkov ko vsem tovarishchim soldatam,” hectograph, late 1905, Bund Archive; A. P. Steklov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Kavkazskogo voennogo okruga,” Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v armii v gody pervoi russkoi revoliutsii, M., 1955, p. 404.

28. Evidence on midsummer indiscipline is voluminous. On the Smolensk incident, see D. I. Budaev, “Rabochee i krest’ianskoe dvizhenie v Smolenskoi gubernii v period pervoi russkoi revoliutsii,” Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Smolenskoi gubernii v 1905-1907 gg., Smolensk, 1956, p. 47, and Budaev, “Khronika osnovnykh revoliutsionnykh sobytii v Smolenskoi gubernii v period pervoi russkoi revoliutsii (1905-1907 godov),” ibid., p. 120. The Main Staff circular is in Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Rossii vesnoi i letom 1905 goda. Aprel’-sentiabr’, part 1, M., 1957, p. 395. The situation in the Moscow camp is reported in ibid., pp. 397400; General A. I. Spiridovich of the secret police reports the surprise of the generals in Kiev when told of midsummer plots in the Kiev sapper camp; A. I. Spiridovich, “Pri tsarskom rezhime,” Arkhiv russkoi revoliutsii, v. 15, 1924, pp. 203-5.

29. A report in the liberal newspaper Rus’ reprinted in Proletarii, no. 23, 31/18 Oct. 1905.

30. See Appendix I.

31. Pravo, no. 22, 8 June 1905; Petrov, Ocherki, p. 137; A. Belen’kaia, “O rabote Kievskoi organizatsii v 1905 g.,” PR, 1926 no. 2, p. 260; Proletarii, no. 8, 17 (4) July 1905; PI, no. 238, 27/14 June 1905; S. M. Dubnow, History of the Jews in Russia and Poland from the Earliest Times until the Present Day, v. 3, Philadelphia, 1920, pp. 119-20.

32. RI, 10 Sept. 1905.

33. John Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries. Military Revolution in Russia, 1905-1907,” Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1977, pp. 53—7.

34. Kh. A. Vermishev, Iz nedavnego proshlogo. 29 avgusta 1905 g. na Tiflisskoi gorodskoi dume, Baku, 1917; 1905 god v Tiflise, Tiflis, 1926, pp. 70-75; Sotsial’demokrat, no. 14, 15 Sept. 1905.

35. Pravo, 18 Sept. 1905; V. P. Semennikov, ed., Revoliutsiia 1905 goda i samoderzhavie, M.-L., 1928, pp. 99-103; Budaev, “Rabochee i krest’ianskoe dvizhenie,” p. 120.

36. Pravo, 10 July 1905; PI, no. 239, 4 July/21 June 1905, and no. 240, 10 July/27 June 1905; Lodzinskii listok, 14/27 June 1905.

37. S. Mstislavskii, “Otryvki o piatom gode,” KiS, 1928 no. 2, pp. 12-23; Plekhanov, “Vroz’ itti, vmeste bit’!” Iskra, no. 87, 10 Feb. 1905; Tretii s”ezd RSDRP Protokoly, M., 1959, p. 112 (Bogdanov).

38. Plekhanov, “Vroz’ itti, vmeste bit’!” Iskra, no. 87, 10 Feb. 1905.

39. Tretti s”ezd RSDRP, pp. 109, 111-13, 117, 122-3, 127, 143-4, 153.

40. Pervaia obshcherusskaia konferentsiia partiinykh rabotnikov, Geneva, 1905, pp. 29-30.

41. Chuzhak, “Chto delaetsia v voiskakh,” Proletarii, no. 6, 3 July/20 June 1905.

42. For a fuller discussion, see Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 187-93. Somewhat inaccurate statistics on SD military organization formation, and a list of SD military organization with date of formation and documentation, are in ibid., pp. 442-52.

43. Lenin, “Nachalo revoliutsii v Rossii,” Vpered, no. 4, 31/18 Jan. 1905; V.S., “Rol’ organizatsii v narodnykh dvizheniiakh,” Vpered, no. 18, 18/5 May 1905; Esper Serebriakov, “What Will the Army Do?” FR, 1 March 1905. On SD combat organizations: 1905. Boevaia gruppa pri Tsk RSDRP(b). 1905-1907 gg., M.-L., 1927; Iskra, no. 87, 10 Feb. 1905; no. 89, 24 Feb. 1905; no. 90, 3 March 1905; no. 95, 25 March 1905; Fischer, Russische Sozialdemokratie, pp. 82-124. SRs: Nat. Blinova, “Delo o revoliutsionnom dvizhenii v armii,” Sbornik materialov i statei. Redaktsiia zhurnala “lstoricheskii arkhiv,” v. 1, M., 1921, p. 202; Eiter, “Organizational Growth,” pp. 223-4.

44. Discussion of the Potemkin mutiny is based substantially on Iskra, no. 81, 23 Dec. 1904; no. 98, 23 April 1905; no. 103, 21 June 1905; no. 105, 15 July 1905; Sotsial’demokrat, no. 10, 21 July 1905; no. 13, 1 Sept. 1905; no. 14, 15 Sept. 1905; RR, no. 70, 1 July 1905; no. 75, 15 Sept. 1905; A. P. Berezovskii, Odinnadtsat’ dnei na Potemkine, Spb., 1907; Constantine Feldman, The Revolt of the “Potemkin,” London, 1908; Denisenko, “Potemkinskoe vosstanie. (Vospominaniia matrosa’-potemkintsa’),” KiS, 1925 no. 5, pp. 28-42; Startsev-Shishkarev, “Vosstanie na bronenostse ‘Potemkin’,” Puti revoliutsii, 1925, no. 1, pp. 7-14; Revoliutsionnyi bronenosets. Vosstanie v Chernomorskom flote. (Po materialam “Iskry” i “Sotsialdemo-krata”), Geneva, 1905; Matrosy Chernogo moria, n.p., 1905; N. Rostotskaia, Potemkinskie dni v Odesse, Spb., 1906; I. A. Lychev, Vospominaniia potemkintsa, M.-L., 1925; M. Morshanskaia, “Matros Chernomorskogo flota A. M. Petrov,” PR, 1925 no. 4, pp. 138-48; B.I. Gavrilov, “K istorii vosstaniia na bronenostse ‘Potemkin’,” IZ, v. 95, 1975, pp. 284-313.

45. Iskra, no. 98, 23 April 1905.

46. Ibid.; “Pis’ma matrosa A. M. Petrova,” PR, 1925 no. 12, p. 93.

47. A letter of 8/21 July 1905 from the Department of Police in St. Petersburg to the Sûreté Générale, a letter of 28 July from Paris to the Sûreté agent in An-nemasse keeping tabs on Russian revolutionaries in Switzerland, a report from Annemasse on revolutionary activity in the Russian armed forces, and other correspondence are in the Archives Nationales, F7 12521.

48. E. Genkin, Po tiurmam i etapam, P, 1922, p. 6; M. Vasil’ev-Iuzhin, “Vosstanie na bronenostse ‘Potemkine’ i t. Lenin,” Molodaia gvardiia, 1924 no. 2-3, pp. 54-7; Vasil’ev-Iuzhin, “V ogne pervoi revoliutsii,” PR, 1926 no. 4, pp. 223-31; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 godov v g. Samare i Samarskoi gubernii. Dokumenty i materialy, Kuibyshev, 1955, p. 96; RR, no. 70, 1 July 1905; Filatov, “Kniaz’ Potemkin Tavricheskii,” Proletarii, no. 8, 17/4 July 1905; Lenin, “Revoliutsionnaia armiia i revoliutsionnyi narod,” Proletarii, no. 7, 10 July/27 June 1905; Martov, “Voennaia sila na sluzhbe revoliutsii,” Sotsial’demokrat, no. 8, 24 June 1905; Dnevnik sotsialdemokrata Plekhanova, no. 2, Aug. 1905.

49. Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 godov v g. Samare, p. 96; Proletarii, no. 10, 2 Aug./20 July 1905; no. 20, 10 Oct./27 Sept. 1905. For documentation on central and local appeals to soldiers after the Potemkin mutiny, see Bushnell, “Mutineers,” p. 225 n. 21; on SD military organization formation and documentation thereof, ibid., pp. 442-52 (the totals therein are incomplete).

50. Martov, “Respublika i voisko,” Sotsial’demokrat, no. 9, 7 July 1905; Martov, “Ofitsery i soldaty v revoliutsii,” Sotsial’demokrat, no. 13, 1 Sept. 1905; “Revoliutsiia i kontrrevoliutsiia,” Rabochii, no. 1, Aug. 1905; “Voennaia khitrost’ pravitel’stva,” Rabochii, no. 2, 3 Aug. 1905; “Put’ revoliutsii. Narodnoe vosstanie,” Rabochii, no. 3, 15 Oct. 1905; “K voprosu o taktike,” RR, no. 74, 1 Sept. 1905; “Kniaz’ Potemkin Tavricheskii,” Dnevnik sotsial-demokrata Plekhanova, no. 2, Aug. 1905; Lenin, “Revoliutsionnaia armiia i revoliutsionnyi narod,” Proletarii, no. 7, 10 July/27 June 1905.

51. “Kniaz’ Potemkin Tavricheskii,” Dnevnik sotsial-demokrata Plekhanova, no. 2, Aug. 1905.

52. See note 49.

53. Lenin, PSS, v. 10, M., 1967, pp. 335-45, 401-4; v. 11, pp. 133-43, 170-71, 185, 188-93, 246-8, 336-8, 339-43, 365, 410-11.

54. “Iz dnevnika chitatelia,” RR, no. 70, 1 July 1905, p. 12; attribution to Gots is from Maureen Perrie, “The Socialist Revolutionaries on ‘Permanent Revolution’,” Soviet Studies, Jan. 1973, p. 411. Local reports in the revolutionary press provide evidence of the revolutionaries’ euphoria.

55. “Narodnaia revoliutsiia,” RR, no. 69, 15 June 1905, pp. 1-2; “Krest’ianskie s’’ezdy,” RR, no. 72, Aug. 1905, pp. 20-21; Viktor Chernov, “Ot ‘Revoliutsionnoi Rossii’ k ‘Synu otechestva’,” Letopis’ revoliutsii, v. 1, 1923, pp. 69-71; Perrie, Agrarian Policy, pp. 105-6; L. M. Ivanov, “Boikot bulyginskoi dumy i stachka v oktiabre 1905 g. (K voprosu o rasstanovke boriushchikhsia sil),” IZ, v. 83, 1969, pp. 138-48; Pis’ma P B. Aksel’roda i Iu.O. Martova 1901-1916, Berlin, 1924, pp. 1238, 131-2; Iu. Martov, Istoriia Rossiiskoi Sotsial-Demokratii, 2nd edition, M.-Pg., 1923, pp. 125-8.

56. Galai, Liberation Movement, pp. 254-60; P. N. Miliukov, Vospominaniia (1859-1917), v. 1, New York, 1955, pp. 299-305; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, pp. 108-120; Manning, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 133-7.

57. Quoted in Sidney Harcave, First Blood. The Russian Revolution of 1905, New York, 1964, p. 169.

58. Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 1, Berlin-Pg.-M., 1923, pp. 52-63; Laura Engelstein, Moscow, 1905. Working Class Organization and Political Conflict, Stanford, 1982, p. 72.

59. M. Balabanov, “Promyshlennost’ v 1904-1907 gg.,” in L. Martov, et al., eds., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX-go veka, v. 4 pt. 1, Spb., 1912, pp. 69-73; Suhr, “Petersburg Workers,” p. 381; Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 36, 76, 83; Varzar, Statisticheskie svedeniia . . . 1894-1904, p. 31 and “Prilozheniia,” p. 18.

60. Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 73-96; P. A. Garvi, Vospominaniia sotsialdemokrata, New York, 1946, pp. 539-45.

61. Henry Frederick Reichman, “Russian Railwaymen and the Revolution of 1905,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1977, pp. 364-410; I. M. Pushkareva, Zheleznodorozhniki Rossii v burzhuazno-demokraticheskikh revoliut-siiakh, M., 1975, pp. 144-75; A. Shestakov, “Vseobshchaia oktiabr’skaia stachka 1905 g.,” in M. N. Pokrovskii, ed., 1905. Istoriia revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v otdel’nykh ocherkakh, v. 2, M.-L., 1925, pp. 264-352; Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 105-35; Suhr, “Petersburg Workers,” pp. 400-22. On the attitudes of revolutionaries: Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 1, pp. 92-6, 128-9, 134; Schwarz, Russian Revolution, pp. 138-40, 172; Engelstein, Moscow, p. 106; Garvi, Vospominaniia, pp. 556, 559-60; Shestakov, “Vseobshchaia oktiabr’skaia,” pp. 279, 285; Proletarii, no. 24, 7 Nov/25 Oct. 1905.

62. Galai, Liberation Movement, pp. 262-3; Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 115-29, 133-4; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, pp. 133-5; Erman, Intelligentsiia, pp. 155-66; Cherkasov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” p. 262; Obzor revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v okruge Irkutskoi sudovoi palaty za 1897-1907 gg., Spb., 1908, pp. 68-70; VPS, v. 1, pp. 363-4; Pravo, 8 Nov. 1905.

63. On total troop strength, see note 18 above. On the mobilization of reserves for the Caucasus: Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu,” p. 108.

64. [A. F. Rediger], “Zapiski A. F. Redigera o 1905 g.,” KA, 1931 no. 2, p. 97; V. E. Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Man’chzhurskoi armii,” p. 317; VPS, v. 2, pp. 242-3; VP, v. 2, pp. 1082-3, 1108.

65. VPS, v. 1, pp. 87-8, 215, 271-2, 274, 280, 345, 356, 453-4, 537, 565, 642-4; VPS, v. 2, pp. 149-50, 156-61.

66. VPS, v. 1, pp. 239-40; VPS, v. 2, pp. 103-9; Ekaterinoslavshchina v revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg. Dokumenty i materialy, Dnepropetrovsk, 1975, pp. 167-77, 181-5, 187-90; Novaia zhizn’, 8 Nov. 1905; Shestakov, “Vseobshchaia oktiabr’skaia,” pp. 307-11.

67. VPS, v. 1, pp. 354, 429, 432; VPS, v. 2, pp. 148-9; Ekaterinoslavshchina, p. 171; “Iz bumag D. F. Trepova,” KA, 1925, no. 4-5, p. 455; The Secret Letters of the Last Tsar. Being the Confidential Correspondence between Nicholas II and His Mother, Dowager Empress Maria Teodorovna, edited by Edward J. Bing, New York-Toronto, 1938, pp. 183-4.

68. VPS, v. 2, pp. 247, 250-55; Tsarizm v bor’be s revoliutsiei 1905-1907 gg. Sbornik dokumentov, M., 1936, p. 161; “Revoliutsionnye sobytiia v Pribaltike v 1905 g.,” KA, 1940 no. 5, p. 144; Novaia zhizn’, 1 Nov. 1905.

69. Kratkoe raspisanie sukhoputnykh voisk lists only 3 railroad battalions in Europe as of August; in addition there was the 4th reserve railroad battalion in Petersburg (see VP, v. 1, pp. 430-32), and a battalion in the Caucasus. On the use of these troops to move trains between Moscow and Petersburg, and around Irkutsk and Tiflis, see VPS, v. 1, pp. 228, 250, 253, 272; and RI, no. 234, 8 Nov. 1905. See also the information on the railway strike, and the helplessness of authorities to deal with it, drawn up by the Department of Police: VPS, v. 1, pp. 210-37. On the use of technical troops to run public utilities: Engelstein, Moscow, p. 132; VP, v. 1, p. 499; V. N. Poluektov, “1905 g. v kazarmakh, kreposti i tiur’me,” Po tiur’mam. Sbornik vospominanii iz epokhi pervoi revoliutsii, M., 1925, pp. 113-4.

70. VPS, v. 1, pp. 213-4, 430, 679, fn. 200; VPS, v. 2, p. 250; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, p. 34; [Vitte], “Spravka o Manifeste 17 Oktiabria 1905 g.,” and “Pis’mo A. Redigera k S.Iu. Vitte, 28 ianvaria 1907 g.,” in “Manifest 17 Oktiabria,” KA, 1925 no. 4-5, pp. 79, 82-3 (Witte’s original recollection of the meeting, and Rediger’s amplification); Shestakov, “Vseobshchaia oktiabr’skaia,” p. 294; “Iz bumag D. F. Trepova,” pp. 456-8.

71. Secret Letters, p. 185.

72. Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, pp. 20, 34, 37-8.

73. Howard D. Mehlinger and John M. Thompson, Count Witte and the Tsarist Government in the 1905 Revolution, Bloomington, Ind., 1972, pp. 31-8; Vitte, Vos-pominaniia, v. 2, pp. 544-59, and v. 3, pp. 10-12, 19-20, 23-26; “Dnevnik A. A. Polovtseva,” KA, no. 4, 1923, pp. 63-76; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, pp. 65-8; N. G. Koroleva, Pervaia rossiiskaia revoliutsiia i tsarizm. Sovet ministrov Rossii v 1905-1907 gg., M., 1982, pp. 29-37; VPS, v. 1, pp. 213-4.

74. Secret Letters, p. 185; “Dnevnik A. A. Polovtseva,” p. 76; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, pp. 14-17, 26-31, 35-53; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 40-6; “Manifest 17 Oktiabria,” pp. 80-82; A. V. Ostrovskii, M. M. Safonov, “Manifest 17 Oktiabria 1905 g.,” Vspomogatel’nye istoricheskie distsipliny, v. 12, 1981, pp. 168-88.

75. Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, pp. 31, 34.

76. “K istorii Manifesta 17 oktiabria 1905 goda. Sekretnaia perepiska,” Byloe, no. 14, 1919, pp. 109-11; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, p. 144.

77. Shestakov, “Vseobshchaia oktiabr’skaia,” pp. 330-33; Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 1, pp. 159-61; Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 132-3.

78. Dnevnik Imperatora Nikolaia II, Berlin, 1923, p. 222.

IV. Revolution in the Army

1. Suhr, “Petersburg Workers,” pp. 423-31, 440-47, 501-5; Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 149-74; Leon Trotsky, 1905, New York, 1972, pp. 103-12, 123-30, 140-56, 166-78; Oscar Anweiler, The Soviets. The Russian Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Councils 1905-1921, New York, 1974, pp. 43-83; Rabochii klass v pervoi, pp. 187-8, 243-51; Schwarz, Russian Revolution, pp. 171-95, 331-4, 339-54; M. Rafes, Ocherki po istorii “Bunda”, M., 1923, pp. 169-73; A. A. Voskresenskii and I.Sh. Chernomazov, “Federativnyi Sovet khar’kovskikh komitetov RSDRP (noiabr’ 1905-ianvar’ 1906 gg.),” Vestnik Khar’kovskogo universiteta, 1964 no. 1, pp. 125-6.

2. VP, v. 2, pp. 37-8, 215, 287, 328, 680; VP, v. 3 part 1, p. 306; VPS, v. 2, pp. 375, 379, 384, 388-9, 406-7, 417, 439, 445-6; Dubrovskii and Grave, Agrarnoe dvizhenie, pp. 63, 66, 170, 243-4, 296-7; VP, v. 4, pp. 44-5, 74, 167, 194, 199, 204-5, 207, 377-9; Maslov, Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie, pp. 79-100.

3. A good survey of events in the Baltic provinces is provided by “Pribaltiiskii krai v 1905 godu”; see also the sources in Chapter 4 n. 86, and Chapter 5 n. 17. On the Caucasus: Varl. Kalandadze and Vl. Mkheidze, Ocherki revoliutsionnogo dvizhenie v Gruzii, Spb., 1906, pp. 11-77; and Vsepoddanneishaia zapiska po upravleniiu kavkazskim kraem gen.-ad”iutanta grafa Vorontsova-Dashkova, n.p., 1907, pp. 67, 17, 23-30.

4. “Voinskii ustav o nakazaniiakh,” st. 110, Voinskii ustav 0 nakazaniiakh i Ustav distsiplinarnyi, Spb., 1905, pp. 37-8. (Other Tsarist military crimes that were covered by mutiny articles in other armies are in st. 105, 107, 108, and 111.) On the interpretation of article 110 by the Military Supreme Court in 1883: Resheniia Glavnogo Voennogo Suda za 1907, [Spb., 1907], p. 148. On its application to mutinies in 1905 and 1906, see ibid., pp. 147-9, 191^_5; VP, vol. 1, pp. 334, 641; VP, vol. 2, p. 429.

5. The number of units and their location have been calculated from Kratkoe raspisanie sukhoputnykh voisk; Major W. W. MacBean, Handbook of the Russian Army, 4th ed., London, 1905, pp. 250-95; and Vsepodanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Obshchii obzor,” p. 10. There were mutinies in 3 of the 4 unbrigaded reserve battalions, 1 of 8 Finland rifle regiments, 1 of 8 Caucasus rifle regiments, and 6 of 27 fortress infantry regiments and battalions; for all categories, there were mutinies in 92 of 282 infantry units in European Russia. I have not taken depot battalions into account, as they were formed only to ready replacements for the army in Manchuria and were rapidly disbanded after the conclusion of peace.

6. There is good evidence of widespread indiscipline and unreliability (as government officials put it) in 24 other line infantry regiments; in some of these cases there may have been mutiny, but there is not enough evidence to be sure. It is harder to find reliable than unreliable units.

7. From October 18 through December 31, there were mutinies in 12 of 46 Guards, Grenadier, and line artillery brigades in European Russia; if reserve brigades, mortar regiments, and the like are added, there were mutinies in 19 of 65 artillery units. (I have not counted fortress artillery, because it has been difficult to identify formations.) For technical (excluding fortress) units, there were mutinies in 13 of 15 sapper battalions, 4 of 6 railway units (including one that returned from Siberia in late 1905), and 4 of 7 pontoon companies. There were 10 mutinies in the 65 line, reserve and native cavalry regiments, in none of the 13 Guards cavalry regiments. There were mutinies in 12 of the 71 mounted cossack regiments in Europe, in 4 of the 12 plastoon (foot) battalions. For sources on the number and location of artillery, technical and cavalry regiments, see note 5 above. For the cossacks, Kratkoe raspisanie lists a total of 62½ regiments and 6 plastoon battalions in the fields as of 1 August. One more cossack regiment was called up in August, and 8 regiments and 6 battalions were mobilized for use in European Russia in November and early December (I have converted individual cossack squadrons into regiments at a rate of 6 to 1; I have not counted a cossack regiment mobilized on December 30, or another mobilized for use in Central Asia); Tsirkuliary Glavnogo shtaba, [Spb., 1905], No. 247, 27 Sept. 1905; No. 335, 5 Dec. 1905; No. 336, 7 Dec. 1905; No. 343, 13 Dec. 1905; Tsirkuliary Glavnogo shtaba, [Spb., 1906]., No. 2, 4 Jan. 1906; No. 64, 21 Feb. 1906.

8. It is difficult to quantify naval mutinies, because sailors were assigned both to ships and to shore barracks (ekipazhi). On the discussion of mothballing the navy, see [Rediger], “Zapiski,” pp. 95-6; Novoe vremia, 1 Dec. 1905; and RI, 11 Dec. 1905.

9. Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905, “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu,” p. 95; VP, v. 2, pp. 363-73, 698-9, 1083, 1091-3; Pereverzev, “Karatel’-naia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 137-8; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii v Sibiri v 1905-1906 gg. Dokumenty i materialy, M.-L., 1932, p. 150; A. B. Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Moskovskom garnizone v 1906 g.,” IZ, v. 56, 1956, p. 96 note 2. Nicholas II wrote his mother on December 1 that the first units of XIII corps had arrived in Moscow; Secret Letters, p. 194. All the other evidence contradicts this. Nicholas likely mistook commanders for units. As General Meller-Zakomelskii, who led a punitive detachment into Siberia and had to restore order to XIII corps troop trains, reported, “The entire command structure of this corps, from the corps commander to the regimental commanders, left with their staffs for their permanent quarters in Russia,” leaving their men behind them; “Sibirskaia ekspeditsiia barona Meller-Zakomel’skogo,” Byloe, 1917 no. 3, p. 149. On XIII corps mutinies, see note 44 below.

10. Maureen Perrie, Agrarian Policy, p. 117.

11. Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, p. x (the conclusion is Thompson’s). Michael Perrins, “Russian Military Policy in the Far East and the 1905 Revolution in the Russian Army,” European Studies Review, v. 9 no. 3, July 1979, pp. 344-5, offers a similar assessment. Allan Wildman provides the best picture of the ferment in the army in 1905 and 1906, but he does not assess the impact of the mutinies on the course of the revolution; Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army. The Old Army and the Soldiers’ Revolt (March-April 1917), Princeton, 1980, pp. 47-64.

12. Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 godov v Rossii, M., 1975, p. 369. See also Kh.I. Muratov, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v russkoi armii v 1905-1907 gg., M., 1955, p. 38; and A. V. Piaskovskii, Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg., M., 1966, p. 288.

13. VPS, v. 2, pp. 15-16.

14. VPS, v. 1, pp. 600-601; VPS, v. 2, pp. 30-32, 99, 231-2; Engelman, Moscow, p. 137; VP, v. 1, pp. 240-41.

15. VPS, v. 1, pp. 375, 377, 381; VPS, v. 2, pp. 124-7, 138-40, 224, 229-31, 3323; F. Kasatkin-Rostovskii, Pamiatka Semenovtsa, Spb., 1909, p. 79; “Iz bumag D. F. Trepova,” pp. 458-60.

16. Shlomo Lambroza, “The Pogrom Movement in Tsarist Russia, 1903-1906,” Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers University, 1981, pp. 114-223, 278-94; Dubnow, History of the Jews, v. 3, pp. 125-30; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 5764; Zionistischen Hilfsfonds, Die Judenpogrome in Russland, Cologne-Leipzig, 1910, vol. 1, pp. 190-191, and vol. 2, pp. 109-132, and passim.

17. Engelman, Moscow, pp. 139-44; Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, New York, 1953, pp. 218-9; Mark Vishniak, Dan’ proshlomu, New York, 1954, pp. 109-10; VPS, v. 1, p. 641; Shestakov, “Vseobshchaia oktiabr’skaia,” pp. 244-6; Zionistischen Hilfsfonds, Die Judenpogrome, v. 2, pp. 504-11.

18. VPS, v. 2, p. 398; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 66-9; VP, v. 1, p. 61; VP, v. 2, p. 295; VP, v. 4, pp. 172-3, 231; Pravo, 20 Nov. 1905, and 24 Dec. 1905; Secret Letters, pp. 185, 192; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, p. 52.

19. VPS, v. 2, pp. 135, 201, 203-8, 236, 332-3; Pravo, 27 Nov. 1905; Severozapadnoe slovo, 1 Nov. 1905; Ignacy Pawłowski, Wojskowa dzialność SDKPiL w Rewolucji 1905-1907, Warsaw, 1956, pp. 219-20; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v. Litve, p. 185.

20. VPS, v. 1, pp. 554-5; Nemanov, “Kievskaia i Ekaterinoslavskaia voennye organizatsii v 1905 g.,” PR, 1926 n. 4, pp. 205-7; Zionistischen Hilfsfonds, Die Judenpogrome, v. 1, pp. 294-6; v. 2, pp. 184-188 and passim.

21. VPS, v. 2, pp. 43-5, 264-6; A. V. Piaskovskii, Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 godov v Turkestane, M., 1958, p. 225; Vozrozhdenie, 30 Oct. 1905; Novoe obozrenie, 13 Nov. 1905 and 15 Nov. 1905; V. Potto, Istoriia 17 dragunskogo Nizhegorodskogo polka, v. 11, Tiflis, 1908, pp. 182-3.

22. VPS, v. 2, pp. 48-52; RI, 17 Nov. 1905; W.G., “Ocherki sovremennogo revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v Rossii. Tomsk,” Krasnoe znamia, 1906 no. 3, pp. 113-17; Oktiabr’skie dni v Tomske, Tomsk, 1905.

23. D. I. Soifer, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie soldat v Turkestane, Tashkent, 1969, pp. 39-40; Budaev, “Rabochee i krest’ianskoe dvizhenie,” p. 48; N. A. Obetkovskii, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie Amurskogo kazachestva v 1905-1907 godakh,” Zapiski Amurskogo oblastnogo muzeia kraevedeniia i obshchestva kraevedeniia, v. 5, 1961, p. 29.

24. Baku: for sailors, see Appendix I, October 20, Baku, Caspian Naval Barracks; on the behavior of soldiers, VPS, v. 2, pp. 279-80; Kaspii, 26 Oct. 1905 and 24 Nov. 1905; Baku, 4 Nov. 1905; 13 Nov. 1905; 24 Nov. 1905; and 26 Nov. 1905. Tiflis: Vozrozhdenie, 10 Nov. 1905; Novoe obozrenie, 2 Nov. 1905 and 9 Nov. 1905.

25. See the 25 Oct. 1905 order to the Moscow military district in MG, 20 Nov. 1905, and a 31 Oct. 1905 circular to the Moscow military district in VP, v. 1, p. 607. A 6 Nov. 1905 order to the Samara garrison is in Samarskii kur’er, 19 Nov. 1905. Most of the sources in Appendix I document rampant indiscipline prior to mutiny.

26. Razvedchik, no. 785, 10 Nov. 1905.

27. RI, 25 Nov. 1905.

28. NZh, 18 Nov. 1905.

29. MG, 18 Nov. 1905.

30. For a 26 Oct. 1905 order to the Warsaw fortress district, see Vestnik voennogo dukhovenstva, no. 3, 1 Feb. 1906. Vladivostok: VP, v. 1, pp. 233, 250-51; SO, 17 Nov. 1905. Saratov: Privolzhskii krai, 19 Nov. 1905. Rembertow: Russkie vedomosti, 23 Nov. 1905; Korol’kov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Vilenskogo,” p. 177. Kars: Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 263-5. Appendix I: October 22-27, Askhabad; October 25-6, Krasnovodsk, 8th reserve Turkestan battalion; October 28, Vladivostok, Cruiser Rossiia.

31. My reconstruction of the Kronstadt mutiny is based substantially on VP, v. 1, pp. 191-227; Voennye vosstaniia v Baltike v 1905-1906 gg., M., 1933, pp. 29-58, 70; S. Ivanov, “Kronshtadtskoe podpol’e (1905-1906 gg.),” PR, 1924 no. 12, pp. 138-43; A. K. Drezen, Revoliutsiia vo flote. Baltiiskie moriaki v vosstaniiakh 1905-1906 gg., L., 1926, pp. 7-29, 43; K. S. Zharnovetskii, “Kronshtadtskie vosstaniia v 1905-1906 gg.,” KL, 1925 no. 3, pp. 52-4; V. Amosov, “V 1905 g.,” KL, 1925 no. 3, p. 109; “Vosstanie 26-27 oktiabria 1905 g. v Kronshtadte,” Krasnyi baltiets, 1920 no. 1, pp. 36-40; Iv. Egorov, “Voennye organizatsii RSDRP(b),” 1905. Vosstaniia v Baltiiskom flote v 1905-1906 gg. Sbornik, L., 1926, p. 57; Ottoson-Nikolaev, “Iz vospominanii o Kronshtadte i Sveaborge 1905 g.,” ibid., p. 101; Kal’, “Iz vospominanii matrosa A. Koltova o vosstanii v Kronshtadte v 1905 godu,” ibid., pp. 24-33; L. I. Andreev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh severozapadnogo okruga,” 1905. Armiia v pervoi revoliutsii, M.-L., 1927, pp. 4-14; IS, 3 Nov. 1905; NZh, 1 Nov. 1905; Pravo, 8 Nov. 1905. There is a lengthy reconstruction, somewhat different from my own, in Joseph Hartgrove, “Red Tide: The Kronstadters in the Russian Revolutionary Movement, 1901-1917,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1975, pp. 47-92.

32. NZh, 1 Nov. 1905.

33. VP, v. 1, p. 191.

34. NZh, 1 Nov. 1905.

35. VP, v. 1, p. 193.

36. Drezen, Revoliutsiia, p. 30; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, p. 140; IS, 20 Oct. 1905 and 3 Nov. 1905; Trotsky, 1905, pp. 174-5, 258; Andreev, “Revoliutsionnoe,” pp. 15-18; RI, 6 Nov. 1905.

37. Cited in NZh, 25 Nov. 1905.

38. VPS, v. 2, p. 87; VP, v. 1, pp. 233, 239-41; VP, v. 2, p. 1089; “Dvizhenie v voiskakh na Dal’nem Vostoke,” KA, 1925 no. 4-5, pp. 309-10, 315; Pereverzev, “Karatel’naia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 148-9; M. Ivanov, “Revoliutsionnye dni na vostoke,” Sibirskie voprosy, 1907 no. 25, p. 7, and 1907 no. 36, pp. 18-19; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 77-8; V. S., “V polose otchuzhdeniia (1905-1906 gg. po materialam Dal’istparta),” 1905. Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie na Dal’nem Vostoke. Sbornik statei, Vladivostok, 1925, p. 86; V. E. Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Man’-chzhurskoi armii,” p. 323; [A. N. Kuropatkin], “Iz dnevnika A. N. Kuropatkina (s 23 okt. po 23 dek. 1905),” KA, 1924 no. 7, pp. 56, 66; Russko-iaponskaia voina. Iz dnevnikov A. N. Kuropatkina i N. P Linevicha, L., 1925, p. 115; M[ashin], “Iz Man’chzhurii v Rossiiu,” Otkliki sovremennosti, 1906 no. 4, pp. 47-9; A. A. Ignatyev, A Subaltern in Old Russia, London, 1944, p. 278; N. Voronovich, Russko-iaponskaia voina. Vospominaniia, New York, 1952, pp. 63-6.

39. RI, 26 Oct. 1905; VP, v. 2, pp. 1083-5, 1090, 1096; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 77-8; Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Man’chzhurskoi armii,” pp. 317, 321-2; Pereverzev, “Karatel’naia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 137-8; “Dvizhenie v voiskakh,” pp. 290, 323, 383; Cherkasov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” pp. 23940; [A. N. Kuropatkin], “Iz dnevnika A. N. Kuropatkina. (S 23 dekabria 1905 goda po 12 marta 1906 goda),” KA, 1925 no. 1, p. 78.

40. VP, v. 2, pp. 1091, 1095-7, 1099-1102, 1106-7; Pereverzev, “Karatel’naia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 145-8; “Dvizhenie v voiskakh,” pp. 290, 292-3, 298, 300, 308, 310, 318-19, 321, 325-7, 338; M. Ivanov, “Revoliutsionnye dni,” Sibirskie voprosy, 1907 no. 35, p. 13 and 1907 no. 37, p. 14; “Razlozhenie armii v 1905 g. na Dal’nem Vostoke,” Byloe, 1925 no. 4 (32), pp. 110-16; [Kuropatkin], “Iz dnevnika . . . 23 dekabria,” pp. 71-2, 75-6; [Rediger], “Zapiski,” pp. 108-9; [A. F. Rediger], “Iz zapisok A. F. Redigera,” KA, 1933 no. 5 (60), pp. 100, 102-4; Zabaikal’skii rabochii, 7 Dec. 1905; Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Man’chzhurskoi armii,” p. 327; [Kuropatkin], “Iz dnevnika . . . 23 oktiabria,” pp. 62-3; Russkoiaponskaia voina. Iz dnevnikov, pp. 116, 127, 156; Mashin, “V manchzhurskikh armiiakh,” Otkliki sovremennosti, 1906 no. 2, pp. 121-2, and 1906 no. 3, pp. 48-58; M[ashin], “Iz Manchzhurii,” pp. 47-8; Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 1, pp. 47, 136-7; Svechin, Zapiski, p. 83.

41. “Dvizhenie v voiskakh,” p. 327; “Sibirskaia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 136-7, 140, 146; V. Mandel’berg, Iz perezhitogo, Davos, 1910, pp. 96-8; Cherkasov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” pp. 240-41; VP, v. 2, pp. 892, 898, 1062; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 49, 83-4, 118, 121; P. K-v, “Krasnoiarsk v kontse 1905 goda. (Nabroski po vospominaniiam),” Byloe, 1907 no. 6, pp. 26-7, 33; M. Trigoni, “Posle Shlissel’-burga,” Byloe, 1906 no. 9, p. 62; M[ashin], “Iz Manchzhurii,” pp. 57-61; Denikin, Put’, pp. 224-6; Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 1, pp. 133-4; Voronovich, Russkoiaponskaia voina, p. 73; Novoe vremia, 9 Nov. 1905; Istoriia sviiazhtsev, Spb., 1913, p. 122.

42. [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 98; “Razlozhenie armii,” p. 110; VP, v. 2, pp. 1095, 1097.

43. VP, v. 2, pp. 304, 671-3.

44. For general complaints about XIII corps: VP, v. 2, pp. 896, 1094-5; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 124-5; “Sibirskaia ekspeditsiia,” p. 149; [Kuropatkin], “Iz dnevnika . . . 23 dekabria,” p. 97. For mutinies, see Appendix I: Nov. 10, Aleksandrovskoe, 2nd Sofia; 15 Nov., Chita, 141st Mozhaisk, 144th Kashira; 15 Nov., Taiga station, 3rd Narva; 16 Nov., Krasnoiarsk, 2nd Sofia, 141st Mozhaisk; 26 Nov., Irkutsk, 144th Kashira; second half of Nov., Innokentev’skaia station, 1st Nevskii, 2nd Sofia; second half of November, near Tomsk, 4th Khopersk; second half of November, Zima station, 142nd Zvenigorod. On indiscipline that apparently did not turn into mutiny in the 143rd Dorogobuzh infantry: “Sibirskaia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 149-50.

45. Mandel’berg, Iz perezhitogo, p. 90. On the mutinies, see Appendix I.

46. [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 94; RI, 26 Oct. 1905; 4 Nov. 1905; 20 Nov. 1905; Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Obshchii obzor,” pp. 33-4; Petrov, Ocherki, p. 53; “Kratkii obzor,” Voina i mir, 1906 no. 1, p. 159.

47. [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 94; RI, 20 Nov. 1905; VP, v. 2, p. 393; VP, v. 4, p. 521; “Nikolai Romanov o revoliutsionnom dvizhenii,” KA, 1930 no. 1, p. 217; “Pribaltiiskii krai,” p. 278; Iakovlev, “Khar’kovskoe likholet’e,” IV, 1910 no. 11, pp. 554-5; Severo-zapadnyi krai, 27 Nov. 1905 and 29 Nov. 1905; Samarskii kur’er, 8 Nov. 1905; Baku, 16 Nov. 1905; Privolzhskii krai, 16 Nov. 1905; V. M. Kantsel’son, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Kievskogo voennogo okruga,” Revoliutsiotitioe dvizhenie v armii, p. 216; Kaspii, 27 Nov. 1905. Troop strength has been calculated from Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Obshchii obzor,” pp. 2-3, 11-13, 34.

48. Revoliutsiia 1905 v Zakavkaz’i. Khronika sobytii, dokumentov i materialov, Tiflis, 1926, pp. 88-9, 91, 93. See also the order to the Caucasus military district on the subject of these reserves in Tiflisskii listok, 19 Nov. 1905.

49. VP, v. 3 part 1, pp. 350-51; VP, v. 4, 268; Nizhegorodskii listok, 10 Nov. 1905; Volzhskii vestnik, 12 Nov. 1905.

50. Petrov, Ocherki, p. 384, claims that reserves participated in 60 of the 195 mutinies he counts in the last three months of 1905. I have found that reserves played a prominent (not necessarily a controlling) part in only 43 of the 211 mutinies I have documented between October 18 and December 31, but reserves may have been prominent in a few more than that. The total of 43 includes mutinies in identifiable units in Manchuria and Siberia (but not the mass stampede of reserves from the field army).

51. Muratov, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie, p. 78.

52. S. A. Tsion, Tri dnia vosstaniia v Sveaborge, Helsingfors, 1907, p. 20.

53. Ibid., p. 24. For other sources on the mutiny, see Appendix I.

54. PI, no. 137, 12 Feb. 1903; no. 234, 7 June/25 May 1905; no. 245, 9 Aug./27 July 1905; no. 252, 10 Oct./27 Sept. 1905; G. Korol’kov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Vilenskogo i Varshavskogo voennykh okrugov,” 1905. Armiia v pervoi revoliutsii, M.-L., 1927, pp. 168-9.

55. VP, v. 4, pp. 124-5; Muratov, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie, pp. 199-201; Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Belorussii 1905-1907 gg. Dokumenty i materialy, Minsk, 1955, pp. 313-4; Korol’kov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Vilenskogo,” pp. 168-9 (Korol’kov misidentifies the Bund military organization as SR).

56. VP, v. 4, pp. 128-9. For the mutinies on December 4 and 12, see Appendix I. The single source on the possible mutiny in the 4th sapper battalion is Robotnik (PPS), no. 70, 8 Jan. 1906 (i.e., 26 Dec. 1905 o.s.). Robotnik does not give the number of the sapper battalion, but it was the 4th that was garrisoned in Grodno: MacBean, Handbook, p. 254.

57. On clashes between civilians and the 229th Sviiazhsk battalion on October 17, see Istoriia sviiazhtsev, p. 123; VPS, v. 2, pp. 593-4; and Volzhskii vestnik, 26 Nov. 1905.

58. VP, v. 3 part 2, p. 1007.

59. Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 269-73, counts 22 mutinies during which the Grodno demands were mentioned, but three were not in fact mutinies. The Grodno demands were frequently mentioned favorably in other units. On the Samarkand demands, see Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 173-4. The 258th Sukhum reserve battalion (Sukhum) copied demands adopted by the Batum garrison, and the Sukhum demands were in turn copied by the 2nd Urupsk Kuban cossack regiment: Chernomorskii vestnik, 29 Nov. 1905; and VP, v. 2, p. 422. The 16th Mingrelian grenadiers copied the demands of the 15th Tiflis grenadiers; Novoe obozrenie, 18 Nov. 1905.

60. For statistics and sources, see Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 442-459. The material there is somewhat incomplete. Unfortunately, there is little good information on SR military organizations prior to October 17, and probably too little information on SR military organizations even in late 1905, to obtain a true picture of SR activity in the army in that period.

61. Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 347, 384, claims 10 “insurrections” and a total of 62 mutinies in which arms were used either in insurrection or to emphasize the seriousness of the soldiers’ intent. 52 instances of brandishing arms is a likely figure, though the data I have examined does not directly confirm it.

62. Ibid., p. 385, identifies 31 such cases in his list of 195 mutinies. That figure is exaggerated by the inclusion of some nonmutinous incidents, including some meetings, and even a few letters by “groups of soldiers.”

63. Ibid., p. 385, identifies 95 mutinies in which meetings were held. Almost all mutinies that did not begin as a spontaneous outburst of anger, and for which enough information is available to chart their course, were either preceded or accompanied by meetings. For mutinies the sources for which reveal particularly well the character of the meetings, see Appendix I: Oct. 22-27, Askhabad; and Nov. 2-Dec. 16, Baranovichi.

64. Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 266, 328; M. Annanepesov, Uchastie soldatskikh mass v revoliutsii 1905-1907 godov v Turkmenistane, Ashkhabad, 1966, pp. 41-5; Iakovlev, “Khar’kovskoe likholet’e,” IV, 1910 no. 11, pp. 557-61; VP, v. 1, pp. 625-41; VP, v. 3, part 1, pp. 239-41, 245-6.

65. The testimony of Mikhail Bonch-Bruevich, given to Aleksandr Vanovskii in 1907; Aleksandr Vanovskii, “Burnye gody. (Vospominaniia uchastnika revoliutsii 1905 goda),” typescript, 1954, p. 21, Bakhmeteff Archive, Columbia University. The march grew out of a mutiny beginning 16 November. See Appendix I.

66. Korol’kov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Vilenskogo,” pp. 178 9.

67. M. Grulev, Zloby dnia, p. 4.

68. Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 186-254, analyzes the various demands made in 1905; a tabular summary of frequency is in ibid., pp. 250-51. The sample is slightly biased toward political demands because Petrov included a few lists of demands compiled by SD military organizations but not known actually to have been adopted by soldiers.

69. Ibid., pp. 200-1, 209, 250-51.

70. Ibid., pp. 199-200, 250-51.

71. Birkin, Osinoe gnezdo, pp. 89-90 and passim; VPS, v. 2, pp. 203-8, 1052; VP, v. 3, pp. 1014-9, 1029; VP, v. 4, pp. 143, 669-70; Manilov, “Kievskaia,” p. 186; [Kuropatkin], “Iz dnevnika . . . s 23 okt. po 22 dek. 1905,” p. 56; “Dvizhenie v voiskakh,” pp. 313, 345-6; Mashin, “V manchzhurskikh armiiakh,” Otkliki sovremennosti, 1906 no. 3, pp. 49-58; Okuntsov, “Chitinskii voenno-ofitserskii soiuz v 1905-1906 gg. (Vospominaniia uchastnika),” 1905. Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie na Dal’nem Vostoke. Sbornik statei, Vladivostok, 1925, pp. 38-42.

72. Chita: Cherkasov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” p. 255; Zabaikal’skii rabochii, 18 Dec. 1905. Samara: Samarskii kur’er, 30 Nov. 1905; I. I. Bliumentai, “Sotsial-demokratiia i revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie 1905 goda v Samarskom krae,” 1905 god v Samarskom krae. Materialy po istorii R.K.P(b) i revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, Samara, 1925, pp. 279, 282-7, 290-94. See also Birkin, Osinoe gnezdo, pp. 217, 221 and passim; and VPR, part 1 book 2, M., 1959, p. 611.

73. See Appendix I: Nov. 5, Gomel, 160th depot infantry battalion; Nov. 28, Viatka, 231st Kotelnich infantry battalion; Nov. 18, Voronezh, Voronezh disciplinary battalion.

74. Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 250, 384; I. Voronitsyn, Istoriia odnogo katorzhnika, M.-L., 1926, pp. 31-2; N. Znamenskii, Voennaia organizatsiia pri Kazanskom komitete RSDRP, Kazan, 1926, p. 69. For hostility toward civilians during mutinous meetings and marches, see Appendix I: Nov. 13, Batum; Nov. 16, Ekaterinodar; Nov. 17, Piatigorsk; Nov. 23, Kharkov; Nov. 29, Tsaritsyn.

75. Bliumentai’, “Sotsial-demokratiia,” p. 292. See also MandeTberg, Iz perezhitogo, p. 94; Shabrov, “Dni vosstaniia,” pp. 60-61; N. Rozhkov and A. Sokolov, O 1905 gode. Vospominaniia, M., 1925, pp. 51-2; Vanovskii, “Burnye gody,” p. 16.

76. For the Moscow and Ekaterinodar mutinies, see Appendix I. Similar protestations of loyalty were made by the 2nd Khopersk Kuban cossack regiment, Baku, 23 November, and by the Convoy of the Viceroy of the Caucasus, Tiflis, early December.

77. For Ekaterinograd, see Appendix I, Dec. 4. Among other examples: November 18 march by the Kiev sappers (mutiny beginning November 16); Nov. 23, Kharkov; 12 November march in Sevastopol (mutiny beginning November 11).

78. Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change, Boston, 1966, p. 138.

79. VP, v. 2, pp. 281, 531, 589, 642-4; VP, v. 4, pp. 18, 27, 75, 171, 180, 187, 230, 234-7, 241-4; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, p. 105; “Revoliutsionnye sobytiia v Pribaltike,” pp. 155-6; V. Starosel’skii, “‘Dni svobody’ v Kutaisskoi gubernii,” Byloe, 1907 no. 7, p. 291.

80. 130 of the 254 infantry regiments and brigaded battalions in the nine European districts were in the Warsaw, Vilna, and Caucasus districts. Of the 130 cavalry and cossack regiments, 72 were in those three districts. MacBean, Handbook, pp. 250-95. MacBean lists the regiments in IX, XIII, and XIX corps subsequently shipped to Manchuria; I have subtracted them from the totals.

81. VP, v. 2, p. 393.

82. [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 91. A sampling of civilian appeals for troops in the central regions: VP, v. 2, pp. 8, 18, 21-2, 49, 59, 76, 87, 95, 104, 206, 210, 227, 228, 240, 254, 256-8, 266-7, 288-9, 319-24, 376, 384, 387, 393, 652, 782, 799, 868.

83. Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, p. 147; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, p. 34; Iakovlev, “Khar’kovskoe likholet’e,” IV, 1910 no. 11, p. 561.

84. VP, v. 2, pp. 642-4; VP, v. 3, part 1, pp. 74, 91-3, 151-2; VP, v. 3, part 2, pp. 774-5; VP, v. 4, pp. 64, 71-2; Starosel’skii, “‘Dni svobody’,” pp. 296-7.

85. Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia sel’skikh rabochikh v Pribaltike, M.-L., 1957, pp. 131-2; [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 99; VP, v. 2, pp. 227, 358, 361-2, 364-5, 367; Starosel’skii, “‘Dni svobody’,” p. 292.

86. N. N. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia v dekabre 1905 goda, M., 1957, pp. 429-30; RI, no. 267, 21 Dec. 1905; Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizhenie sel’skikh rabochikh, pp. 247-50; VP, v. 1, pp. 51, 56-7, 63, 65; VP, v. 4, pp. 416-7, 438; “Pribaltiiskii krai,” pp. 274, 278; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, p. 176.

87. Appendix I. Moscow: Nov. 25, Nov. 26, Nov. 29, Dec. 2. Ekaterinoslav: Nov. 18, Dec. 1. Kharkov: Nov. 17, Nov. 23. Tiflis: Nov. 20 and early Dec. Baku: Nov. 23, Nov. 27, Dec. 12. Riga: Nov. 10. Lodz: Nov. 24 (see also VP, v. 4, p. 669). Saratov: Nov. 26 (see also Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh i boevykh organizatsii Rossiiskoi Sotsial-Demokraticheskoi Rabochei Partii sostoiavsheisia v noiabre 1906 g., Spb., 1907, p. 42; Privolzhskii krai, 16 Nov. 1905; 17 Nov. 1905; 19 Nov. 1905; 8 Dec. 1905; 9 Dec. 1905). Kazan: Nov. 24, Nov. 29 (see also Volzhskii vestnik, 25 Nov. 1905). Rostov: Dec. 6 (see also N. N. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia v dekabre 1905 goda, M., 1957, pp. 225, 230-31; V.S., “Dekabr’skie dni v Rostove na Donu,” Otkliki sovremennosti, 1906 no. 3, p. 65; Russkoe slovo, 30 Nov. 1905).

88. Appendix I. Vilna: Second half of November (see also VP, v. 4, pp. 19-20, 22; Severo-zapadnyi golos, 21 Dec. 1905; Novaia zaria, 22 Nov. 1905; Severo-zapadnoe slovo, 17 Nov. 1905; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Litve, pp. 429-30). Kiev: Nov. 16, Dec. before the 3rd (see also Vanovskii, “Burnye gody,” p. 21). Tashkent: Nov. 15. Odessa: ca. Nov. 16, Dec. 12 (see also Russkoe slovo, 15 Nov. 1905; Russkie vedomosti, 25 Nov. 1905; VP, v. 3, part 1, p. 502). Warsaw: Nov. 17, Nov. 22, not after Nov. 22. On Astrakhan and Tula, see VP, v. 2, pp. 210, 211, 215, 652.

89. NZh, 29 Nov. 1905; 3 Dec. 1905; Iu. I. Korablev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Peterburgskogo voennogo okruga,” Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v armii, p. 133; M. Akhun and V. A. Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia v 19051917 gg., L., 1929, p. 25; Severnyi golos, no. 1, 6 Dec. 1905; no. 2, 7 Dec. 1905.

90. [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 91.

V. December 1905

1. On cossack mobilization prior to October, see Chapter 3 n. 18. On subsequent mobilizations: VP, v. 1, pp. 138-41; Petrov, Ocherki, p. 344; [Rediger], “Zapiski,” pp. 91, 98; Tsirkuliary Glavnogo shtaba, 1905, No. 335, 5 Dec.; No. 337, 7 Dec.; No. 343, 13 Dec.; Tsirkuliary Glavnogo shtaba, 1906, No. 2, 4 Jan.; No. 5, 6 Jan.; No. 7, 7 Jan.; No. 24, 23 Jan.; No. 27, 27 Jan.; No. 56, 20 Feb.; No. 64, 21 Feb.

2. For a brief discussion of the village background to mutiny, see Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 121-3.

3. On the Don cossack mutinies, see Appendix I: Nov. 23, Smorgun, 3rd Don; Nov. 24, Moscow, 1st Don; Dec. 1, Ekaterinoslav, 20th Don (mobilized in March); Dec. 2, Archeda station, 3rd composite Don (mobilized in November); Dec. 6, Rostov-on-Don, unidentified Don cossack unit.

4. Appendix I, Dec. 2-3, Archeda station; [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 98.

5. In addition to the mutinies in notes 6, 7 and 8, see Appendix I: Nov. 13, Batum, 1st plastoon; Nov. 17, Sukhum, and Nov. 25, Samtredi, 2nd Laba; Nov. 23, Kars, 2nd Chernomorsk; Dec., first half, Elendorf, 1st Laba. The nonmutinous but restive plastoon battalion was the 13th; VP, v. 2, p. 425; Revoliut-sionnoe dvizhenie na Kubatii v 1905-1907 gg. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, Krasnodar, 1956, pp. 140-41.

6. VP, v. 2, p. 403. On the regiments demanding cancellation of debts, see Appendix I: Nov. 23, Baku, 2nd Khoper; Nov. 28, Eastern Georgia, 2nd Poltava.

7. Appendix I; Nov. 25, Samtredi, 2nd Laba; Dec. 2, Novorossiisk, 17th plastoon; Dec. 11, North Caucasus, 14th plastoon; Dec. 14, Ekaterinodar, Krymskaia station, 15th plastoon; Dec. 15, Novorossiisk, Ekaterinodar, 2nd Urup.

8. For sources, see Appendix I: Dec. 2, Novorossiisk, 17th plastoon; Dec. 14, Ekaterinodar, 15th plastoon; Dec. 15, Novorossiisk, 2nd Urup; and Nov. 16, Ekaterinodar, 252nd Anapa reserve battalion.

9. [Rediger], “Zapiski,” pp. 93-4; Petrov, Ocherki, p. 209; RI, 4 Nov. 1905; 6 Dec. 1905; Razvedchik, 10 Nov. 1905; 24 Jan. 1906; 14 March 1906; [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” pp. 104-5.

10. See Appendix I: November 28, Viatka; December 6, Rostov.

11. Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 47-131.

12. VPS, v. 2, p. 451; “Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Chernigovskoi gub.,” KA, 1925 no. 4, pp. 113-4; VP, v. 1, p. 137; V sepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu,” p. 48; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, pp. 144-5.

13. RI, 2 Nov. 1905; “Ob”ezd satrapa,” KA, 1935 no. 2-3, pp. 40-71; Semmenikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 105-6; Drozdov, Agrarnye volneniia, pp. 109-21, 145 and passim; “Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Chernigovskoi gub.,” pp. 116-8, 121. For reports on the operations of other plenipotentiaries: VP, v. 1, pp. 141-4, 170-1; VP, v. 2, pp. 395-7, 685-7, 758-61, 769-74; Semmenikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 175, 191-3; RI, 11 Dec. 1905; Privolzhskii krai, 13 Nov. 1905.

14. Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 25-6; VP, v. 1, p. 157; Koroleva, Pervaia rossiiskaia, pp. 62-4.

15. VP, v. 2, p. 342; Drozdov, Agrarnye volneniia, pp. 117-8.

16. A. K. Drezen, ed., Tsarizm v bor’be s revoliutsiei 1905-1907 gg. Sbornik dokumentov, M., 1936, pp. 116-17, 119; Drozdov, Agrarnye volneniia, pp. 110-14, 132-9; “Agrarnoe dvizhenie v Chernigovskoi gub.,” pp. 121-5; Vladimir Korolenko, Sorochinskaia tragediia, Spb., 1907; Novoe vremia, 1 Dec. 1905; Revoliutsiia 1905 goda v Zakavkaz’i, p. 89.

17. There is an extensive literature on the revolution in the Baltic. Two good short surveys are “Pribaltiiskii krai,” pp. 263-88; and Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye, pp. 431-53. See also: VP, v. 1, pp. 71, 84; VP, v. 4, pp. 241, 287-8, 381; Ames, Revolution in the Baltic Provinces, pp. 41-64; K. P. Berzin, “Tukkumskoe vosstanie,” Iz epokhi bor’by s tsarizmom, 1924 no. 1, pp. 33-8; Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia sel’skikh rabochikh, pp. 11, 155-6.

18. Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizhetiiia sel’skikh rabochikh, p. 11; “Revoliutsionnye sobytiia v Pribaltike,” pp. 145-6; [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” p. 99; VP, v. 1, p. 63; VP, v. 4, pp. 36-7, 416-17, 800 n. 68.

19. “Pribaltiiskii krai,” p. 281; “Morskie karatel’nye batal’ony v Pribaltiiskom krae,” KA, 1930 no. 1, p. 165; [G. O. Raukh], “Dnevnik G. O. Raukha,” KA, 1926 no. 6, p. 84.

20. “Morskie karatel’nye batal’ony,” p. 165; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, p. 157.

21. [Raukh], “Dnevnik,” pp. 86, 88, 90; Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia sel’skikh rabochikh, pp. 191-2; “Revoliutsionnye sobytiia v Pribaltike,” pp. 155-6; VP, v. 1, p. 173; P. Sadikov, “Karatel’naia ekspeditsiia v Pribaltike v 1905 godu,” KA, 1925 no. 2, p. 108; “Dnevnik otriada grata Grabbe,” KA, 1925 no. 2, pp. 119, 125, 130.

22. “Pribaltiiskii krai v 1905 godu,” pp. 282, 285; Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia sel’skikh rabochikh, p. 170; VP, v. 4, p. 588; F. F. Iushkevich, Kratkaia istoriia 15-go pekhotnogo Shlissel’burgskogo polka. 1700-1909, [Warsaw, 1909], PP. 72-3; K. K. Agafonov, Letopis’ Novotroitsko-Ekaterionoslavskikh dragun, part 3, Spb., 1908, pp. 469-71.

23. [Raukh], “Dnevnik,” p. 95; “Revoliutsionnye sobytiia v Pribaltike,” p. 134; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, p. 166.

24. Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia sel’skikh rabochikh, pp. 194-7, 209; VP, v. 4, pp. 326-8, 593-5; “Morskie karatel’nye batal’ony,” p. 167; “Dnevnik otriada grata Grabbe,” pp. 130-31; Drezen, Tsarizm, p. 156.

25. Dokumenty po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia sel’skikh rabochikh, pp. 205-6, 214-26; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, p. 44; [Raukh], “Dnevnik,” pp. 93, 100; Ames, ed., Revolution in the Baltic Provinces, pp. 66-89; Vasilii Klimkov, Raspravy i rasstrely, M., 1906, pp. 99-102, 105-6, 119-123, 129-151; V. P. Obninskii, Polgoda russkoi revoliutsii, part 1, M., 1906, pp. 170-72; V. P. Obninskii, Letopis’ russkoi revoliutsii, v. 3 part 1, M., 1907, “Khronika,” pp. 91-2, 103; “Morskie karatel’nye batal’ony,” pp. 168-9; “Revoliutsionnye sobytiia v Pribaltike,” p. 156.

26. [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 104; “K istorii karatel’nykh ekspeditsii v Sibiri,” KA, 1922 no. 1, pp. 330-36; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 30-31, 165-6; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, pp. 149, 152-3; VP, v. 1, pp. 151-2; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 95-7, 100-101, 107-11, 116-7, 204, 207-8; “Sibirskaia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 1356, 142; Kanukov, Doblestnaia sluzhba L.-Gv. S.-Peterburgskogo polka v smutnye 1904-190J gg., Warsaw, n.d., pp. 38-9.

27. Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 83-4, 116-20; VP, v. 2, pp. 1085-6, 1090, 1100; Poleshchuk, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Man’chzhurskoi armii,” pp. 347-8; [Kuropatkin], “Iz dnevnika A. N. Kuropatkina (s 23 okt. po 23 dek. 1905),” p. 66.

28. Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, p. 50; VP, v. 2, pp. 895-7, 926, 931-4, 1030-32, 1035; Obzor revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v okruge Irkutskoi sudovoi palaty, p. 79; Cherkasov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Sibirskogo,” pp. 242-52, 270-72; Iak. Novogreshnov, 1905 god v Krasnoiarske. Populiarnyi ocherk, Krasnoiarsk, 1925, pp. 38-42; F. Romanov, “Krasnoiarskaia respublika,” Sibirskie voprosy, 1907 no. 2, pp. 56-62.

29. Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 111, 119, 130-35, 153-72, 209, 212-17, 222-4, 250-337; “Sibirskaia ekspeditsiia,” pp. 136, 138, 140, 142; VP, v. 2, pp. 966, 972, 989-1001; P. Klark, “V dni Rennenkampfa,” KiS, 1925 no. 3, pp. 51-67; no. 4, pp. 50-62; Obninskii, Letopis’, v. 3 part 1, pp. 86-91; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 14-15, 56, 213-14.

30. VP, v. 4, pp. 240-42.

31. Dan, “Obshchaia politika pravitel’stva i izmeneniia v gosudarstvennoi organizatsii v period 1905-1907 gg.,” in L. Martov, et al., eds., Obshchestvennoe dvizhenie v Rossii v nachale XX-go veka, v. 4, part 1, Spb., 1912, pp. 362-4; Koroleva, Pervaia rossiiskaia revoliutsiia, pp. 61, 64-5, 89-90; Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 174-9; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 89, 105-6; VP, v. 1, pp. 128, 145, 147-50.

32. Miliukov’s articles of 8 and 9 December 1905, in P. Miliukov, God bor’by. Publitsisticheskaia khronika, Spb., 1907, pp. 170-74.

33. [Viktor Chernov], “Proshloe i nastoiaschee,” Biulleten’ Tsentral’nogo komiteta Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov, no. 1, March 1906, p. 2; Dobavlenie k protokolam pervogo s”ezda Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov, n.p., 1906, pp. 16-40.

34. IS, 7 Nov. 1905; Trotsky, 1905, pp. 170-74, 308; Lenin, PSS, v. 12, M., 1968, pp. 106-7, 448-9 n. 59; Lenin, “Neudavshaisia provokatsiia,” NZh, 15 Nov. 1905; [Viktor Chernov], “K voprosu o blizhaishikh zadachakh nashikh sotsialistiches-kikh partii,” Otdel’nyi ottisk iz No. 77 Revoliutsionnoi Rossii, no. 3, Dec. 1905, pp. 1-7; Chernov, “Ot ‘Revoliutsionnoi Rossii’,” pp. 74-6, 86, 92, 94-6; Vladimir Zenzinov, Iz zhizni revoliutsionera, Paris, 1919, p. 16; V. Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, pp. 225-26.

35. Trotsky, 1905, pp. 180-84; Suhr, “Petersburg Workers,” pp. 477-87, 49091, 499-500; G. Khrustalev-Nosar, “Istoriia Soveta Rabochikh Deputatov (do 26-go noiabria 1905 g.),” Istoriia Soveta rabochikh deputatov, Spb., 1906, pp. 106-43.

36. Proletarii, no. 25, 15/3 Nov. 1905; NZh, 1 Nov. 1905; 8 Nov. 1905; 11 Nov. 1905; Syn otechestva, 18 Nov. 1905.

37. Syn otechestva, 18 Nov. 1905; 19 Nov. 1905; 24 Nov. 1905; 29 Nov. 1905; Nachalo, 15 Nov. 1905; 20 Nov. 1905; 23 Nov. 1905; 24 Nov. 1905; 29 Nov. 1905; Volzhskii vestnik, 24 Nov. 1905; Privolzhskii krai, 2 Dec. 1905; NZh, 18 Nov. 1905; 19 Nov. 1905; 23 Nov. 1905; 24 Nov. 1905; Kavkazskii rabochii listok, 23 Nov. 1905; 27 Nov. 1905; 1 Dec. 1905; 13 Dec. 1905; Severnyi golos, 7 Dec. 1905; Robotnik, 26 Dec. 1905 (n.s.).

38. Proletarii, no. 24, 7 Nov/25 Oct. 1905; NZh, 8 Nov. 1905; 12 Nov. 1905; 16 Nov. 1905; 23 Nov. 1905; Kavkazskii rabochii listok, 23 Nov. 1905; 1 Dec. 1905; Nachalo, 20 Nov. 1905; Syn otechestva, 24 Nov. 1905.

39. “Vseobshchaia stachka soldat i matrosov,” Nachalo, 2 Dec. 1905.

40. Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 162-80; Garvi, p. 605; Robert Slusser, “The Moscow Soviet of Workers’ Deputies of 1905: Origin, Structure, and Policies,” Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1963, pp. 41-82.

41. There was one mutiny before late November; see Appendix I, October, after the 17th, 4th Nesvizh Grenadiers. On indiscipline, see VP, v. 1, p. 607; A. B. Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v moskovskom garnizone v period dekabr’skogo vooruzhennogo dvizheniia,” IZ, no. 49, 1954, pp. 270-1; MG, 18 Nov. 1905 and 20 Nov. 1905; “V sude,” Voprosy dnia, no. 3, 25 Nov. 1906, pp. 223; Joseph Sanders, “The Moscow Uprising of December 1905: A Background Study,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1980, pp. 444-50. There are unconfirmed reports of mutinies among clerks in the military district staff (Bor’ba, 30 Nov. 1905) and in a penal guards unit (Zhizri, 27 Nov. 1905). Revolutionary comments: MG, 15 Nov. 1905; 20 Nov. 1905; Bor’ba, 27 Nov. 1905; 29 Nov. 1905; 3 Dec. 1905.

42. Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 208-10, 447-8, 456.

43. VP, v. 1, p. 608.

44. On the cossack and sapper mutinies, see Appendix I. See also VP, v. 1, pp. 609-10; Pravo, 4 Dec. 1905; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v moskovskom garnizone v period,” pp. 270-71, 274; Russkoe slovo, 28 Nov. 1905.

45. On the mutinies, see Appendix I, Nov. 29 and Dec. 2. On the Tauride regiment, see NZh, 2 Dec. 1905; on disturbances of an unspecified nature in an artillery brigade, see Russkoe slovo, 4 Dec. 1905, and Pravo, 4 Dec. 1905.

46. The source for the sappers’ offer is Vasil’ev-Iuzhin, who repeats it in more or less the same terms in all of his various memoirs, e.g., Moskovksii soviet rabochikh deputatov v 1905 g., i podgotovka im vooruzhennogo vosstaniia, po lichnym vospominaniiam i dokumentam, M., 1925, pp. 54, 59. He consistently confuses the dates and sequence of the sappers’ mutiny and the subsequent mutiny of the Rostov Grenadiers. On the meeting of the Presnia-Khamovniki district soviet: Bor’ba, 6 Dec. 1905.

47. On the SRs in Moscow: V. M. Chernov, Pered burei. Vospominaniia, New York, 1953, pp. 257-8; Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, pp. 131-3. On the SR military organization plan and the Bolshevik response: Ul’ianinskii, “Vosstanie,” p. 40; Shabrov, “O vosstanii Rostovskogo polka v dekabre 1905 goda,” KiS, 1926 no. 1, p. 124; M. Liadov, Iz zhizni partii v 1903-1907 gg., M., 1926, pp. 121-2.

48. Ul’ianinskii, “Vosstanie,” p. 38; Shabrov, “O vosstanii,” pp. 125-6; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v moskovskom garnizone v period,” pp. 273, 278-9; A. Fridman, “Vospominaniia o minuvshikh dniakh. (Iz epokhi pervoi revoliutsii),” KiS, 1931 no. 2, p. 151; N. A. Snegul’skii, “Vosstanie grenaderov,” Na barrikadakh, M., 1955, p. 166; VP, v. 1, p. 625; Zhizn’, 28 Nov. 1905; Sanders, “Moscow Uprising,” pp. 453-6, 459-61.

49. Snegul’skii, “Vosstanie,” pp. 166-176; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v moskovskom garnizone v period,” pp. 279-87; Zheleznov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” pp. 31-7; VP, v. 1, pp. 613, 616-41; Ul’ianinskii, “Vosstanie,” pp. 40-48; Shabrov, “O vosstanii,” pp. 125-30; “V sude,” Voprosy dnia, no. 3, 25 Nov. 1906; Polk. Simanskii, “Volnenie Rostovtsev, Razvedchik, 31 Jan. 1906; Bor’ba, no. 6, 3 Dec. 1905; [Rediger], “Zapiski,” p. 100; Petrov, Ocherki, p. 172; I. N. Vasin, Armiia i revoliutsii, M., 1973, p. 52; Shabrov, “Dni vosstaniia,” pp. 38-64; Vpered, 4 Dec. 1905; 6 Dec. 1905; Sokolov, “O 1905 gode,” in Rozhkov and Sokolov, O 1905 gode, pp. 51-2; Fridman, “Vospoiminaniia,” p. 153.

50. Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 187-92; Trotsky, 1905, p. 231; Pushkareva, Zheleznodorozhniki, pp. 197-8; V. N. Pereverzev, “Pervyi vserossiiskii zhelez-nodorozhnyi soiuz 1905 goda,” Byloe, 1925 no. 4, pp. 62-4; Reichman, “Russian Railwaymen,” pp. 478-80; V. Zvezdin, “Poslednie dni Soveta (26 noiabria-3 dekabria),” ktoriia Soveta Rabochikh Deputatov g. S-Peterburga, Spb., 1906, pp. 174-5, 197-200; Garvi, Vospominaniia, pp. 606-9, 611-12; Vasil’ev-Iuzhin, Moskovskii Sovet, pp. 66-78; Liadov, Iz zhizni partii, pp. 122-4; Sokolov, “O 1905 gode,” in Rozhkov and Sokolov, O 1905 gode, p. 52; Zenzinov, Iz perezhitogo, pp. 225-6; Chernov, Pered burei, pp. 258-9; Vishniak, Dan’ proshlomu, p. 114.

51. Vpered, 3 Dec. 1905; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v moskovskom garnizone v period,” p. 293; Bor’ba, 6 Dec. 1905; ISM, 8 Dec. 1905; VP, v. 1, p. 599; P. N. Kokhmanskii, Moskva v dekabre 1905 g., M., 1906, p. 192; Sokolov, “O 1905 gode,” in Rozhkov and Sokolov, O 1905 gode, p. 52; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 152-4; Em. Iaroslavskii, “Dekabr’skoe vosstanie,” in M. N. Pokrovskii, ed., 1905. Istoriia revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia v otdel’nykh ocherkakh, v. 3 part 2, M.-L., 1925, pp. 98-9, 102, 124-6; Liadov, Iz zhizni partii, pp. 126-7; Slusser, “Moscow Soviet,” pp. 113-4; M. Vladimirskii, “Moskovskii Komitet RSDRP,” in Dekabr’skoe vosstanie v Moskve 1905 g., M., 1919, p. 42; Druzhinik, “Moskovskoe vosstanie,” Volia, 1 May 1906; Sanders, “Moscow Uprising,” pp. 500-11.

52. Sokolov, “O 1905 gode,” in Rozhkov and Sokolov, O 1905 gode, p. 50.

53. Bor’ba, 3 Dec. 1905; Vpered, 6 Dec. 1905; Kokhmanskii, Moskva, pp. 7, 9; Vladimirskii, “Moskovskii komitet,” p. 42; Liadov, Iz zhizni partii, pp. 122-4, 126-7; Sokolov, “O 1905 gode,” in Rozhkov and Sokolov, O 1905 gode, pp. 52-3; Vasil’ev-Iuzhin, Moskovskii sovet, pp. 66-78, 80-81; Chernov, Pered burei, p. 259; Slusser, “Moscow Soviet,” pp. 122-4; Garvi, Vospominaniia, pp. 609-10; Engelstein, Moscow, p. 192.

54. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 161-3; ISM, 7 Dec. 1905.

55. Vasin, Armiia, pp. 43, 64; Kokhmanskii, Moskva, p. 195; VP, v. 1, pp. 728-9; V. Strozhev, “Dekabr’skoe vooruzhennoe vosstanie (po arkhivnym materialam),” Dekabr’skoe vosstanie v Moskve, pp. 172-4. F. I. Zubarev, Pamiatka 12 grenaderskogo Astrakhanskogo polka, M., 1910, p. 87, mentions that on December 2 there were only 62 soldiers in one of the regiment’s battalions, which would make 15-16 men per company, approximately what the garrison average would be if in fact only 1,850 infantry were available.

56. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, p. 164; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v moskovskom garnizone v period,” p. 296; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 31, 181; [Raukh], “Dnevnik,” p. 90; Vasin, Armiia, p. 64; VP, v. 1, pp. 676-7; Drezen, Tsarizm, pp. 7-8.

57. Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v moskovskom garnizone v period,” pp. 296-8; Vasin, Armiia, p. 65; VP, v. 1, p. 723; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, p. 166; Kokhmanskii, Moskva, pp. 196-8, 200-1; Zubarev, Pamiatka, passim.

58. VP, v. 1, p. 660; ISM, 10 Dec. 1905; Kokhmanskii, Moskva, pp. 142, 192, 198, 205; Zheleznov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” p. 124; Garvi, Vospominaniia, pp. 632-3; Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, pp. 239-40.

59. On the behavior of the troops, see Vasin, Armiia, pp. 62-3; “Khronika vooruzhennoi bor’by,” pp. 164-5; Kokhmanskii, Moskva, pp. 192, 197-8, 202; ISM, 9 Dec. 1905 and 11 Dec. 1905; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, p. 171; VP, v. 1, pp. 681, 684, 720-21, 724-6; Vasilii Klimkov, Raspravy i rasstrely, M., 1906, pp. 13-33. On the Bolsheviks’ 12 December decision: Slusser, “Moscow Soviet,” p. 167; Kokhmanskii, Moskva, pp. 142-3. General accounts of the insurrection: Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 197-219; Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, pp. 229-59; Iaroslavskii, “Dekabr’skoe vosstanie,” pp. 135-76.

60. Kokhmanskii, Moskva, pp. 147-8; Slusser, “Moscow Soviet,” pp. 176-7, 179-80; Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, pp. 257-9.

61. VP, v. 1, pp. 687-8, 690-92, 726, 729-35; Kasatkin-Rostovskii, Pamiatka Semenovtsa, Spb., 1909, pp. 84-6; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, p. 208; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 186-7; S. Ivanov, “Karatel’naia ekspeditsiia polk. Rimana,” KA, 1925 no. 4-5, pp. 398-420; Iaroslavskii, “Dekabr’skoe vosstanie,” pp. 177-94; Klimkov, Raspravy, pp. 34-43, 48-55, 64-73; V. Vladimirov, Karatel’-naia ekspeditsiia otriada leib-gvardii Semenovskogo polka v dekabr’skie dni na Moskovskokazanskoi zhel. dor., M., 1906, pp. 11-149; Garvi, Vospomimniia, pp. 662-77; Engelstein, Moscow, pp. 219-21, 286 n. 99.

62. Listovki moskovskikh bol’shevikov v period Pervoi russkoi revoliutsii, M., 1955, pp. 365-7. An identical argument is made in a Menshevik proclamation of about the same date (1905. Bol’shevistskie proklamatsii i listovki po Moskve i Moskovskoi gubernii, M.-L., 1926, pp. 446-8), so that Slusser, “Moscow Soviet,” pp. 180-81, is probably correct in assuming that the Executive Committee proclamation was authored by Mensheviks. Their view of the matter is not likely to have differed from the Bolshevik view.

63. Varzar, Statistika stachek . . . 1905, Prilozheniia, pp. 101-2; Varzar, Statistika stachek . . . 1906-1908, Prilozheniia, p. 72.

64. Reichman, “Russian Railwaymen,” pp. 511-45; Rabochii klass v pervoi rossiiskoi revoliutsii, pp. 212-29; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, passim.

65. My account is based on Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 225-58; VPS, v. 1, p. 641; VP, v. 2, pp. 454-73; Novoe vremia, 9 Nov. 1905; 1905-1907 gody na Donu. Sbornik dokumentov, Rostov n/D, 1955, pp. 147-8, 156-7; V.S., “Dekabr’skie dni v Rostove na Donu,” Otkliki sovremennosti, 1906 no. 3, pp. 61-78; Russkoe slovo, 30 Nov. 1905; “Dekabr’skoe vosstanie v osveshchenii Okhranogo otdeleniia,” Proletarskaia revoliutsiia na Donu, 1922 no. 1, pp. 19, 23-4.

66. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 386-7, 391-5; VP, v. 2, pp. 108, 112, 115-8, 122.

67. VP, v. 2, pp. 585, 572, 580-81, 605; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 269, 271-2; “Vooruzhennaia bor’ba novorossiiskikh rabochikh v dekabre 1905 g.,” KA, 1940 no. 2, p. 83.

68. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 294-5, 325, 339-41; “Khronika vooruzhennoi bor’by. Reliatsiia general’nogo shtaba samoderzhaviia o boevykh deistviiakh v dekabre 1905 g.,” KA, 1925 no. 4-5, pp. 173-4; Nemanov, “Kievskaia i Ekaterinoslavskaia voennye organizatsii v 1905 g.,” PR, 1926 no. 4, pp. 205-7; VP, v. 3 book 1, pp. 73-4, 79-81, 94-5, 166; Ekaterinoslavshchina v revoliutsii, pp. 210-11, 232; Izvestiia federativnogo soveta khar’kovskikh komitetov Rossiiskoi Sotsial-Demokraticheskoi Rabochei Partii, 18 Dec. 1905.

69. Matushanskaia, “1905 god v Khar’kove,” VI, 1965 no. 1, pp. 209-10; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 354-8; M. A. Iakovlev,”Khar’kovskoe likholet’e,” IV, 1910 no. 12, pp. 1008-20; Izvestiia federativnogo soveta, Dec. 13, 1905; VP, v. 3 book 1, pp. 372, 381-2, 388-9, 397-9.

70. Vsepoddanneishaia zapiska po upravleniiu kavkazskim kraem, pp. 18-9, 30-33; Kalandadze and Mkheidze, Ocherki revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, pp. 77-84. The number of units in the Caucasus has been calculated from MacBean, Handbook, pp. 389-94; mutinies have been calculated from Appendix I. On the 33rd infantry division: Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905 god, “Obshchii obzor,” p. 10; Gubernchuk, Ocherk istorii 129-go pekhotnogo Bessarabskogo polka. 1806-1863-1906 gg., Kiev, 1909, p. 309.

71. Revoliutsiia 1903 goda v Zakavkaz’i, pp. 88-9, 91, 93, 100, 122; Revoliutsiia 1903-1907 gg. v Gruzii. Sbornik dokumentov, Tbilisi, 1956, pp. 102-5, 325-7, 331, 409, 537; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 168, 178-80; Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Armenii 1903-1907 gg. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, Erevan, 1955, p. 166; Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, p. 426; Secret Letters, p. 204.

72. StaroseTskii, “Dni svobody,” pp. 287-8, 302; Revoliutsiia 1903-190, gg. v Gruzii, pp. 463-5.

73. On the mutiny, see Appendix I: Nov. 13, Batum. StaroseTskii, “Dni svobody,” p. 288; Revoliutsiia 1903-190/ gg. v Gruzii, pp. 512-14; A. Mgebrov, Vospominaniia artilleriiskogo ofitsera, M., 1929, pp. 43-56; VP, v. 3 book 2, pp. 770-9, 781; Tiflisskii listok, 2 Dec. 1905.

74. Appendix I: Nov. 20-21, Kutais. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, p. 420; StaroseTskii, “Dni svobody,” pp. 280, 284-7; Revoliutsiia 1903-1907 gg. v Gruzii, pp. 437, 465-8, 475-7; VP, v. 3 book 2, pp. 704, 789-91; Chernomorskii vestnik, 29 Nov. 1905; Tiflisskii listok, 6 Dec. 1905; Novoe obozrenie, 1 Dec. 1905; Gubernchuk, Ocherk istorii 129-go, pp. 326-36.

75. Appendix I: Nov. 20-26, Tiflis. Iakovlev, Vooruzhennye vosstaniia, pp. 4268; VP, v. 1, p. 105; VP, v. 3 book 2, pp. 705, 857-8, 861-2; Potto, Istoriia 17 dragunskogo, v. 11, pp. 189-90; Novoe obozrenie, 2 Dec. 1905; Kavkazskii rabochii listok, 6 Dec. 1905.

76. Obninskii, Letopis’, v. 3 part 1, pp. 100-110, and “Khronika,” pp. 99-101; Rech’, 27 Feb. 1906 and 12 March 1906; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 200-1, 206; Revoliutsiia 1903-1907 gg. v Gruzii, pp. 535-7, 539-42, 573-6; Kalandadze and Mkheidze, Ocherki revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, pp. 84-94; Klimkov, Raspravy, pp. 223-37; Potto, Istoriia 17 dragunskogo, pp. 194-9, 202-4; Gubernchuk, Ocherk istorii 129-go, pp. 352-5; G. E. Startsev, Krovavye dni na Kavkaze, Spb., 1907, pp. 61-71.

77. On the mutinies, see Appendix I: Nov. 17, Piatigorsk, 250th Akhulginsk; Nov. 27, Khasav-Iurt, 84th Shirvansk; Dec. 17, Vladikavkaz, 2nd GorskoMozdok Terek cossacks. On the punitive expedition: Sluzhba Shirvantsev Ego Velichestva za period 1904-1911 godov, Piatigorsk, 1912, pp. 6-7; Obninskii, Letopis’, v. 3 part 1, pp. 116-7; Severnaia Osetiia v revoliutsii 1903-1907 godov. Dokumenty i materialy, Ordzhonikidze, 1955, pp. 244-50.

78. Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 166-7; Revoliutsiia 1903-190/ gg. v Gruzii, pp. 619-20.

79. Izvestiia federativnogo soveta khar’kovskikh komitetov, 24 Dec. 1905. On the mutinies, see Appendix I: Nov. 15 and Nov. 23. On Dec. 12: VP, v. 3 book 1, p. 388.

80. Appendix I, Nov. 15, Kharkov; VP, v. 3 book 1, p. 388.

81. VP, v. 2, pp. 567-8; Korol’kov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Kavkazskogo voennogo okruga,” 1905. Armiia v pervoi revoliutsii, M.-L., 1927, pp. 349-50; Severnaia Osetiia, pp. 103-4; Petrov, Ocherki, pp. 341-3.

82. VP, v. 1, pp. 72-3; VP, v. 2, pp. 547-9, 555, 559-62; Dr. Kobylin, “O revoliutsionnykh dniakh v Piatigorske,” Baku, 16 June 1906; 22 June 1906; 25 June 1906.

83. VP, v. 2, pp. 925-7; Piaskovskii, Revoliutsiia, pp. 311-12, 316.

84. VP, v. 4, pp. 662-3, 676-8, 716-8, 742-3, 757-8, 770-71, 782-4, and passim; Pawtowski, Wojskowa dzialaność, pp. 207-29.

85. This assessment of the revolution in the Ukraine and Belorussia is based on a reading of VP, v. 1, pp. 122-3, 135—6; VP, v. 3 book 1, pp. 47-9, 73-4, 79-81, 89-90, 94-5, 106-8, 113-5, 145-57, 202-3, 211-2, 304-5, 308-10, 368-9, 446, 45064, 546, 574, 594-6, 609-10, 616-9; vp, v. 4, PP. 63-5. 71-2, 77-8, 80, 98-100, 175, 179, 180-91, 230-42, 257-8.

86. Drezen, Tsarizm, pp. 7-8.

VI. Preparations for the Second Round

1. Keep, Rise of Social Democracy, pp. 265, 267, 283 and passim; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 153, 169, 175-6; Harcave, First Blood. The Russian Revolution of 1905, New York, 1964, pp. 242-3; Richard Charques, The Twilight of Imperial Russia, London, 1958, pp. 139-40, 159; Lionel Kochan, Russia in Revolution, New York, 1966, pp. 101-3, 109, 112-13.

2. V. I. Bovykin, Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg., M., 1965, pp. 73-89; A. V. Piaskovskii, Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg., M., 1966, pp. 234-85; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Rossii, M., 1975, pp. 287-363; K. F. Shatsillo, 1905-i god, M., 1980, PP. 173-5.

3. Nash golos, 18 Dec. 1905; F. I. Dan, “Armiia s 9 ianvaria 1905 g.,” Knizhka za knizhkoi, no. 1, 1906, pp. 14-16; Parvus, Rossiia i revoliutsiia, Spb., 1906, pp. 2204; Plekhanov, “Esche o nashem polozhenii,” Dnevnik sotsial-demokrata, no. 4, Dec. 1905 (but probably written in early January); Lenin, “Rabochaia partiia i ee zadachi pri sovremennom polozhenii,” Molodaia Rossiia, no. 1, 4 Jan. 1906; Lenin (“Bol’shevik”), “Sovremennoe polozhenie Rossii i taktika rabochei partii,” Partiinye izvestiia (TsK RSDRP), no. 1, 7 Feb. 1906; articles by N. Rozhkov, M. N. Pokrovskii (“M-yi”) and Chernomordik (“P. Larionov”) in Tekushchii moment, M., 1906; Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 2, Berlin, 1924, pp. 13-4, 23-4, 37; “Pirovaia pobeda,” Evreiskii rabochii (TsK Bund), no. 1, 28 Dec. 1905; Protokoly pervogo s”ezda Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov [Helsingfors], 1906, pp. 307-9, 315-6, 325.

4. Protokoly pervogo “s”ezda, p. 314; [Chernov], “Proshloe i nastoiaschee,” Biulleten’ Tsentral’nogo Komiteta Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov, no. 1, March 1906, p. 2; Materialy k krest’ianskomu voprosu. Otchet 0 zasedaniiakh delegatskogo s”ezda Vserossiiskogo krest’ianskogo soiuza 6-10 noiabria 1905 g., Rostov/Don, 1905, pp. 38, 54, 56, 59-6o, 64-6, 68, 83-5.

5. Protokoly pervogo s”ezda, pp. 307-32; Dobavlenie k protokolam pervogo s”ezda Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov, n.p., 1906, pp. 17-40.

6. V. K. Agafonov, “Na rasputi,” Nakanune, no. 2, 26 Feb. 1906, p. 50.

7. Lenin, “Rabochaia partiia i ee zadachi pri sovremennom polozhenii,” Molodaia Rossiia, no. 1, 4 Jan. 1906; Lenin (“Bol’shevik”), “Sovremennoe polozhenie Rossii i taktika rabochei partii,” Partiinye izvestiia (TsK RSDRP), no. 1, 7 Feb. 1906, pp. 2-4; Martov (“Meshkovskii”), “K voprosu o takticheskikh zadachakh momenta,” ibid., pp. 6-7; P. Garvi, Vospominaniia, Part 2, New York, 1961, p. 14.

8. [Chernov], “Proshloe i nastoiashchee,” Biulletin’ Tsentral’nogo Komiteta Partii Sotsialistov-evoliutsionerov, no. 1, March 1906. The same issue has the resolution of the southern conference of SR organizations.

9. London report of the Sûreté agent, dated 3 April 1906 (21 March by the Russian calendar), Archives Nationales, F7 12521.

10. VP, v. 2, p. 863; VP, v. 3 book 1, p. 688; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, p. 33; Koroleva, Pervaia rossiiskaia revoliutsiia, p. 97.

11. VP, v. 1, pp. 158-61; “Bor’ba S.Iu. Vitte s agrarnoi revoliutsii,” KA, 1928 no. 6, pp. 83, 100; Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 47-8; Drezen, Tsarizm v bor’be, pp. 121-2.

12. [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” pp. 94-5.

13. Razvedchik, 28 Feb. 1906; Rl, 19 Feb. 1906.

14. Drezen, Tsarizm v bor’be, pp. 101-3; “Instruktsiia dlia formirovaniia i dvizheniia okhranogo poezda Nikolaevskoi zh.d.,” IISH, SR, D. 606, no. 5; Trud, no. 23, 24 May 1906; Karatel’nye ekspeditsii, pp. 388-90; VPR, part 1 book 2, pp. 60-1; Ekho, 27 June 1906.

15. Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 27, 30-32; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, p. 144.

16. Semennikov, Revoliutsiia, pp. 30-3, 38,108; VP, v. 1, pp. 170-71; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, p. 129; [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” pp. 94-5.

17. “Bor’ba S.Iu. Vitte s agrarnoi revoliutsiei,” pp. 81-102; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, p. 158; [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” pp. 96, 127; K. Rozenblium, Voennye organizatsii bol’shevikov 1905-1907 gg., M.-L., 1931, p. 48; VPR, part 1 book 1, pp. 151-3; Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 5.

18. Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, pp. 126-7; Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 4508, 467-8, 480; Vitte, Vospominaniia, v. 3, pp. 195-217, 288-307; Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 163-4, 166, 168, 176, 201-7, 209-40, 289-312; Koroleva, Pervaia rossiiskaia revoliutsiia, pp. 75-86, 95-106, 113-15.

19. Lenin, “Novyi pod”em,” Volna, 6 May 1906; Lenin, “Ob organizatsii mass i o vybore momenta bor’by,” Ekho, 4 July 1906; [Chernov], “Proshloe i nastoiashchee,” Biulleten’ Tsentral’nogo Komiteta Partii Sotsialistov-Revoliutsionerov, no. 1, March 1906, p. 7; “Materialy o pervoi voenfnoi] konfer[entsii]. 29 iiunia 1906 g. v Teriokakh,” IISH, SR, D. 700, no. 1 (these “Materialy” consist of scribbled, unorganized, unpaginated notes on the discussion).

20. Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 2, pp. 21-32, 37-8; Pis’ma P B. Aksel’-roda i Iu.O. Martova, pp. 147-51; G. I. Zaichikov, Dumskaia taktika Bol’shevikov (1905-1917 gg.), M., 1975, pp. 37-43; Garvi, Vospominaniia, part 2, pp. 14-6, 23-6, 28-9, 36-7; Martov, Istoriia Rossiiskoi Sotsial-Demokratii, pp. 175-9; VPR, part 1 book 2, pp. 67-8, 108-12, 117-9; Protokoly pervogo s”ezda, pp. 10-23; Robotnik, 19 Jan. 1906; no. 84, 1 April 1906; 1905. Evreiskoe rabochee dvizhenie. Obzor, materialy, dokumenty, M.-L., 1928, pp. 369-70; Chetvertyi (OV’edinitel’nyi) s”ezd RSDRP Aprel’ (aprel’-mai) 1906 goda. Protokoly, M., 1959, pp. 277-8, 293-5, 319.

21. Gr. Nestroev, Dnevnik maksimilista, Paris, 1910, pp. 48-53 and passim; Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, pp. 126-40; Eiter, “Organizational Growth,” pp. 245-51; Allison Blakely, “The Socialist Revolutionary Party, 19011907: The Populist Response to the Industrialization of Russia,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 1971, pp. 175-99.

22. For party membership figures, see Chapter 3 n. 10. On the mood of workers (the sources are best for Petersburg and, secondarily, Moscow, spotty for other cities): Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 2, pp. 11, 13-14,16-20, 26-7; Garvi, Vospominaniia, part 2, pp. 7, 12-3, 39-42; Istoriia rabochikh Leningrada, v. 1, L., 1972, pp. 314-7; Rabochii klass v pervoi rossiiskoi revoliutsii, pp. 268-70, 274, 281-94; Kol’tsov, “Rabochie v 1905-1907 gg.,” pp. 264-70, 277-88.

23. Mehlinger and Thompson, Count Witte, pp. 251-88; Terrence Emmons, “Russia’s First National Elections,” Colloque la révolution de 1905, Sorbonne, 1981; Judith E. Zimmerman, “The Kadets and the Duma, 1905-1907,” in Charles E. Timberlake, ed., Essays on Russian Liberalism, Columbia, Mo., 1972, pp. 120-7; Miliukov, Vospominaniia, pp. 359-63; Voitinksii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 2, pp. 30-1; V. A. Maklakov, Vlast’ i obshchestvennost’ na zakate staroi Rossii. (Vospominaniia sovremennika), Paris, 1936, pp. 543-56; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, pp. 250-4; Pravo, no. 1, 1906, pp. 4-7; 22 Jan. 1906; 29 Jan. 1906; 9 April 1906; 6 May 1906; V. D. Kuz’min-Karavaev, Iz epokhi osvoboditel’nogo dvizheniia, v. 2, Spb., 1907, pp. 104-19, 125-32, 153-9, 192-205, 265-9, 278-80.

24. Maslov, Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie, pp. 109-29; Krest’ianskie nakazy Samarskoi gubernii, Samara, 1906; Zaichikov, Dumskaia taktika, pp. 45-53; D. A. Kolesnichenko, “Iz istorii bor’by rabochego klassa za krest’ianskie massy v 1906 g.,” IZ, v. 95, 1975, pp. 258-63; 11 April report of the agent of the Sûreté Générale in Annemasse, Archives Nationales, F7 12521 (reporting that both SRs and SDs in Switzerland had been persuaded by reports from local organizations that the boycott had been a mistake); Hildermeier, Die Sozialrevolutionäre Partei, pp. 1767; Bericht der Russischen Sozial-Revolutionären Partei an den Internationalen Sozialistenkongress zu Stuttgart (August 1907), Gand, 1907, pp. 37-9; A. Argunov, “Azef v Partii S.-R.” Na chuzhoi storone. Istoriko-literaturny sbornik, v. 6, 1924, p. 186; D. A. Kolesnichenko, “K voprosu o politicheskoi evoliutsii trudovikov v 1906 g.,” IZ, v. 92, 1973, pp. 96-8.

25. Bushneil, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 194-206.

26. Golos soldata (SD, Riga), no. 9-10, 8 June 1906. For a discussion of the number of military organizations, newspapers, and membership, see Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 442-468. Because of incomplete data, the figures therein are somewhat lower than those given here.

27. E. Samoilenko, “Sredi kazakov chernomor’ia,” V tsarskoi kazarme. Soldaty i matrosy v pervoi revoliutsii, M., 1929, pp. 98-9; Khar’kov i Khar’kovskaia guberniia v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii 1905-1907 godov. Sbornik dokumentov, Kharkov, 1955, pp. 366; E. Chistiakov, “Voennaia organizatsiia RSDRP v Kovne,” PR, 1927 no. 5, p. 220; “Pis’mo Rostovtsa iz Tiur’my,” Izd. Moskovskogo Voennogo Soiuza, Feb. 1906, IISH, SR, D.690, the first extant proclamation from the Maximalist military organization; VPR, part 2 book 1, p. 514; MysY, 20 June 1906; “Protokoly konferentsii voennykh rabotnikov Baltiiskogo flota. 21 iiulia 1907 goda,” p. 10 ob., IISH, SR, D. 700, no. 3.

28. The sources on these organizations can be found in Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 442-452.

29. Pervaia konferentsiia voennykh i boevykh organizatsii RSDRP, M., 1932, pp. 336-7 fn. 11; O. A. Ivanova, “Moskovskoe voenno-tekhnicheskoe biuro RSDRP (1906-1907 gg.),” IZ, no. 55, 1956, pp. 215-6, 221, 228-9; IISH, SR, D. 690, DMVO, order of 8 June 1906; Soldatskaia zhizn’ (M., Bolshevik), no. 1, 5 Feb. 1906; Soldatskii golos (M., Menshevik), no. 4, 15 March 1906; Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh, p. 36; A. B. Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Moskovskom garnizone v 1906 g.,” IZ, no. 56, 1956, pp. 94-5; Zheleznov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” p. 154.

30. Ivanova, “Moskovskoe voenno-tekhnicheskoe biuro,” pp. 231-2; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie . . . v 1906 g.,” p. 95; B. Gavrilov, Voennaia rabota moskovskikh bol’shevikov v gody pervoi russkoi revoliutsii, M., 1950, p. 106; Zharnovetskii, “Kronshtadtskie vosstaniia,” pp. 66-7; E. Iaroslavskii, “Podpol’naia rabota v armii v 1906 g.,” PR, 1922 no. 5, pp. 167-9, 172, 174-5, 179, 181; Iur. Novin, “O Vilenskoi s.-d voennoi organizatsii 1906 g.,” PR, 1922 no. 9, pp. 308-9.

31. The conflict between the military organizations and the Bolshevik and Menshevik leaders came to a head in the second half of 1906; see Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 356-79.

32. For a lengthier analysis, see ibid., pp. 256-62.

33. Chetvertyi (Ob”ediniteYnyi) s”ezd, p. 526.

34. Ibid., pp. 196-7, 244-5, 292, 313, 321–3, 370-3, 390-2, 478-82, 625 n. 98.

35. Ibid., pp. 23, 17, 21, 22; I. V. Shaurov, “Pervaia konferentsiia voennykh i boevykh organizatsii RSDRP,” Istoricheskii arkhiv, 1959 no. 1, p. 162.

36. Chetvertyi (OV’edinitel’nyi) s”ezd,pp. 373, 387, 389-90, 394-9, 527, 535; Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh, p. 151; N. Chuzhak, Ideia vooruzhennogo vosstaniia i bol’shevistskaia rabota v armii. Po dokumentam i po pamiati uchastnika, M., 1929, p. 62; O. A. Ermanskii, Iz perezhitogo, M.-L., 1927, pp. 99-100.

37. Protokoly pervogo s”ezda, p. 313. The police noted a switch from workers’ militia to military organizations in 1906, and their references seem primarily to the SRs: Nat. Blinov, “Delo o revoliutsionnom dvizhenii v armii,” Sbornik materialov, M., 1921, no. 1, p. 202. S. Mstislavskii, “Iz istorii voennogo dvizhenia. (Po lichnym vospominaniiam),” Katorga i ssylka, 1929 no. 6, p. 11, claims that military work in all parties really got under way only in 1906, but his primary point of reference is the SR Party.

38. “Protokoly chastnogo soveshchaniia Tsentral’nogo Komiteta [PSR] i gruppy voennykh rabotnikov . . . Nachalo noiabria 1907 g.,” IISH, SR, D. 5, p. 5.

39. Ibid.; Iu. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt. Vospominaniia revoliutsinerki, v. 2, Kronstadt, [1918?], pp. 137, 142.

40. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 1, p. 11; v. 2, pp. 72-8; Za narod, no. 54, March 1913, pp. 4-7.

41. Attendance has been reconstructed from “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii,” IISH, SR, D. 700, no. 1. There is a short summary of the reports by a delegate, Zubalevich, Kronshtadt, v. 2, pp. 103-9. See also Partiinye izvestiia (SR), no. 1, 23 Oct. 1906, which published the resolutions.

42. Voina i mir, 1906 no. 10-11, pp. 33-42; Voennyi golos, 2 March 1906; RI, 10 Dec. 1905 and 4 Jan. 1906; Garvilov, Voennaia rabota, pp. 130-1.

43. Soldatskaia zhizn’ (M., Bolshevik), no. 2-3, 16 Feb. 1906; Gavrilov, Voennaia rabota, p. 130; I. Engel’man, “Zametki po vospitaniiu lichnogo sostava flota,” Morskoi sbornik, 1908 no. 10, pp. 61-2; “O lektsionnom komitete v porte Imperatora Aleksandra III,” Morskoi sbornik, 1907 no. 10, pp. 75-81; Voennyi golos, 4 July 1906; Denikin, Staraia armiia,v. 1, pp. 115.

44. Vestnik russkoi konnitsy, 1906 no. 8; Voina i mir, 1907 no. 2; Razvedchik, 28 Feb. 1906 and 27 June 1906; I Kazal, “Revoliutsionnaia rabota v voiskakh,” Iz epokhi bor’by s tsarizmom, 1924 no. 1, pp. 41-2; Akhun and Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia, pp. 120-21; Svetoch, 14 May 1906; Vpered, 26 May 1906; Ekho, 28 June 1906; Mysl’, 28 June 1906; 6 July 1906; Kazarma, 8 March 1906; Voina, 7 May 1906; Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 1, p. 115; Soldat (SD, Libava), no. 4, 3 March 1906; N. D. Butovskii, Stat’i na sovremennye temy, Spb., 1907, pp. 76-7, 82-5; Duma, 22 May 1906; Severo-zapadnyi golos, 24 June 1906.

45. Rozenblium, Voennye, pp. 201-3; “Iz istorii ‘ideologicheskoi’ bor’by samoderzhaviia s revoliutsionnym dvizheniem v armii,” KA, 1931 no. 1, pp. 165-70.

46. The two literary journals for soldiers were Chtenie dlia soldat and Dosug i delo. For analysis of the stories, see K. Oberuchev, “ ‘Dukhovnaia pishcha’ russkogo soldata,” Russkoe bogatstvo, 1906 no. 6, pp. 1-18. On their lack of appeal: Denikin, Staraia armiia, v. 1, p. 118.

47. Tsirkuliary Glavnogo shtaba, 1906, No. 15, 15 Jan.; No. 26, 25 Jan.; No. 82, 2 March; No. 199, 2 June; No. 430, 30 Nov.; No. 467, 29 Dec.; Akhun and Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia, pp. 122-3; Drezen, Tsarizm v bor’be, p. 252 n. 46; “Iz istorii ‘ideologicheskoi’ bor’by samoderzhaviia,” p. 166.

48. Kazarma, no. 4, 8 May 1906; Kostromskoi krai, 24 June 1906; Soifer, Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie soldat, p. 68; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie . . . v 1906 g.,” p. 97; [Raukh], “Dnevnik,” p. 86.

49. Nevskaia gazeta, 13 May 1906; Prizyv, 1 June 1906; Ekho, 28 June 1906; Soldat (SD, Libava), no. 13, 3 June 1906; V. Vladimirov, Ocherki sovremennykh kaznei, M., 1906, pp. 30-31.

50. Voennyi golos, 14 March 1906; Pavchinskii, Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia, n.p., 1907, p. 104; G. P. Marina, “Pechatnaia propaganda Bol’shevikov v voiskakh Omskogo voennogo okruga v 1906-1907 gg.,” Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Sibiri i na Dal’nem Vostoke, Tomsk, 1960, p. 124; Gavrilov, Voennaia rabota, p. 131; Kostromskaia gazeta, 26 May 1906; Petr Pil’skii, “Armiia i obshchestvo. (Elementy vrazhdy i prepiatstvii),” Mir bozhii, 1906 no. 8, pp. 217-8.

51. On the military-political periodicals in general, see RI, 9 March 1906. The earliest periodicals were Vilenskii voennyi listok, Turkestanskaia voennaia gazeta, Russkii voin (Odessa), and Varshavskii voennyi vestnik. Anti-revolutionary sermons in Vestnik voennogo dukhovenstva can be found in issues of 1 Feb. 1906, 1 March 1906, 15 April 1906, 1 Aug. 1906, 1 Sept. 1906, and 15 Sept. 1906.

52. Circular of 11 May 1906, in IISH, SR, D. 690, DMVO.

53. Drezen, Tsarizm v bor’be, p. 252 fn. 46; V-skii, Tolkovanie Vysochaishego Manifesta 17-go Oktiabria 1905 goda. Sostavil dlia nizhnikh chinov, Spb. 1905. See also Voennaia reforma. Sbornik statei, Spb., 1906, pp. 58-75; Novyi, “O gumanosti v voiskakh,” Voina i mir, 1906 no. 12, pp. 86-90.

54. Razvedchik, 4 July 1906 and 1 Aug. 1906; Voennyi golos, 23 March 1906; RI, 28 March 1906.

55. Razvedchik, 21 March 1906; 4 April 1906; 11 April 1906; 11 July 1906; 4 Jan. 1908; Rl, no. 91, 26 April 1906 and no. 93, 28 April 1906; Svetoch, 16 May 1906; Vpered, 26 May 1906; Soldatskaia zhizn’ (SD, Moscow), no. 6, 15 March 1906; Soldatskaia mysV (SD, Moscow), no. 2, June 1906.

56. Soldat (SD, Sevastopol), no. 4, May 1906.

57. Sukhomlinov, Vospominaniia, pp. 110, 152; [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” pp. 129-31; Voennyi golos, 14 July 1906; Soldatskaia mysl’ (SR, Spb.), no. 2, Oct. 1906; Soldat (SD, Sevastopol), no. 4, May 1906; Soldatskaia gazeta (SR, Tsk), no. 1, May 1906; Proletarii, 8 Sept. 1906.

58. Bund Archive, New York.

59. Voennyi listok (SR, Simferopol), no. 3, 20 July 1906; no. 4, 1 Sept. 1906; no. 5, 1 Oct. 1906; Soldat (SD, Sevastopol), no. 3, April 1906.

60. For an explanation of membership statistics, see Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 460-2. The totals therein are lower than those given here because of new data on the SRs.

61. Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh, p. 13.

62. Samoilenko, “Sredi kazakov,” pp. 198-9.

63. See Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” pp. 246-7, 265-7.

64. “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii”; Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh, p. 36; Gavrilov, Voennaia rabota, p. 122; Iaroslavskii, “PodpoTnaia rabota,” pp. 169, 172.

65. For a list of organizations with soviet structure, see Bushnell, “Mutineers and Revolutionaries,” p. 282 n. 8.

66. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 1, pp. 42-7; Soldatskaia mysV (TsK PSR), no. 2, 22 Sept. 1906; Ottosonikolaev, “Iz vospominanii,” p. 101; Ivanov, “Kronshtadtskoe podpol’e,” pp. 140-1; Zharnovetskii, “Kronshtadtskie vosstaniia,” p. 72.

67. “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii”; Rozenblium, Voennye, pp. 1856; Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh, p. 22; Pervaia konferentsiia voennykh, p. 187.

68. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 1, pp. 45-7; v. 2, pp. 95-6.

69. Zubelivich, Kronshtadt, v. 2, pp. 29-31.

VII. “These Words Pleased Us Very Much”

1. Voinskii ustav 0 nakazaniiakh i Ustav distsiplinarnyi, Spb., 1906, st. 75, pp. 223. For a list of commanders who were sacked, see “Chistka komsostava tsarskoi armii v 1906 g.,” KA, 1932 no. 1-2, pp. 211-25.

2. Figures for 1905 based mostly on reports compiled by the Ministry of War are provided in 1905. Armiia v pervoi revoliutsii. Ocherki i materialy, M.-L., 1927, p. xi. The Ministry of War figures for 1906 are provided by Rozenblium, Voennye organizatsii, p. 45.

3. For instance, Sukhomlinov, then commander of the Kiev military district, reports that in 1906 there was both disorder (razval) and disaffection in X corps (Kharkov), particularly in the 122nd Tambov regiment; Sukhomlinov, Vospominaniia, p. 110. A report in Sovremenik, 9 June 1906, of a large open-air soldier meeting in Kharkov on June 6, a letter from a Kharkov revolutionary intercepted by the police reporting that in June the soldiers were on the verge of insurrection (VPR, part 2 book 3, p. 159), and a list of “disorders” under investigation by the Ministry of War that included the 124th Voronezh infantry, quartered in Kharkov (Ekho, 4 July 1906) makes it likely though not certain that there were mutinies as defined by military law in the Tambov and Voronezh infantry.

4. At mid-year the list of units whose disorders were being investigated by the Ministry of War included the Sestroretsk and Kiev local details, the 1st pontoon battalion, the 18th sapper battalion, the Nezhinsk dragoons, the 279th Ialta infantry, the 120th Serpukhov infantry, the 9th Siberian Grenadiers, the 141st Mozhaisk infantry, the Finland, Grenadier and Pavlovsk Guards infantry, and the 12th East Siberian rifles; Ekho, 4 July 1906. In the Petersburg military district, gendarme sources and commanders’ reports relate disorders in the 23rd infantry division, the 23rd artillery brigade, the 37th artillery brigade, the 96th Omsk infantry, the 147th Samara infantry, and the Vyborg fortress artillery; Iu. Korablev, Voennaia rabota peterburgskikh bol’shevikov v revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg., M., 1955, p. 117. No other information being available, they have not been counted among the mutinous.

5. Twenty-five of 43 pontoon, railroad, and sapper battalions in Europe and Central Asia experienced mutiny, as did 20 of 75 cossack regiments in Europe, 11 of 71 Guards, Grenadier, Caucasus, Turkestan, line, and reserve artillery brigades, and 5 of 80 Guards, dragoon, Dagestan and reserve cavalry regiments. Siberian units—other than infantry—and cossacks in Central Asia have been omitted because it has been difficult to establish the number of such formations in 1906 (though mutinies occurred in all of them). The number of units has been established from the sources listed in Chapter 4, ns. 5 and 7, and—for identification of units disbanded in 1906 (it has been assumed that any unit disbanded by July 1906 was unavailable for mutiny; most were disbanded by April) and units left in Manchuria throughout 1906 (and thus assumed to be unavailable for mutiny due to the special conditions under which they served)— “Obzor voennykh sobytii,” in Voennyi sbornik, 1906 no. 8, pp. 191, 194, 207; 1906 no. 11, p. 232; 1906 no. 12, pp. 243, 265-6, 271; 1907 no. 2, pp. 280-2; 1907 no. 4, p. 278; 1907 no. 7, p. 272.

6. Alexander Iswolsky, Recollections of a Foreign Minister. (Memoirs of Alexander Iswolsky), Garden City, N.Y., 1921, p. 282.

7. Ibid., pp. 74-8, 82-94, 169-74, 180-2; Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 45974; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, pp. 138-43; Koroleva, Pervaia rossiiskaia revoliutsiia, pp. 113-27; S. M. Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’ pervoi gosudarstvennoi dumy, M., 1962, pp. 204-22, 224-36, 239-74; Kuz’min-Karavaev, Iz epokhi, v. 2, pp. 313-20, 324-32, 409-23. See also the weekly analysis of the Duma from the Kadet point of view in Pravo.

8. Manning, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 212-17.

9. Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, p. 311.

10. Izwolsky, Recollections, p. 179; Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 474-80; Koroleva, Pervaia rossiiskaia revoliutsiia, pp. 92-8, 122-5; Maslov, Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie, pp. 129-43; Manning, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 218-28, 244-5; Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 191-6, 201, 286-8, 292-303, 306-19; D. A. Kolesnichenko, “Agrarnye proekty Trudovoi gruppy v I Gosudartsvennoi dume,” IZ, v. 82, 1968, pp. 40-88; D. A. Kolesnichenko, “Vozniknovenie i deiatel’nost’ ‘Trudovoi gruppy’,” ISSSR, 1967 no. 4, pp. 78-89; Kolesnichenko, “K voprosu o politicheskoi evoliutsii trudovikov,” pp. 84-95; Scott J. Seregny, “Politics and the Rural Intelligentsia in Russia: A Biographical Sketch of Stepan Anikin, 1869-1919,” Russian History, v. 7 pts. 1-2, 1980, pp. 187-91; V. Sh., Trudovaia gruppa v Gosudarstvennoi dume, M., 1906, pp. 1-16.

11. Manning, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 239-45; Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 222-3, 232-3, 281-2, 286-8; Maslov, Agrarnoe dvizhenie, pp. 14353; P. N. Pershin, Agrarnaia revoliutsiia v Rossii, v. 1, Of reformy k revoliutsii, M., 1966, pp. 252-62; Kolesnichenko, “Iz istorii bor’by rabochego klassa za krest’ianskie massy,” pp. 265-72; VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 23-4, 32, 368-9, 561, 571-2; VPR, part 2 book 2, pp. 68, 97-8, 112-14, 115-20, 140, 143, 153-5, 157-9, 162-3, 167-8, 177, 215-6, 263-4, 267-8, 281-3, 313-5, 329-30, 414-5; Dubrovskii and Grave, Agrarnoe dvizhenie, pp. 18-20, 49, 70-3, 204, 208, 255, 586, 624-5.

12. Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, p. 238; VPR, part 2 book 1, p. 74; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, p. 137; Mary Schaeffer Conroy, Peter Arkad’evich Stolypin. Practical Politics in Late Tsarist Russia, Boulder, Colo., 1977, pp. 153, 179 fns. 12-13.

13. Tsion, Tri dnia, p. 22; VP, v. 1, p. 286; VP, v. 3 book 2, pp. 927-9.

14. Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v. Gruzii, p. 711.

15. Girshgorn, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v armii v 1905-1907 gg. (Dokumenty),” Bor’ba klassov, 1935 no. 10, p. 30.

16. A. P. Steklov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v chastiakh Kavkazskogo voennogo okruga,” pp. 430-1. Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Gruzii, p. 711; Pavchinskii, Russkaia armiia i revoliutsiia, pp. 103-4; Duma, 20 May 1906.

17. Mysl’, 1 July 1906.

18. Russkii voin, 1 Feb. 1906; 8 Feb. 1906; Varshavskii voennyi vestnik, 1 June 1906; 8 June 1906; Mysl’, 2 July 1906; Vpered, 22 May 1906; Ekho, 25 June 1906.

19. Akhun and Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia, p. 59; Duma, 1 June 1906; Golos, 10 June 1906; Soldat (SD, Sevastopol), no. 6, [June] 1906; Soldat (SD, Libava), no. 11, 27 May 1906; la. Davtian, “Tiflisskaia voennaia organizatsiia v 1905-1907 gg.,” PR, 1923 no. 4, p. 144.

20. Soldatskii golos (SD-Menshevik, Moscow), no. 4, 15 March 1906; Soldatskaia zhizn’ (SD-Bolshevik, Moscow), no. 6, 15 March 1906; Soldatskaia volia (SD, Grodno), no. 1, 25 April 1906; Soldat (SD, Sevastopol), no. 4, May 1906; no. 5, 23 May 1906; Soldat (SD, Libava), no. 9, 10 May 1906; “Voenno-revoliutsionnyi golos No. 1,” March 1906, and “1-oe maia,” both hectographed leaflets produced by the Mariampol SD-Bundist military organization, Bund Archive; Soldatskaia gazeta (SR, Tsk), no. 1, [May] 1906.

21. Golos soldata (SD, Riga), no. 7-8, 18 May 1906.

22. Rozenblium, Voennye organizatsii, pp. 75-7; Soldatskaia volia (SD, Grodno), no. 2, 14 May 1906; Golos truda, 4 July 1906.

23. Voennyi listok (SR, Simferopol), no. 1, 15 June 1906.

24. Soldatskaia mysl’ (SD, Moscow), no. 1, June 1906. Other examples: Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Gruzii, pp. 668-70, 717-20; Revoliutsionnye sobytiia v Gomele i Gomel’skoi oblasti v gody pervoi russkoi revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, Gomel, 1955, pp. 141-3; untitled leaflet issued by the Mariampol SD-Bundist military organization in June, Bund Archive; Golos soldata (SD, Riga), no. 9-10, 8 June 1906.

25. Narodnyi vestnik, 30 May 1906.

26. Narodnyi vestnik, 28 May 1906; Golos, 8 June 1906; Kur’er, 2 June 1906; Mysl’, 22 June 1906; Soldatskii listok (SD, Riga), nos. 1 and 2, May 1906; Pavchinskii, Russkaia armiia, pp. 79-80; Marina, “Pechatnaia propaganda,” p. 118.

27. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Stenograficheskie otchety 1906 goda. Sessiia pervaia, v. 2, Spb., 1906, pp. 1371-2, 1550-1; Ekho, 27 June 1906; Golos, 7 June 1906; Mysl’, 5 July 1906. Identification of deputies and political affiliation is based on Chleny pervoi gosudarstvennoi dumy, M., 1906.

28. Trudovaia Rossiia, 10 June 1906; 2 June 1906; 7 June 1906; 8 June 1906, 9 June 1906; Izvestiia krest’ianskikh deputatov, 20 May 1906; Krest’ianskii deputat, 5 July 1906.

29. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 2, pp. 21-6, 69-70, 99-102; “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii,” IISH; Akhun and Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia, pp. 46, 60-1; Pavchinskii, Russkaia armiia, p. 77; Mysl’, 20 June 1906; Krest’ianskii deputat, 5 July 1906.

30. Golos, 6 June 1906.

31. Narodnyi vestnik, 30 May 1906.

32. Prizyv, no. 97, 4 June 1906; Duma, no. 36, 9 June 1906.

33. Ekaterinoslavshchina v revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg., pp. 300-1, 303.

34. Voennyi listok (SR, Simferopol), no. 2, 27 June 1906.

35. Ekaterinoslavshchina v revoliutsii, pp. 300-1, 303; Ekho, 2 July 1906 and 4 July 1906.

36. Golos truda, 5 July 1906.

37. Golos, 6 June 1906; Vpered, 6 June 1906; Ekho, 22 June 1906; 25 June 1906; 1 July 1906; Severnaia zemlia, 28 June 1906; Korablev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Peterburgskogo voennogo okruga,” Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v armii v gody pervoi russkoi revoliutsii. Sbornik statei, M., 1955, p. 154; VPR, part 2 book 1, p. 615 n. 194.

38. Soldat (SD, Sevastopol), no. 4, May 1906; Sovremennik, 18 June 1906; Kostromskoi krai, 27 June 1906; Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie . . . 1906,” p. 101; an order of 7 April 1906, IISH, SR, DMVO; Iuzhnaia narodnaia gazeta, 26 May 1906.

39. Mysl’, 22 June 1906; 24 June 1906; Otkliki Kryma, 28 June 1906.

40. V. V. Kir’iakov, “Iz derevenskikh vpechatlenii: soldatchina i rekrutchina,” Soznatel’naia Rossiia, no. 3, 1906, pp. 5-6.

41. Privolzhskii krai, 8 July 1906.

42. There had been 203 line infantry units in Europe in late 1905, but 24 had been demobilized by the end of July and have been considered unavailable for mutiny in 1906; 96 line regiments had been sent to Manchuria, but 4 were left until early 1907 and were unavailable for mutiny. Nineteen percent of the former mutinied, and 34 percent of the latter mutinied, in 1906. However, it is reasonable to move the 8 regiments of XIII corps (1 of which mutinied in 1906) from the “Manchurian” to the “European” category, because they never fought in Manchuria, experienced the same indiscipline and mutiny as the European regiments in late 1905, and of course did not winter in Manchuria. The percentages in the text are based on that transferral.

43. VPR, part 2 book 3, pp. 232-3, 494; Zheleznov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Moskovskogo voennogo okruga,” p. 137.

44. For just two of many possible examples: On the Voronezh camp: Protokoly pervoi konferentsii, p. 30; E. G. Shuliakovskii, “Deiatel’nost voennoi organizatsii pri Voronezhskom komitete RSDRP v 1906 godu,” Trudy Voronezhskogo gos. un-ta, v. 51 no. 1, 1958, p. 7; Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Voronezhskoi gubernii 1905-1907 gg. (Sbornik dokumentov i materialov), Voronezh, 1955, p. 395; VPR, part 2 book 2, p. 136. On the work of SRs in the Penza camp: “Materialy pervoi voennoi konferentsii,” IISH. On the isolation of the sapper camp in Kaluga province: Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie . . . 1906 g.,” p. 99.

45. The analysis is based on Kurskaia zhizn’, 24 May 1906; 25 May 1906; 27 May 1906; 28 May 1906; 30 May 1906; 31 May 1906; 7 June 1906; Izvestiia krest’ianskikh deputatov, 30 May 1906; Revoliutsionnye sobytiia 1905-1907 gg. v Kurskoi gubernii. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, Kursk, 1955, pp. 161-5; V. M. Kantsel’son, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” pp. 236-7; Svetoch, 25 May 1906; “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii,” IISH; Narodnyi vestnik, 23 May 1906; 24 May 1906; 25 May 1906; 31 May 1906; Put’, 7 June 1906; Kur’er, 3 June 1906; Mysl’, 28 June 1906; Pavchinskii, Russkaia armiia, p. 75; Sovremennik, 22 June 1906; Ekho, 2 July 1906; 4 July 1906; Russkoe slovo, 24 June 1906; Sukhomlinov, Vospominaniia, p. 110; Kurskaia vest’, 25 June 1906; 29 June 1906; 7 July 1906; 9 July 1906; 11 July 1906; 12 July 1906; 13 July 1906.

46. Ekho, 2 July 1906. See Appendix II for other sources on the mutiny.

47. Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Kaluzhskoi gubernii v period pervoi russkoi revoliutsii 1905-1907 godov. Sbornik dokumentov, Kaluga, 1955, pp. 142-3. On the mutinies, see Appendix II: June 5, June 17.

48. Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie 1905-1907 gg. v Tambovskoi gubernii. Sbornik dokumentov, Tambov, 1957, pp. 113-4.

49. Mysl’, 21 June 1906. On the mutinies, see Appendix II: June 14, June 18, July after dissolution of Duma.

50. Dubrovskii and Grave, Agrarnoe dvizhenie, p. 589. On the mutinies, see Appendix II: 13 June, 26 July.

51. A number of Guards regiments not known to have mutinied appeared on the list of units whose “disorders” the Ministry of War was investigating: Ekho, 4 July 1906. For other reports on restiveness among the Guards: [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” p. 118; Vpered, 6 June 1906; 9 June 1906; 10 June 1906; Svetoch, 31 May 1906; Kur’er, 4 June 1906; 8 June 1906; Pavchinskii, Ruskaia armiia, pp. 71-2; Akhun and Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia, p. 61; Epanchin, “Na sluzhbe trekh imperatorov,” p. 299; Svechin, Zapiski starogo generala, p. 88; “Vospominaniia polkovnika kniazia Nikolaia Mikhailovicha Devlet-Kil’deev,” in M. M. DevletKil’deev, ed., Kirasiry ego velichestva, 1902-1914. Poslednye gody mirnogo vremeni, Washington, D.C., 1959; p. 142.

52. My account is based on Akhun and Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia, pp. 54-70; [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” pp. 117-118; Svechin, Zapiski starogo generala, pp. 88-89; Golos, 29 April 1906; Narodnyi vestnik, 27 May 1906; Vpered, 10 June 1906; VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 320-21; “Trebovaniia 1-go batal’ona Preobrazhenskogo polka,” Spb., 1906, Helsinki 117 N; D. Khodnev, “Preobrazhenskii intsident. Iz vospominanii 1906 g.,” 1937, manuscript, Bakhmeteff Archive, Ms Coll/Finliandskii Polk, Box 15.4.7.1, pp. 1-16.

53. Akhun and Petrov, Bol’sheviki i armiia, p. 59.

54. On the Guards cavalry mutinies, see Appendix II: June, second half (two different entries). [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” p. 118; Pavchinskii, Russkaia armiia, pp. 71, 92, 102; Mysl’, 22 June 1906; 6 July 1906; Dvadtsatyi vek, 23 June 1906; Korablev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v voiskakh Peterburgskogo voennogo okruga,” p. 150; “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii,” IISH.

55. For the mutinies, see Appendix II. For sources on the number of cossack regiments in the field as of summer 1906, see note 5 above.

56. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Stenograficheskie otchety, v. 2, pp. 1321, 1323-4, 1327; Mysl’, 24 June 1906; 1 July 1906; 6 July 1906; Dvadtsatyi vek, 2 June 1906; Sovremennik, 3 June 1906; Ekho, 28 June 1906; Privolzhskii krai, 8 June 1906; 8 July 1906; Trudovaia zhizn’, 4 July 1906; Soldatskaia mysl’ (SD, Moscow), no. 3, 12 July 1906; “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii,” IISH.

57. M. N. Korin, Donskoe kazachestvo (Iz proshlogo), Rostov n/D, 1949, pp. 41-2. Other sources on the unrest in cossack villages: 1905-1907 gody na Donu, pp. 316-8; Duma, 1 June 1906; Severnaia zemlia, 28 June 1906; VPR, part 2 book 2, pp. 191, 204; Donskaia zhizn’, 21 May 1906; 16 June 1906; 4 July 1906; 6 July 1906.

58. Mysl’, no. 15, 6 July 1906; Gosudarstvennaia duma, Stenograficheskie otchety, v. 2, pp. 961-7, 1307-39; Severo-zapadnyi golos, 28 June 1906.

59. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Stenograficheskie otchety, v. 2, p. 1321; Krest’ianskoe dvizhenie 1905-1907 gg. v Tambovskoi gubernii. Sbornik dokumentov, Tambov, 1957, PP. 98-9.

60. Gosudarstvennaia duma, Stenograficheskie otchety, v. 2, pp. 1328, 1331; Donskaia zhizn’, 14 June 1906; 28 June 1906; 8 July 1906; Voennyi golos, 25 June 1906; 4 July 1906.

61. Order of 31 May 1906, IISH, SR, DMVO; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Gruzii, pp. 703-6; Voennyi golos, 18 July 1906.

62. Duma, 31 May 1906; Voennyi golos, 16 June 1906; 4 July 1906; 9 July 1906; Ekho, 2 July 1906; 4 July 1906; 5 July 1906; Mysl’, 4 July 1906; Golos truda, 5 July 1906.

63. Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 5.

64. Ekho, 27 June 1906; Voennyi golos, 7 July 1906.

65. Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1905, Spb., 1907, “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu,” pp. 96-7; Vsepoddanneishii otchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1906, Spb., 1908, “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu,” pp. 72-3; Vsepoddanneishiiotchet Voennogo ministerstva za 1907, Spb., 1909, “Otchet po Glavnomu shtabu,” p. 89. Figures on units deployed have been translated into men on the basis of authorized strengths detailed in Svod shtatov voenno-sukhoputnogo vedomstva, v. 2, Spb., 1893, except that infantry deployed against civilians in November and December has been counted at 50 rather than 107 men per company; for deployment through October, see Chapter 3 n. 17. See the discussion of the figures for 1907 in Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 5.

66. Fuller, Civil-Military Conflict, Chapter 5 and passim.

VIII. July 1906

1. Kuz’min-Karavaev, Iz epokhi, v. 2, pp. 403-6 (quotation from p. 404).

2. Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, p. 149.

3. Manning, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 244-58; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, pp. 146-51; Iswolsky, Recollections, pp. 183-94; Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 482-4; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, pp. 283-302; Miliukov, Vospominaniia, pp. 377-87; P. N. Miliukov, Tri popytki. (K istorii russkogo Izhekonstitutsionalizma), Paris, 1921, pp. 26-60; [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” p. 114; V. I. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia i samoderzhavie v 1905-1917 gg., L., 1977, pp. 71-100; Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 332-5, 337-9; Bernard Pares, Russia and Reform, London, 1907, pp. 553-7, 559; Maurice Baring, A Year in Russia, 2nd ed. New York, [1917], pp. 240-1, 254-6; Hans Heilbronner, “Piotr Khristianovich von Schwanebach and the Dissolution of the First Two Dumas,” Canadian Slavonic Papers, v. 11 no. 1, Spring 1969, pp. 33-6; The Times (London), 6 July 1906; 7 July 1906, 9 July 1906, 10 July 1906; New York Times, 1 July 1906; 4 July 1906; 7 July 1906.

4. Golos truda, 5 July 1906. The Menshevik position is spelled out in the lead editorials in Kur’er, 2 June 1906; 9 June 1906; 10 June 1906; 11 June 1906. See also Martov, Istoriia Rossiiskoi Sotsial-Demokratii, pp. 195-8; Garvi, Vospominaniia, part two, pp. 31, 33-4; Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 2, p. 66.

5. The SR position was summed up by a member of the Central Committee at the June SR military organization conference; “Materialy pervoi voennoi konferentsii.” The Bolshevik position on the Duma is summarized in a series of articles by Lenin: Vpered, 10 June 1906; 11 June 1906; Ekho, 22 June 1906. See also Garvi, Vospominaniia, part two, pp. 34-8, 74; Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 2, pp. 64-72.

6. M. Egorov, “Chernaia i belaia kost’ v armii,” Ekho, 6 July 1906.

7. “Dukh vremeni,” Nakanune (Poltava Menshevik), 5 June 1906.

8. V. Chjernov], “Volneniia v armii,” Mysl’, 20 June 1906.

9. Ekho, 2 July 1906; Golos, 10 June 1906; Kur’er, 3 June 1906; Trud, 31 May 1906; 9 June 1906.

10. Soldat (SD, Sevastopol), no. 3, April 1906.

11. Vestnik kazarmy (SD, Finland), no. 4, 8 June 1906; No. 5, 15 June 1906; Narodnyi vestnik, 27 May 1906; Mysl’, 29 June 1906; Russkii nabat, 9 June 1906; K. Troitskii, “Rabota s.-d. sredi voisk v 1906-1907 godov,” Materialy po istorii revoliutsionnogo dvizheniia, Nizhnii Novgorod, v. 4, 1922, pp. 127-8; Davtian, “Tiflisskaia,” p. 144; Znamenskii, Voennaia, p. 56; Ekaterinoslavshchina v revoliutsii 1905-1907, p. 308; Listovki peterburgskikh bol’shevikov 1902-1917, M.-L., 1939, v. 1, pp. 412-3; Imas, “Put’ v emigratsiiu,” KiS, 1928 no. 8-9, p. 144; “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii.”

12. Appendix II: Abo, June 1; Samara, June 14 (and “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii”); Nizhnii Novgorod, June 18 (and Troitskii, “Rabota s.-d. sredi voisk,” p. 127).

13. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 1, p. 142; v. 2, pp. 87-90; A. Argunov, “Azef v Partii S.R.,” p. 188; “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii.”

14. “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii”; Basalygo, “O partiinoi rabote v Sevastopole v 1906 godu,” PR, 1922 no. 9, p. 193.

15. Andreev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” p. 35.

16. Andreev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” pp. 36, 53; Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 2, pp. 8-16, 21-26; Soldatskaia gazeta (SR, Central Committee), no. 2, 22 Sept. 1906; Voennye vosstaniia v Baltike, p. 59; “Kronshtadtskoe vosstanie 1906 g.,” KA, 1936 no. 4, p. 94; Argunov, “Azef v Partii S.-R.,” p. 188; “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii.”

17. Mel’nikov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie . . . 1906,” pp. 108-13; Zheleznov, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” pp. 145-6.

18. “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii”; Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 2, pp. 87-92; Troitskii, “Rabota s.-d. sredi voisk,” p. 126; Revoliutsiia 1905-1907 gg. v Gruzii, pp. 717-20; VPR, part 2 book 2, pp. 324-5.

19. “Materialy o pervoi voennoi konferentsii”; Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 2, pp. 103-9; Partiinye izvestiia (SR, Central Committee), no. 1, 22 Oct. 1906.

20. [Rediger], “Iz zapisok,” p. 115; Heilbronner, “Piotr Khristianovich Schwanebach,” p. 36; Iswolsky, Recollections, pp. 194-201; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, pp. 150-6; Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia, pp. 101-4; Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 483-8; Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 341-61; Padenie tsarskogo rezhima. Stenograficheskie otchety doprosov i pokazanii, dannykh v 1917 g. v Chrezirychainoi sledstvennoi komissii Vremenogo Pravitel’stva, ed. P. E. Shchegolov, v. 7, M.-L., pp. 95-9 (testimony of Kokovtsov).

21. M. E. Bakai, “Iz vospominanii M. E. Bakaia o chernykh kabinetakh v Rossii,” Byloe, 1908 no. 8, pp. 104-6; Iswolsky, Recollections, pp. 207-8.

22. Bakai, “Iz vospominanii,” p. 105; Iswolsky, Recollections, pp. 195-6; Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 361-3; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, p. 311; Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie v Tul’skoi gubernii v 1905-1907 gg. Sbornik dokumentov i materialov, Tula, 1956, p. 219; Voennyi golos, 8 July 1906; 12 July 1906; G. M. Derenkovskii, “Vseobshaia stachka i sovety rabochikh deputatov v iiule 1906 g.,” IZ, v. 77, 1965, pp. 123, 130; Argunov, “Azef v Partii S.-R.,” pp. 189-90, 192.

23. Startsev, Russkaia burzhuaziia, pp. 105-6; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, p. 156; Gurko, Features and Figures, pp. 485-6; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, pp. 310-11.

24. Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, p. 155; Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 371-2; Voitinskii, Gody pobed i porazhenii, v. 2, p. 84; Baring, A Year in Russia, pp. 261, 268, 279-80; Bernard Pares, My Russian Memoirs, London, 1931, pp. 123, 127-8; M. Vinaver, “V ozhidanii rospuska i posle rospuska. (Otryvki iz vospominanii),” K 10-letiiu l-oi Gosudarstvennoi dumy, Pg., 1916, p. 98.

25. Pares, Russia and Reform, pp. 561-2.

26. Dubrovskii and Grave, Agrarnoe dvizhenie, pp. 222, 214; Baring, A Year in Russia, p. 269.

27. Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 364-70; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, pp. 314-9; Vinaver, “V ozhidanii rospuska,” pp. 96-113; Miliukov, Vospominaniia, pp. 401-6; Miliukov, Tri popytki, pp. 63-6; VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 33-4; “Pervaia Gosudarstvennaia duma v Vyborge,” KA, 1933 no. 2, pp. 86-99.

28. “Izveshchenie ot Komiteta Trudovoi Gruppy,” Ves ti s rodiny (SR, n.p.), 1906, pp. 10-12; “Pervaia Gosudarstvennaia duma v Vyborge,” pp. 86-7, 89; Chermenskii, Burzhuaziia i tsarizm, pp. 314, 316, 320; Sidel’nikov, Obrazovanie i deiatel’nost’, pp. 324, 372-3; Kolesnichenko, “Iz istorii,” pp. 278-81; Kolesnichenko, “K voprosu,” pp. 101-6; VPR, part 2 book 2, pp. 269-72, 327-8, 491 n. 255; St. An[iki]n, “S”ezd trudovoi gruppy,” Narodnyi trud, no. 1, 1906, pp. 40-3.

29. VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 34-6, 42-7; TsK RSDRP, “Pis’mo k partiinym organizatsiiam No. 5,” July 1906, Helsinki 117 II; Martov, Istoriia Rossiiskoi SotsialDemokratii, p. 204; Listovki bol’shevistskikh organizatsii v pervoi russkoi revoliutsii 1905-1907 gg., v. 3, M., 1956, pp. 40-43, 69-70, 333-4; Partiinye izvestiia (SR, Central Committee), no. 1, 22 Oct. 1906; Lenin, PSS, v. 13, pp. 305-27; Derenkovskii, “Vseobshchaia stachka,” pp. 113-6, 121-2.

30. Listovki bol’shevistkikh organizatsii, v. 3, pp. 133-4, 421-3, 518-20; VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 392-3, 405-6; VPR, part 2 book 2, pp. 48, 81, 199-201; VPR, part 2 book 3, pp. 84-6; Derenkovskii, “Vseobshchaia stachka,” pp. 109-13, 124-5; Federativnyi Komitet rizhskikh sots.-dem. rabochikh organizatsii, “Revoliutsiia idet svoim putem,” July 1906, Bund Archive; M. Vinitskii, “Ne vo vremia,” Nashe slovo (Vilna, Bund), no. 7, pp. 1-6.

31. Argunov, “Azef v Partii S.-R.,” pp. 190-1; Zenzinov, Perezhitoe, p. 224; Bericht der Russischen Sozial-Revolutionären Partei an dem Internationalen Sozialisten Kongress zu Stuttgart (August 1907), n.p., 1907, pp. 40-41; TsK PSR, “K partiinym organizatsiiam,” July 1906, Helsinki 117 N; “Boevaia taktika partii posle razgona Dumy,” Partiinye izvestiia (SR, Central Committee), no. 1, 22 Oct. 1906, pp. 3-6, 11; VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 37-8, 40-2.

32. The SR appeal to the peasants was signed by the Trudoviks, the SD Duma deputies, the SD Central Committee, and the Railway Union. There was no independent Bolshevik organization to sign, but Bolsheviks on the SD Central Committee approved; VPR, part 2 book 1, p. 58.

33. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 3, p. 7; Soldat (SD, Libava), no. 19, 3 Aug. 1906; Kostromskoe slovo, no. 8, 13 July 1906. The cossack mutiny in Kostroma is not confirmed by official sources and so has not been counted as mutinous, but it is likely that the cossacks did mutiny on July 11 as they had mutinied earlier.

34. Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie na Kubane, p. 314.

35. Troitskii, “Rabota s.-d. sredi voisk,” pp. 126, 128; Derenkovskii, “Vseobshchaia stachka,” p. 127; I. Iurenev, “Dvinsk (1904-1906 gg.),” PR, 1922 no. 12, p. 144.

36. Appendix II: Poltava, July 15. The Poltava SRs’ plan is reported in G. Gruza, “Poltavskoe voennoe vosstanie,” 1905 god na Poltavshchine, Poltava, 1925, p. 46.

37. On the mutiny, see Appendix II. See also Vestnik voennogo dukhoventstva, 1 Sept. 1906.

38. A. Piskarev, “Kronshtadtskoe vosstanie 20 iiulia 1906 goda,” Krasnyi baltiets, 1920 no. 4, p. 37; Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 2, pp. 130-2, and v. 3, pp. 5-6; Ivanov, “Kronshtadtskoe podpol’e,” p. 144; Soldatskaia gazeta (SR, Central Committee), no. 2, 22 Sept. 1906; Voennye vosstaniia v Baltike, p. 78; V. M. Mitrofanov, V pamiat’ zhizni. Vospominaniia minerachastnika kronshtadtskogo vosstaniia v iiule 1906 goda, L., 1930, p. 63; “Kronshtadtskoe vosstanie 1906 g.,” p. 97.

39. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 3, pp. 8-12, 14-17; Ottoson-Nikolaev, “Iz vospominanii,” p. 103; Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh, p. 73; Zhenevskii, “Vokrug sveaborgskogo vosstaniia (po dannym departamenta politsii),” KL, 1925 no. 3, p. 111; Viktor Voennyi, “K voprosu o prichinakh neudach voennykh vosstanii,” Sotsialist-revoliutsioner, 1910 no. 2, pp. 198-204; Tsion, Tri dnia, pp. 41-2.

40. “Boevaia taktika partii posle razgona Dumy,” Partiinye izvestiia (SR, Central Committee), no. 1, 22 Oct. 1906, p. 4; Ol’shanskii, “Sveaborgskoe vosstanie,” KL, 1922 no. 2-3, p. 199; Andreev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” p. 55; Voennye vosstaniia v Baltike, pp. 65-6; Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 3, pp. 8, 20-25; VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 126-9.

41. Zubelevich, Kronshtadt, v. 3, p. 28.

42. Vestnik kazarmy (SD, Finland), no. 2, 15 May 1906; Soldatskaia gazeta (SR, Central Committee), no. 2, 22 Sept. 1906; Mysl’, 6 July 1906; Listok (SR, Petersburg Committee), no. 1, Aug. 1906; Tsion, Tri dnia, pp. 42-76; Ol’shanskii, “Sveaborgskoe vosstanie,” passim; VPR, part 2 book 1, pp. 87-94, 108-13, 59091; Andreev, “Revoliutsionnoe dvizhenie,” pp. 42-4; Kazarma, 12 Aug. 1906; V. N. Sokolov, Sveaborg. Voennoe vosstanie v 1906 g., M., 1933, pp. 26-31; Protokoly pervoi konferentsii voennykh, pp. 73-7; N. M. Fedorovskii, “Sveaborgskoe vosstanie,” Krasnaia nov’, 1926 no. 3, pp. 162-71; Derenkovskii, “Vseobshchaia stachka,” pp. 128-9; Lenin, PSS, v. 13, p. 328; Zhenevskii, “Vokrug sveaborgskogo,” p. 114; L. P. Vorob’ev, “Odna iz avtobiografii,” 1905. Vosstaniia v Baltiiskom, pp. 87-8; Egorov, “Finliandskaia sots.-dem. voennaia organizatsiia v osveshchenii provokatora,” ibid., p. 90.