Abortion, legalization of, 168–69
Academic Karelia Society, 258
Agitprop, 210, 213
Akhmatova, Anna, 226, 232
Akselrod, Pavel, 23, 25, 29, 89
Aleksandr II, x, 3, 8, 9, 41
Aleksandra (Empress), 105–106
All-Russian Central Council of Trade Unions, 182, 214
All-Russian Congress of Soviets: 2d, 120–21, 122; 3d, 143; 8th, 175–76, 185; 9th, 214
All-Russian Congress of Working Women and Peasants, 1st (1918), 150, 152–56, 165
American Socialist Party: during World War 1, 94–95, 100; German Socialist Federation of, 94, 95, 96, 100; Socialist Propaganda League, 100
Ankersmit, Heleen, 114
Antonova (woman worker), 66
Armand, Aleksandr, 77
Armand, Evgenii, 76
Armand, Inessa: enters work among women, 75–81; childhood, 77; during World War I, 89–90; in 1917, 109, 111, 112; in 1918, 152–57 passim; as head of Zhenotdel, 164–66, 168, 294–95n12, 298n71; mentioned, xii, 171, 172, 177, 212, 216, 220, 229, 234, 240, 295n17
Arvatov, B., 232–33, 234
Assarsson, Vilhelm, 263
Balabanoff, Angelica, 89, 93, 194, 196, 244, 298n71
Barinova (worker), 154
Beatty, Bessie, 122, 148
Bebel, August: Woman Under Socialism, xi, 48, 52–54, 278n24; attitude toward organizing women workers, 54–56 passim; mentioned, 17, 58, 71, 73, 74, 226
Bekrenev, V. P., 304n42
Berkman, Alexander, 179
Bernstein, Eduard, 24, 27, 28, 35, 274n6
Berzin, la. A., 136
Bestuzhev-Riumin, K. N., 14
Bestuzhev-Riumin courses, 14, 76
Bey, Ragip Raif, 251–52
Bloody Sunday, 30
Body, Marcel, 209, 234, 244, 245, 250, 252–53, 254
Bogdanov, A. A., 31, 67, 72, 74, 281n81
Boheman, Eric, 261–69 passim
Bonch-Bruevich, V. D., 145
Bosh, Evgeniia, 103, 104
Boudin, Louis, 94, 100
Branting, Hjalmar, 85, 89, 93, 101, 104
Branting, Sonia, 89
Braun, Heinrich, 56
Braun, Lily, 56, 65
Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of: negotiations, 137–40; Left Opposition to, 138–39, 140, 141–44, 150; Kollontai’s opposition to, 139–43, 144; ratification of, 142–43; mentioned, 149
Bryant, Louise, 127–28, 131, 146, 148, 159, 178
Bukharin, N. I.: in New York, 99-100; in Left Opposition, 138–42 passim; at 10th Party Congress, 193, 194, 196, 200–201; at 3d Comintern Congress, 205, 208–209; mentioned, 92, 97, 154, 164, 178, 185, 234, 245, 308n9
Bukhovskii, Mikhail, 116
Burko, Maria, 66
Calles, Plutarco Elias, 246, 247
Cheka, 221–22
Chernyshevskii, Nikolai, 42
Chicherin, Georgii, 221, 242, 243
Chudnovskii, G. I., 100
Churchill, Sir Winston, 268, 269
Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, 223, 242, 244, 258, 270
Commissariat of Labor, 131, 147, 174, 182
Commissariat of Social Welfare, xii, 124, 127, 129, 147
Commissions for Work Among Women: proposed, 153, 156; in operation, 157–58, 160–61; transformed into Zhenotdel, 163
Communist International: 1st Congress, 159; 2d Congress, 167; 3d Congress, 204–10, 234; Woman’s Secretariat of, 167–68, 177, 212, 217; Executive Committee of, 215, 216, 217
Communist Party of Mexico, 246, 247, 309n23
Communist Party of the Soviet Union: 8th Conference, 164; 9th Conference, 179, 183–84, 192; 7th Congress, 142–43; 8th Congress, 159–61, 183; 9th Congress, 166; 10th Congress, 185, 189, 192, 193–201, 210, 234; 10th Congress, resolutions of, 199–200, 217, 219–20; 11th Congress, 216, 217–20; 14th Congress, 245
Comte, Auguste, 35
Confederación Regional de Obreros Mexicanos, 246, 247
Continuation War, 265–70, 312n88
Council of People’s Commissars (Sov-narkom), 123, 130, 132, 134, 145, 146, 203, 254, 289–90n4
Croy, de (Belgian ambassador to Sweden), 266
Cunow, Heinrich, 277nl8
Debs, Eugene, 96
Democratic Centralists, 182–85 passim, 192, 193
Denikin, Anton, 161, 162
Department for the Protection of Mothers and Children, 129
Dobroliubov, Nikolai, 21
Dolgoriukaia, Ekaterina, 9, 10
Domontovich, Aleksandra Aleksandrovna, x, 4-15 passim, 22, 25–26
Domontovich, Mikhail Alekseevich, x, 3-15 passim, 22, 25, 26, 27
Dragomirov, Mikhail, 13
Dragomirov, Vania, 13
Dragomirova, Sonia, 14
Draper, Theodore, 94
Dybenko, Pavel Efimovich: early life, 134–35; marriage to Kollontai, 135–36, 166–67, 221, 297n66, 305n60; court martial, 144–47, 156, 293n83; death, 252, 254, 311n48, 50
Dzerzhinskii, Feliks, 218, 293n89
Economism, 24, 29, 33
Egorov, Ivan, 125, 126, 130, 132
Elgstrom, Anna, 251
Elizarova, Anna, 80
Engels, Friedrich: The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, xi, 48–51, 52, 54, 58, 69, 73, 277n18, 278n24; attitude toward organizing women workers, 54–56; mentioned, 17, 24, 28, 71, 74, 226, 227, 228, 235
Erkko, Eljas, 263
Fedorova (woman worker), 111, 112
Feminism: European, ix, 40–41, 43, 236; Russian, 43, 44, 46, 47, 56, 61, 62–63, 111; socialist attitude toward, 43–44
Finland: Kollontai’s studies of, 25, 26–28, 61; Soviet policy toward, 257–64, 266–70; in the Winter War, 259–64; in the Continuation War, 265–69
Fischer, Ruth, 245
Fourier, Charles, 40
Fraina, Louis, 94, 100
Frunze, Mikhail, 188
Fuller, Margaret, 99
Ganetski, la. S., 114
Gerhard, Carl, 252
German Communist Labor Party, 204, 205, 209, 216, 219
German Social Democratic Party. See Social Democratic Party of Germany
Germany: policy toward Soviet Union 1939–41, 257–58, 259; policy toward Finland 1944—45, 266–69 passim
Goldman, Emma, 179
Golubeva (Zhenotdel worker), 304n45
Gorky, Maxim, 61, 116, 117
Grimm, Robert, 93, 286n68
Gripenberg, Georg, 266–69 passim
Günther, Christian, 259–67 passim, 311n66
Gustav V (king of Sweden), 250, 270
Hagglof, Gunnar, 264, 265
Hangö, Cape of, 261, 262 , 263, 267, 269
Hanson, A. P., 103
Hansson, Per Albin, 262
Hardie, Keir, 66, 83
Haywood, William, 96
Herkner, Heinrich, 25
Hillquit, Morris, 95
Hitler, Adolf, 252, 257, 258, 264, 265, 268
Hodgson, Miss, 4, 7, 8, 9, 273n2
Hoffman, Max von, 139–40
Höglund, Zeth, 85, 86, 89, 93, 94, 113, 135, 244, 249, 251, 284n37
Iakimov, N.N., 247
Iaroslavskii, Emelian, 210
Ignatov, E. N., 182
Ignatovtsy, 301n20
Insaev (prison inspector), 116
International Conference of Communist Women: 1st (1920), 167; 2d (1921), 205
International Woman’s Day, established, 65, 66; in Russia, 78, 79–80
International Workers of the World, 96, 100, 216
Ioffe, A. A., 138
Jakobson, Max, 264
Jaurès, Jean, 66, 82
July Days, 113–14
Kamenev, L. D., 105, 107, 108, 114, 119, 123, 137, 205, 225, 229, 244, 245, 247, 249, 254, 255
Kant, Immanuel, 35, 36
Katayama, Sen, 100
Kautsky, Karl, 24, 25, 26, 33, 56, 277n18
Kellogg, Frank B., 245, 246
Kerensky, Aleksandr, 114–22 passim
Kiselev, A. S., 304n42
Kokoreva, N. S., 172
Kollontai, Aleksandra Mikhailovna: marriage to Kollontai, 14–16; studies of Finland, 25, 26–28; adoption of Menshevism, 28–29; during 1905 revolution, 30–39, 44, 45; On the Question of the Class Struggle, 32; Who Are the Social Democrats and What Do They Want?, 32–33; on ethics, 35–38; 222–23; work among women, 1905–08, 44, 45–8, 61–63; The Social Bases of the Woman Question, 56–61; work abroad, 1908–14, 63–81; Around Workers’ Europe, 67–68; writings on the new woman, 68–75; switch to Bolsheviks, 87–93; work for Lenin, 93-101, 113–14, 119; imprisonment, 114–17; activity in October Revolution, 117–21; reforms for women, 128—31; work among veterans, 131–33; marriage to Dybenko, 134–36, 144—47, 166–67, 221, 297n66, 305n60; opposition to Brest-Litovsk, 139–43, 144; work among women, 1918, 150–58, 159–61; work in civil war, 160–63; work as head of Zhenotdel, 168–77, 203–204, 210–14; The Workers’ Opposition, 189–94, 204–205, 209, 216–19 passim·, at 10th Party Congress, 194–201; “Theses on Communist Morality,” 203–204; at 3d Comintern Congress, 205–10; at 11th Party Congress, 218–20; attitude toward opposition to Stalin, 225, 244–45, 247–50; on Akhmatova, 226; “Make Way for the Winged Eros!”, 226–28; “Sisters,” 228; Woman at the Turning Point, 228–29, 231–32; “A Great Love,” 229; The Love of the Worker Bees, 229–30, 232; “The Love of Three Generations,” 230–31, 235; Fragments from a Diary, 236; and marriage law debate, 237–39; work in Norway, 242–44, 250; work in Mexico, 245–47; work in Sweden, 250–71; reaction to the Purges, 252—57; negotiator in Russo-Finnish Wars, 257–70; retirement, 270–71; death, 271–72
Kollontai, Mikhail (Misha): childhood, 16, 26, 64; during World War I, 83–85, 98–99, 101; later life, 117, 130, 135, 159, 251; death, 265, 270
Kollontai, Praskovia Il’inichna, 14
Kollontai, Vladimir Ludvigovich, 1422 passim, 98, 285n58
Kollontai, Vladimir Mikhailovich, 251
Kommunistka, 166, 168, 171, 210, 271, 302n7
Kopp, Victor, 250
Korolenko, V. G., 16
Korolev, Nikolai, 128, 129, 130
Krestinskii, N. N., 164
Kronstadt Rebellion, 193, 195, 196–97
Krupskaia, Nadezhda Konstantinovna: enters work among women, 75, 77–78, 79, 80; early life, 78; during World War I, 89, 90; attitude toward Kollontai, 233, 234, 302n7, 306n18; mentioned 97, 99, 100, 109, 111, 167, 168, 229, 294n12, 306n10
Kutuzov, I. I., 198, 304n42
Kutuzov, N. V., 304n42
Kuusinen, Otto, 259
Kuusinen Regime, 259, 261, 262
Kuznetsov, N. V., 220
Lafarge, Paul, 26
Lapua Movement, 258
League for Women’s Equality, 111
Left Opposition, 138–43, 144, 148, 150, 161, 163
Lenin, Vladimir Il’ich: vanguard theory of the party, 28–29, 32, 187; work with Kollontai, 31, 89–94, 97–105, 109, 111–12, 124–25, 132–33, 156, 205, 209, 283n29, 284n37, 285n48, 286n68, 303n11; and Inessa, 77, 78, 80–81, 168, 229; Kollontai’s attitude toward, 87–88, 89–93 passim, 122–23, 140; “Letters from Afar,” 104, 105; “April Theses,” 109; in Brest-Litovsk negotiations, 137–44 passim, attitude toward work among women, 154, 160, 169—70, 240–41; role in trade union debates, 184–88 passim; role at 10th Party Congress, 193–201 passim, 300n15, 301n20, 41; attack on Workers’ Opposition after 10th Congress, 214–18 passim; mentioned, xi-xii, 18, 25, 33, 74, 86, 108, 114–20 passim, 130, 181, 220, 223, 225, 253, 254, 255, 311n54
Liebknecht, Karl, 84
Lilina, Zinaida, 111, 205, 212
Litvinov, Maksim, 244, 246, 250, 258, 270
Lore, Ludwig, 95, 100
Lorentsson, Emy, 270, 271, 280n71, 305n60
Lunacharskii, A. V., 67, 117, 188
Lutovinov (Workers’ Oppositionist), 304n42
Luxemburg, Rosa, 25, 26, 32, 33, 92, 198
Maiskii, I. M., 66, 251, 270
Makar, Aleksandr, 247, 309n23
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf, 268, 270
Marriage law, 1926 revision of, 236–38
Martov, Iulii, 29, 68, 89, 91
Marx, Karl, 17, 23, 24, 27, 28, 33, 37, 52, 54, 55, 56, 71
Masalin, Aleksandr, 4
Maslov, Petr Pavlovich, 68–69, 87, 229, 280n71
Maternity care. See Maternity insurance
Maternity insurance: Kollontai as expert on, xi, 59, 60, 97–98, 282n97; debate at Copenhagen Congress of International, 65; Russian Social Democratic legislation on, 66, 75, 76, 80; Kollontai’s institution of, 126, 128–31; discussed at 1918 women’s congress, 154, 155; Soviet programs on, 239
Medvedev, S. P., 192, 198, 199, 202, 214–20 passim, 224, 225
Miasnikov, G. I., 304n42
Mikhailov, M. L., 42, 43
Mikoian, Anastas, 198, 199
Miliutin, Dmitri, 8
Mill, John Stuart, 35, 42
Ministry of Social Welfare. See Commissariat of Social Welfare
Mirovich, Zinaida, 62
Mitin, F. A., 220, 304n42
Moirova, V. A., 165
Möller, Gustav, 260
Molotov, Viacheslav, 260–70 passim
Morgan, Lewis, 48, 49, 50
Morgari, Oddino, 93
Mravinskaia, Adele, 4, 6, 9, 12, 26
Mravinskaia, Evgeniia, 4, 6, 11, 13, 18, 26
Mravinskii, 4, 9, 10, 273n10
Mravinskii, Aleksandr, 26
Muranov, M. A., 160
Natanson, M. A., 136
Nerman, Ture, 93, 94
New Economic Policy: instituted, 199; Kollontai’s criticism of, 204–209, 230, 231, 234, 305n60; 1921–22 debate on, 202, 214–15, 217–18; mentioned, 212, 302n7
Niessel, Henri, 136
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 29, 37
Nikolaeva, Klavdiia, 111, 112, 119, 152, 212
Nikolai II, 25, 30, 102, 105, 106, 107
Nilsson, Ada, 252, 254, 256, 257
Norwegian Communist Party, 308n9
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 243
Norwegian Social Democratic Party. See Social Democratic Party of Norway
Okhrana, 279–80n63
Osinskii, N., 182
Ostrogorskii, Viktor Petrovich, 14
Palace of Motherhood, 129–31, 133, 148
Palencia, Isabel de, 265
Panina, Sofia, 290n18
Parskii, D. P., 145
Pavlovna, Vera (heroine of What Is To Be Done?), 42
Perovskaia, Sofia, 9
Pestkovskii, S. S., 246
Peters, Iakov, 293n89
Petrograd Conference of Women Workers (1917), 119, 126, 151, 152
Petrograd Soviet of Workers’ and Soldiers’ Deputies: Executive Committee of, 107, 109, 112, 140; mentioned, 106–107, 114–20 passim, 131, 140
Petrovskii, G. I., 77, 218
Piatakov, G. L., 92, 97, 103, 104
Pirogov, N. I., 41–42, 43
Plekhanov, Georgii, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28, 29, 33, 110
Podvoiskii, Nikolai, 108, 123
Populism: appeal in the 1890s, 18;
and woman question, 42–43
Pravdin, A. G., 217, 304n42
Preobrazhenskii, 203
Prostitution: feminist programs on, 43; Engels on, 50, 51; Bebel on, 52; Kollontai on, 58, 70, 72, 173–75, 228, 279–80n63; 1910 conference on, 66
Provisional Government, 106, 112–20 passim, 125, 181
Purges (1936–38): causes, 251; Kollontai’s reaction to, 252–57
Rabotnitsa, 78, 80, 112, 113, 119, 127, 282n98
Radek, Karl, 113, 114, 178, 205
Rakovskii, Kristian, 245
Reed, John, 120–21, 128, 178–79, 184, 223
Reichenbach, Bernhard, 204–205, 209
Revisionism, 24–25, 29, 32, 33
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 268
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 268, 269
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 38
Russian Social Democratic Labor Party: 2d Congress, 28–29; 6th Congress, 117; St. Petersburg Committee, 31, 46, 61, 62, 108, 110, 279n51; mentioned, xi
Russian Women’s Mutual Philanthropic Society, 43, 44
Rutgers, S. J., 94, 100
Rykov, 205
Ryti, Risto, 259, 261, 263, 267, 268, 312n88
Sadoul, Jacques, 139, 145, 146, 148
Saltykov-Shchedrin, M. F., 311n54
Samoilov, A. A., 76
Samoilova, Konkordiia Nikolaevna: enters work among women, 75–76, 78, 79–80; early life, 76; in 1917, 111, 119, 126, 127; and work among women, 1918–20, 152–57 passim, 165, 166, 170, 172, 240, 297n60; in civil war work, 162; death, 212
Sand, George, 40, 233, 235
Sapronov, T. V., 176, 182
Schmidt, V. V., 108
Second International: Stuttgart Congress (1907), 47, 48; Woman’s Secretariat of, 48, 80, 81; Copenhagen Congress (1910), 64–65; Basel Conference of, 82; reaction to World War I, 84, 85
Sedova, Natalia, 234, 249
Semashko, A. Ia., 115
Semenov, Vladimir, 268, 270
Sexuality: Engels on, 51, 53, 54; Bebel on, 53–54; Kollontai on, 58–59, 68, 73–74, 226–31
Shabanova, Anna M., 43
Shadurskaia, Zoia, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 22, 26, 94, 114, 115, 117, 130, 135, 217, 244
Shchepkina-Kupernik, Tatiana, 82, 104, 247, 256
Shliapnikov, Aleksandr Gavrilovich: early life, 86; and Kollontai, 87, 93, 97, 98, 105, 107, 108, 244; work with Lenin, 88, 284n36, 285n53; in Workers’ Opposition, 183, 185–87, 189, 192–202 passim, 214–20 passim, 225, 304n43; death, 252, 254; mentioned, 123, 131, 135, 260
Slutskaia, Vera, 62, 110, 111, 279n51
Smidovich, Sofia, 220–21, 304n45
Smirnov, V. M., 182
Social Democratic Party of Germany: revisionism within, 23–24; work among women, 45–46, 63–64, 277n8; Kollontai’s criticism of, 67–68, 90–91, 198; reaction to World War I, 84
Social Democratic Party of Norway, 93, 97
Social Democratic Party of Sweden, 85–86, 88, 89, 93, 101
Society of Mutual Aid for Women Workers, 46
Sol'ts, A. A., 218, 219
Sorokin, Pitirim, 118
Sosnovskii, L. S., 212, 213, 303n33
Sovnarkom. See Council of People’s Commissars
Spencer, Herbert, 21, 35
Stal’, Liudmilla, 78, 103, 111, 119, 152, 153, 154
Stalin, J. V.: in 1917, 105, 107, 108, 117, 133; and Kollontai, 136, 216, 218, 221, 234, 244, 245, 248, 253, 255, 286n7, 311n55; campaign against opposition, 225, 229, 247; attitude toward female emancipation, 240; in World War II, 257, 259, 260, 262, 269; mentioned, 257, 264, 311n55
Stasova, Elena, 18, 19, 29, 30, 149
Steinberg, Isaac, 293n83
Stomoniakov, B. S., 258
Strakhova, Maria Ivanovna, 11–12, 13, 16, 18, 19, 20
Strom, Fredrik, 85, 86, 88, 89, 113, 244, 245, 249, 251
Sukhanov, N. N., 109, 119
Svartz, Nanna, 265, 270
Sverdlov, Iakov, 119, 140, 152, 154, 169, 295n23
Swedish Foreign Ministry, 250, 259
Swedish Social Democratic Party. See Social Democratic Party of Sweden
Tanner, Väinö, 258–63 passim, 269, 312–13n90
Taylor, Harriet, 42
Tolstoi, Lev, 4, 133, 233
Trade Union Bureau (Petersburg), 61, 62
Trotsky, L. D.: during World War I, 89, 93, 283n28; and Kollontai, 99-100, 117, 123, 135, 136, 194, 217, 244, 247, 249, 253, 255, 283–84n31, 311n54; and Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 137–40 passim; and trade union debate, 184, 185, 188, 193, 300n15, 301n20; at 3d Comintern Congress, 205, 208–209; opposition to Stalin, 225, 229, 232; mentioned, 28, 122, 142, 150, 180, 181, 223, 234
Tsvetkov, Aleksei, 131, 132
Tukhachevskii, ?. N., 254
Ul’ianov, D. I., 162, 163
Union for Women’s Equality, 44, 45, 47
Unskova, A., 158
Vandervelde, Emile, 93
Vinogradskaia, Polina, 232, 233–34, 306n21
Volodarskii, V. V., 100
Vorovskii, V. V., 113, 114
Webb, Beatrice, 25
Webb, Sydney, 25
Wied, Victor von, 257
Williams, Albert Rhys, 135–36, 147
Wilson, Woodrow, 100
Winter War, 257–64, 311n66
Wolfe, Bertram, 246
Woman’s Bureau. See Zhenotdel Women workers: conditions before 1917, 44–15; activism in 1912, 75–76; attitudes toward Bolsheviks, 150–51, 165, 166
Women’s Progressive Party, 44
Women’s suffrage: 2d International endorsement of, 47, 48; Kollontai on, 59–60
Woolf, Virginia, 68, 75
Workers’ Opposition: formation of, 182, 183; before 10th Party Congress, 185–88, 300–301n19, 301n20; Kollontai’s role in, 188–201, 204–10, 216–20, 225, 234; after 10th Congress, 202–203, 214–20, 304n42; mentioned, 144, 177, 184
Wuolijoki, Hella Murrik, 261, 262
Zalutskii, P. A., 213
Zarudnyi, A. S., 116
Zasulich, Vera, 23, 46
Zetkin, Clara: and SPD woman’s movement, 45–46, 47–48, 63–64; and Kollontai, 64–65, 177, 205, 209, 217; during World War I, 90; and Woman’s Secretariat of Comintern, 167, 177, 205, 209, 297n69; mentioned, 56, 60, 75, 79, 111, 169
Zhenotdel: Kollontai’s proposals for, 46, 79, 111–12, 127, 153; delegate conferences, 153, 157, 164, 165; praktikantstvo, 161, 164; established, 163; under Inessa, 164–66; Central Section of, 164–71 passim, 171, 210–14 passim; condition in fall 1920, 168–71; under Kollontai, 171–77, 203, 210–14, 298n76; after Kollontai, 220–21; mentioned, xii, 184, 201, 209, 216, 217, 239, 240
Zimmerwald Conference, 93, 94, 95
Zimmerwald Left, 97, 100–101, 113, 119, 194, 219
Zinoviev, Grigorii, 111, 115–19 passim, 123, 178, 185, 205, 216, 217, 218, 225, 229, 244, 247, 249, 253, 254, 255, 305n1