INDEX
Acheson, Dean: Acting Secretary of State, 197; and Marshall, 200; arms embargo, 201; opposes aid to KMT, 208; defines U.S. Pacific defense perimeter, 220
Action committees, 41
An Chih-wen, on State Planning Committee, 229
Anti-Lo Ming line, 66
Asiatic mode of production, 248, 264
Austin, Warren, U.S. delegate to United Nations, 222
Badger, Oscar, Admiral, attempt to aid Fu Tso-yi, 211
Borodin, Michael: Soviet adviser to KMT, 7, 9; and northern campaign, 9; role in KMT split, 13; plan to defeat Chiang, 15; returns to Moscow, 19
Brezhnev, Leonid: succeeds Khrushchev, 265; calls for united action over Vietnam, 266; and “Brezhnev doctrine,” 332-33
Bukharin, Nicolai: as Stalin’s ally, 12; opposes Trotsky, 24-25; and Chinese revolution, 25; defeated, 30
Burdzhalov, E. M., attacks falsification of Soviet history, 234-35
Burma, Japanese capture of, 129
Cairo-Tehran conferences, 1943, 141-43
Canton uprising, 22
Chang Ch’un-ch’iao: on Central Committee Cultural Revolution Group, 273; leads rebel attack on Shanghai, 285
Chang Fa-k’uei: struggle with Li Chi-shen in Kwangtung, 22; opposes Chiang Kai-shek, 36-39; captures Ch’angsha, 41
Chang Hao: deputy secretary of Central Committee, 88; arrives in Shensi from Moscow, 90; attempt to resolve dispute between Mao and Chang Kuo-t’ao, 93
Chang Hsi, on State Planning Committee, 229
Chang Hsiu-ch’uan, appointed to PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 312
Chang Hsueh-liang: Manchurian warlord, 15; and Chinese Eastern Railway crisis, 33-34; and Sian incident, 96
Chang Kuo-hua, commander Tibet military region, 305
Chang Kuo-t’ao: and Sixth CCP Congress, 27; return to China, 55; and Long March, 77; conflict with Mao, 83-86; excluded from Revolutionary Military Commission, 87; and united front, 91-93; out-maneuvered by Mao, 94; conception of united front, 104; defection from party, 109, 113
Chang Lan, vice-chairman government council, 224
Ch’angsha (Autumn Harvest) uprising: effect of failure on Soviet policy, 21; and Mao Tse-tung, 21
Chang Wen-t’ien: one of twenty-eight Bolsheviks, at 4th plenum, 48; aids Mao at 5th plenum, 72; role at Tsunyi conference, 79-81; at Maoerhkai, 85; and Ch’in Pang-hsien, 87; mediates party conflict at Lochuan conference, 103-104; removed as party secretary, 108
Chao Yung-fu, military district commander and Tsinghai crisis, 299
Ch’en Ch’eng, defeats forces of Chang Kuo-t’ao in 1932, 59
Cheng Wei-shan, commander Peking military region, 310
Ch’en Hsi-lien: commander Man-churian military region, 280; and post-Wuhan policy change, 309
Chen Pao (Damansky) Island, border incident of 1969, 330
Chen Pei-hsien, and Kao-Mao conflict, 226
Ch’en Po-ta: on Central Committee Cultural Revolution Group, 273; and post-Wuhan policy change, 310; at 9th Party Congress, 331
Ch’en Tsai-tao, military region commander: and Wuhan, 298; Wuhan incident, 306-307
Ch’en Tu-hsiu: role in founding CCP, 6; and KMT split, 14; removed from leadership, 20; and Chinese Eastern Railway crisis, 33; expelled from party, 33
Ch’en Yi: commands rearguard defense of Kiangsi Soviet, 75; named commander New 4th Army, 124; and Huai-Hai battle, 213-15; and Third Field Army, 224
Ch’en Yün: at 5th plenum, 72; sent to Moscow, 80; returns to Yenan, 105; on State Planning Committee, 229; on Politburo Standing Committee, 237; criticized by Mao, 256
Chiang Ch’ing: heads Central Committee Cultural Revolution Group, 273; advisor to PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 288; calls on rebels to attack military, 308; and post-Wuhan policy change, 310; calls for support of army, 313-14; and Mao Thought-Study classes, 315; celebrates establishment of revolutionary committees, 324
Chiang Kai-shek: Whampoa commandant, 7-8; successor to Sun Yat-sen, 8-11; struggle with KMT left, 14; drive to eliminate Communists, 15; war with Yen-Feng coalition, 38-41; extermination campaigns in Kiangsi, 50f; and Fukien rebellion, 69-72; and Long March, 82f; excludes CCP from united front, 94; Sian incident, 96-98; proclaims united front with CCP, 104; elected director-general of party, 110; rejects Japanese peace terms, 123; and New 4th Army incident, 123-24; strategy in WW II, 131; and FDR at Cairo, 141; and coalition government, 144-45; hesitant to commit forces to Burma, 145-46; negotiations with CCP, 146f; meets with Vice-President Wallace, 148-49; requests Stilwell’s replacement, 149; requests appointment of special representative, 151; and Stilwell’s recall, 153-55; offers to include CCP in war cabinet, 158-59; and Yalta, 161-63; announces National Assembly, 165-66; seeks U.S. support vs Soviet Union, 173; and Sino-Soviet treaty, 177; and Man-churian issue, 178; negotiations with Mao, 178; and provisional coalition government, 189-90; conflict in Manchuria, 193-94, 200; declines Stalin’s invitation for meeting, 195; relations with U.S., 195-97; changes strategy, 201-203; reaction to Truman Doctrine, 208; makes personal appeal to Truman, 213; and Huai-Hai battle, 213-15; retires from presidency, 215
Chiang Ting-wen, appointed to replace Chang Hsueh-liang at Sian, 96
China Aid Act, 210
Chinese Communist Party: founding of, 6-7; penetration of KMT, 7-8; 5th Party Congress, 15; August 7 emergency conference, 20; 6th Party Congress, 25-27; 2nd plenum June 1929, 31; and Chinese Eastern Railway crisis, 32-33; 3rd plenum, September 1930, 44-46; 4th plenum, January 1931, 47-48; headquarters transfer to soviet areas, 51; response to Man-churian incident, 57; May 1934 emergency conference, 74; beginning of Long March, 76-77; Li-ping emergency conference December 1934, 78; Tsunyi conference January 1935, 78-81; Liang-hokou conference June 1935, 83-84; Maoerhkai conference August 1935, 84-85; party reorganization at Wayaopao conference December 1935, 88; and united front, 90f; Sian incident, 96-98; transfer to Yenan, 98; united front with KMT, 102; Lochuan conference August 1937, 102-104; Politburo conference December 1937, 108-109; 6th plenum Sept.-Nov. 1938, 111-13; expansion into North China, 114-21; collaboration with Japanese, 118; and Nazi-Soviet pact, 115; policy reversal of July 1941, 121-22; proposed settlement with KMT, 122; “100 regiments” campaign, 122; and German invasion of S.U., 128, 132; and Pearl Harbor, 133; negotiations with KMT, 146f, 179-80; and American O.S.S., 157-58; and Yalta, 161-63; 7th Party Congress, 166-70; race for Manchuria and Soviet role, 181, 184; battle of Ssup’ingchieh, 193-94; policy change of June-July 1946, 199f; assumes military offensive, 209-11; victory of, 212-15; Kao-Mao conflict, 226-28; 8th Party Congress, 236-38; Politburo Standing Committee established, 237; policy alternatives and the Soviet Union, 239-41; 8th Party Congress second session, 241-42; 8th plenum August 1959, 246; 7th plenum April 1959, 249; 10th plenum September 1962, 256-57; 11th plenum August 1966, 275-79; 12th plenum, October 1968, 326-27; and “pro-Soviet group,” 329-30; 9th Party Congress April 1969, 331; impact of Soviet legacy on, 340. See also Mao Tse-tung; Chinese People’s Republic
Chinese Eastern Railway: Sino-Soviet conflict over in 1929, 32-33; role in Li Li-san line, 34
Chinese People’s Republic: and Korean war, 221-23; establishment of, 223-25; break with the Soviet Union, 244; ideological conflict with the Soviet Union, 248; economic collapse, 249; rapprochement with United States, 333-34. See also Mao Tse-tung
Ch’ing dynasty, collapse of, 3
Ch’inglungchi, battle of December 1948, 214-15
Ch’in Pang-hsien (Po Ku): at 4th plenum, 48; conflict with Mao, 49; on politburo at 5th plenum, 72; on the Long March, 76; at Tsunyi conference, 79-81; replaces Chang Wen-t’ien, 87; appointed to Yangtze River bureau, 108
Ch’i Pen-yü: and post-Wuhan policy change, 310; dismissed from Central Committee Cultural Revolution Group, 319
Ch’iu Hui-tso: on PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 312; opposes decision to downgrade military, 336; disappearance, 337
Chou En-lai: role at Whampoa, 7; at 6th Party Congress, 27; conflict with Li Li-san, 31-32; return to Moscow, 37; sent to China as Comintern representative, 43; at 3rd plenum, 44-46; at 4th plenum, 47-48; and underground struggle with KMT, 50; vice-chairman Revolutionary Military Commission, 55; at Ningtu conference, 62-64; becomes chairman of Revolutionary Military Commission, 72; at May 1934 emergency conference, 74; and Long March, 76; Tsunyi conference, 79-81; at Wayaopao, 87; opposes Mao at Lo-chuan, 103-104; negotiates with KMT, 157, 158-59; and Marshall, 198-99; and Kao-Mao conflict, 228; 8th Party Congress, 237; flies to Moscow after Mao steps down as State chairman, 242-43; to Moscow after Khrushchev’s fall, 265; repudiates February outline report, 272; negotiates with provincial groups during Cultural Revolution, 304; role in Wuhan incident, 307-308; and Mao Thought-Study classes, 315; in establishment of revolutionary committees, 325; on China’s military preparedness, 326; at 9th Party Congress, 331; and Lin Piao’s fall, 337
Chou Pao-chung, accompanies Soviet forces into Manchuria, 181
Chou Yang, criticized, 271
Ch’ü Ch’iu-pai: as Comintern representative in 1927, 20; at 6th Party Congress, 27; returns to China as Comintern representative in 1930, 43; and 3rd plenum, 44-46; and 4th plenum, 47
Chu Li-chih, and Shensi soviet, 86
Chungshan incident, 9
Churchill, Winston: and FDR, 142-43; and Hurley, 163
Chu Teh: with Mao at Ching Kang-shan, 28; commander First Red Army corps, 40; commander First Front Army, 56; and Fukien rebellion, 70-72; at 2nd Congress of Soviets, 73; at Maoerhkai, 85; and Chang Kuo-t’ao, 94; commander of 8th Route Army, 102; dispute with Mao at Lochuan conference, 103-104; vice-chairman government council, 226; and Kao-Mao conflict, 226-27; at 8th Party Congress, 237
Communist International: 7th plenum instructions to CCP, 12-13; 8th plenum, 16; reservations concerning Nanchang uprising, 20; February 1929 directive, 30; June 1929 directive, 31; October 1929 directive, 33; opposition to Li Lisan line, 37, 39, 45-46; July 1930 directive, 42; November 1930 directive, 46-47; favorable view of Mao, 52; August 1931 directive, 53; 7th World Congress, 88-90. See also Soviet Union; Stalin
Coral Sea, battle of, 129
Czechoslovakia, Soviet invasion of, 322
Damansky (Chen Pao) Island, 330
Dimitrov, Georgi, general secretary of the Comintern, 89
Dual power, in Russian revolution, 4; in Comintern China policy, 5; function of KMT in, 6; CCP in, 7; change in tactics, 24, 26-27, 39
Ducroux (Serge LeFranc) Comintern agent, mission of, 51
Fang Chih-min, attempts diversionary break-out, July 1934, 75
Far Eastern Bureau, KMT raid on, 51
Fast and close strike, policy of, 74
February Adverse Current, 295
February outline report, 271-73
Feng Yü-hsiang, northern warlord, 6; attempts to reunify KMT, 16; supports Chiang, 19; later conflict with Chiang, 36-39, 41
Field armies, initial post-revolution distribution, 223
Fu Ch’ung-pi, and Yang Ch’eng-wu affair, 319
Fukien rebellion, 69-72
Fu Tso-yi, failure of U.S. to aid, 211; surrender, 215
Galen, Vasily (Bleucher), General, Soviet military adviser to KMT, 7; and Chinese Eastern Railway crisis, 32
Germany, attack on Soviet Union, 127
Great alliance, 295
Great areas, 223; abolition of, 225-26
Great Leap Forward, 242; impact on Sino-Soviet relations, 244; impact on domestic politics, 245-46
Han Hsien-ch’u, 320
Harriman, Averill, at Potsdam, 175
Hitler, Adolf: decision to attack the Soviet Union, 121-22; Tripartite pact, 121-22; attempt to reach settlement with KMT, 122
Ho Chi-minh: arrested in 1931, 51; death of, 332
Ho Ku-yen, removed from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302
Ho Lung: and Nanchang uprising, 19-20; commander 2nd Red Army corps 1930, 40; forced from Hung Hu base 1932, 59; and Long March, 77; in command of 120th division of 8th Route Army, 103; and First Field Army, 224; attacked in wall posters, 288
Ho Meng-hsiung: and Li Li-san, 39; conflict with Wang Ming, 40; relationship to Chang Kuo-t’ao, 43, 45
Hopkins, Harry, sent to Moscow, 172-73
Ho Ying-ch’in, Nationalist commander, First Army corps, 10
Hsia Hsi, political commissar for Ho Lung in 1932, 59
Hsiang Chung-fa: at 6th Party Congress, 27; and Li Li-san, 31; arrest and execution, 51
Hsiang Ying: at 6th CCP Congress, 27; chairman Revolutionary Military Commission in 1931, 55; commands Kiangsi rearguard force, 75; succeeded by Chou En-lai as chairman RMC, 72; named vice-chairman of Central Soviet Government, 87; secretary of Southeast China Bureau, 108; and New 4th Army, 108; opposes Mao, 119; New 4th Army incident, 123-24
Hsiao Hua: named to head PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302; dismissed, 312
Hsiao K’o, attempts diversionary breakout from Kiangsi, 75
Hsi Chung-hsün, on State Planning Committee, 229
Hsieh Chueh-tsai, named head of Council of Peoples Commissars, Dec. 1935, 87
Hsieh Fu-chih: deputy chief PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302; and Wuhan incident, 307-308; post-Wuhan policy change, 310; opposes use of public security forces, 312; on power in the provinces, 316; on 9th Party Congress, 317; promoted, 320
Hsieh T’an-chung, dropped from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302
Hsueh Mu-ch’iao, on State Planning Committee, 229
Hsüeh Yüeh, Nationalist commander, and Long March, 82-84
Hsu Hai-t’ung, at Wayaopao, 87
Hsü Hsiang-ch’ien: commander 4th Red Army corps, 1930, 40; at Maoerhkai conference, 85; replaces Liu Chih-chien as head of PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 288; dismissed from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302
Hsü Shih-yü, commander Nanking military region, 320
Huai-Hai, battle of, 312-15
Huang K’o-ch’eng: on State Planning Committee, 229; dismissed as chief of staff, 256
Huang Po-tao, and battle of Nienchuang, 214
Huang Wei, and battle of Shangtuichi, 214-15
Huang Yung-sheng: commander Canton military region, 280; promoted to chief of staff, 320; opposes decision to downgrade military, 336; disappears, 337
Hu Ch’ih, removed from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302
Hurley, Patrick: selected as FDR’s personal representative to Chiang Kai-shek, 152; and Stilwell’s recall, 154-55; mediates CCP-KMT negotiations, 156-57; and foreign service officers, 158; and Yalta, 163-65; meets with Churchill, 163; meets with Stalin, 163-64; informs Chiang of Yalta accords, 173; facilitates CCP-KMT negotiations, 179; resignation, 184
Hu Tsung-nan, Nationalist commander, and Long March, 82-84
Inner Mongolian Federated Autonomous Government, 110
Internationalists. See Wang Ming; Ch’in Pang-hsien; Chang Wen-t’ien
Jao Shu-shih: deputy secretary Central Plain Bureau, 124; and Kao Kang, 226; member State Planning Committee, 229
Japan: and Manchurian incident, 54; attacks Shanghai, January 1932, 58; war with China, 101; neutrality pact with Soviet Union, 102, 115; consolidates position in China, 110, 113; armed clashes with Soviet forces, 110-11, 114-15; Tripartite pact, 121-22; reaction to German invasion of Soviet Union, 127; and WW II, 128-29; military operations in North China, 132; declines link-up with German forces in mid-east, 129; capture of Burma, 129; alters war strategy, 139; Imphal offensive, 145; East China (Ichigo) offensive, 146; captures Heng Yang, 151-52; surrender, 177
Jen Pi-shih, and Chang Kuo-t’ao, 94
Johnson, Lyndon, and Vietnam, 266
K’ang Sheng: flies to Yenan, October 1937, 105; on Central Committee Secretariat, 257; Mao’s ally in Cultural Revolution, 271; repudiates February outline report, 272-73; on Central Committee Cultural Revolution Group, 273; and post-Wuhan policy change, 310; and Mao Thought-Study classes, 315; at 9th Party Congress, 331
Kao Kang: saved by Mao in Shensi, 86; assists Mao in cheng-feng movement, 137; promoted at 7th Party Congress, 170; replaces P’eng Chen in Northeast Bureau, 205; coalition with Jao Shu-shih, 226-28; on government council, 224; challenges Mao, 226-29; and Stalin, 230
Khabarovsk protocol, December 1929, settlement of Chinese Eastern railway crisis, 32
Khrushchev: in post-Stalin succession struggle, 230; policy toward China, 230-31; wins support of Mao, 231-32; secret speech at 20th Party Congress, 234-36; changes policy toward China, 247; ideological conflict with China, 247-48; fall of, 263-65. See also Soviet Union
K’o Ch’ing-shih, promoted to Central Committee in 1958, 241
Korean War: function of in Soviet strategy, 219-21; U.S. conduct of, 222; Chinese Communist entry into, 223
Kosygin, Aleksei: succeeds Krushchev, 265; calls for united action over Vietnam, 266; meets with Chou En-lai, 332
Kuan Feng: and post-Wuhan policy change, 310; purged, 311-12; dismissed from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 312; implicated in May 16 corps, 316
Kuangch’ang, battle of April 1934, 74
Ku Hsun-chang, CCP secret police chief, defects to KMT, 50
Kung Ch’u, and Fukien rebellion, 71
Kuo Hung-tao, and Shensi soviet, 86
Kuomintang (Nationalist Party): first congress, 7-8; early growth of, 8; second congress, 8, 12; split with CCP, 10; and left-KMT, 13-14; Kiangsi extermination campaigns—first and second, 50-51; third, 54; fourth, 58-60; fifth, 67f; response to Manchurian incident, 58; 70-30 plan, 67-68; pao-chia system, 68; pursuit of CCP on Long March, 77-78; secret negotiations with Soviet Union and Japan, 101; non-aggression pact with Soviet Union, 101; united front with CCP, 102; role in Soviet and German strategies, 122; New 4th Army incident, 123-24; strategy in WW II, 131; negotiations with CCP, 146f; abortive plot to oust Chiang, 152; 3 point counterproposal to CCP, 157; agreement to convene Political Consultative Conference, 158-59; 6th Party Congress May 1945, 170-71; postwar negotiations with CCP, 179; resumption of conflict with CCP, 192; battle of Ssup’ingchieh, 193-94; eruption of full-scale conflict, 199; effect of U.S. embargo on, 202-203; ammunition shortages, 211; impact of inflation, morale, corruption on, 212; defeat of, 212-15; retreat to Formosa, 215. See also Chiang Kai-shek
Ku Pai, Mao ally in 1934, 72
Lapham, Roger, head ECA mission to China, 211
Lend-Lease: to Soviet Union, Mile-post program, 162-63; ends to China, 182
Lenin, Vladimir: strategy of revolution, 4-5; policy toward China, 5-6
Lianghok’ou conference, 83-84
Li Ching-ch’uan: promoted to Central Committee in 1958, 241; relieved from posts in Szech’uan, 305
Li Chi-shen: conflict with Chang Fa-k’uei in Kwangtung, 22; vice-chairman government council, 224
Li Fu-ch’un: head General Political Department of Revolutionary Military Commission, December 1935, 87; on State Planning Committee, 229; chairman of reorganized State Planning Commission, 230; criticized by Mao, 256
Li Hsien-nien, criticized by Mao, 256
Li Hsueh-feng: named to organization department of North China bureau, 108; appointed head of Peking and North China bureau, 274
Li Li-san: at 6th Party Congress, 27; and conflict with Mao, 28f; and Ts’ai Ho-shen, 31; Chinese Eastern railway crisis, 34; Li Li-san “line,” 35f; opposes Moscow, 41; removed as party leader, 44f; termination of policy of nation-wide insurrection, 45-47; return to China in 1946, 206-207
Li Man-ts’ung, dismissed from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 312
Lin Chieh, purged as supporter of Wang Li, 311
Lin Pai-chu, report to 2nd congress of Soviets, 73
Lin Piao: assumes command of Red First Army, 56; at Maoerhkai conference, 85; at Wayaopao conference, 87; commands 115th division of 8th Route Army, 103; entry into Manchuria, 181; defeat at Ssup’ingchieh, 194; on condition of Red Army in Manchuria in mid-1946, 206; and rebuilt army, 207; conquest of Manchuria, 212; commander 4th Field Army, 224; supports Mao vs Kao, 228-29; promoted to Politburo Standing Committee, 241; becomes Minister of Defense, 246; policy toward army, 252-55; opposes intervention in Vietnam, 267; and beginning of Cultural Revolution, 269-70; post-Wuhan policy toward army, 309-310; Yang Ch’eng-wu affair, 319; on China’s military readiness, 326; named as Mao’s successor, 327; at 9th Party Congress, 331; conflict with Mao, 336-37; death of, 337-38
Lin Tsu-han, CCP negotiator with KMT, 147
Li Ta-chao, role in founding of CCP, 6
Li Teh (Otto Braun, Albert List): Comintern representative, 54; and policy of fast and close strike, 74; on Long March, 76; at Tsunyi conference, 79-81
Li Tso-p’eng: opposes decision to downgrade military, 336; disappears, 337
Li Tsung-jen: role in Yen-Chiang conflict of 1930, 36-39; succeeds Chiang as President, 215; fails to reach compromise with Communists, 214
Liu Chih-chien, head PLA Cultural Revolution Group: opposes PLA involvement in Cultural Revolution, 288; dropped from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302
Liu Chih-tan: and Shensi soviet, 84; at Wayaopao, 87
Liu Feng, appointed to Wuhan Military Region command, 309
Liu Hsien-ch’uan, named to command of Inner Mongolian Military District, 305
Liu Lan-t’ao: on State Planning Committee, 229; chief Northwest regional bureau, 276
Liu P’ei-shan, and post-Wuhan policy change, 309-10
Liu Po-ch’eng: on Revolutionary Military Commission, 55; in command of 129th division of 8th Route Army, 103; forces threaten KMT communications line, 208; and Huai-Hai battle, 213-15; and 2nd Field Army, 224
Liu Shao-ch’i: supporter of Mao, 72; at Tsunyi conference, 78-79; controversial report on party history, 99; secretary of Trade Union Movement Committee, December 1935, 88; appointed director cadres department, 109; assigned as political commissar of new 4th Army, 124; secretary Central Plain bureau, 124; report on party constitution at 7th Party Congress, 169; vice-chairman government council, 224; supports Mao vs Kao, 227-28; at National People’s Congress, 232-33; at 8th Party Congress, 236-38; favors continued cooperation with Soviet Union, 241; succeeds Mao as chairman of Chinese People’s Republic, 242; attempts to undo Great Leap, 243, 249; clashes publicly with Mao, 250-51; strengthens hold on provincial power structure, 254; and revised later 10 points, 261; and P’eng Chen’s February outline report, 271; confrontation with Mao, 273; confession announced, 284; overthrow announced, 285; expelled by 12th plenum, 326
Lochuan conference, August 1937, 102-104
Lo Jui-ch’ing: at 10th plenum, 256-57; advocates intervention in Vietnam, 267; removed prior to Cultural Revolution, 270-71, 273
Lo Mai, appointed director central committee organization department, 88
Lominadze, Besso: Comintern representative, and August 7 emergency conference, 20; view of Chinese revolution, 22; role in Canton uprising, 22; proposes immediate uprisings in China, 24
Lo Ming, dismissal of, 66
Long March: beginning of, 75; initial losses on, 78; Tsunyi conference, 79-81
Louis, Victor, newspaper article threatening China, 332
Ludden, Ray, 2nd secretary U.S. embassy Chungking, notes increasing hostility between CCP and KMT, 192
Lu Ting-yi, director of propaganda, removed prior to Cultural Revolution, 270, 272
Mao Tse-tung: position in KMT, 8; and Autumn Harvest uprising, 21; struggle with Li Li-san, 28f; Ku T’ien conference, 35-36; and Li Li-san line, 40-43; and Internationalists, 49f; chairman of Soviet Republic, 55; Ningtu conference, 62-64; report to 2nd congress of Soviets, 67, 73; Fukien rebellion, 69-72; on Long March, 76; Tsunyi conference, 78-81; and Moscow, 80-81; conflict with Chang Kuo-t’ao, 83-86; at Wayaopao, 88; and the united front, 90-95; Sian incident, 96-97; Lochuan conference, 102-103; Moscow and the united front, 104-105; Stalin and Wang Ming, 105-109; challenge to KMT, 116-17; struggle with Wang Ming, 119-20; German attack on Soviet Union, 132; Pearl Harbor, 134; cheng-feng movement, 134-37; proposes meeting with FDR, 158; 7th Party Congress, 166-70; chairman of the party, 169; meets Marshall, 191; victory over KMT, 213-15; meeting with Stalin, 221; chairman, government council, 224; conflict with Kao Kang, 226-28; supports Malenkov, 230; shifts to Khrushchev, 231-32; and National People’s Congress, 232-33; and 20th Party Congress, 236; 8th Party Congress, 237; and Malen-kov-Molotov-Kaganovich group, 238; at second session of 8th Party Congress, 241-42; and Great Leap Forward, 242; conflict with P’eng Teh-huai, 245-46; ideological conflict with Soviet Union, 247; and communes, 249; clashes publicly with Liu Shao-ch’i, 250-51; and the PLA, 251; Military Affairs Committee, 252; “Thought of Mao Tse-tung,” 253; struggle over provincial power structure, 255f; use of militia, 255; initiates socialist education movement, 257; and first 10 points, 258-59; and learn from the PLA campaign, 259-60; twenty-three articles, 262; opposes intervention in Vietnam, 267; decision to begin Cultural Revolution, 269-70; and February outline report, 271-72; confrontation with Liu-Teng group, 273; abolishes work groups, 275; initial strategy in Cultural Revolution, 276-79; role of Red Guards, 281f; broadens scope of Cultural Revolution, 283; brings in PLA, 288; alters theoretical basis of Cultural Revolution, 292-93; intensifies Cultural Revolution, 300-301; introduces army corps, 302-303; Wuhan incident, 307-308; uses additional army corps, 311-13; Thought-Study classes, 315; decision to terminate Cultural Revolution, 321; 9th Party Congress, 331; conflict with Lin Piao, 336-37. See also Chinese Communist Party
MacArthur, Douglas, General, and Korean War, 222-23
Ma Hung, on State Planning Committee, 229
Malenkov, Georgi: policy toward China, 230; “new course,” 231-32
Maoerhkai conference, 84-85
Ma Pu-fang, battle with Chang Kuot’ao in Kansu, 95-96
March black wind, 296
Marshall, George C., General: and Stilwell, 150, 154; appointed special representative to China, 184; meetings with President and State Department officials, 185-86; achieves cease-fire and arranges for Political Consultative Conference, 189; meeting with Mao, 191; returns to U.S., 193; returns to China, 194; arranges June 1946 truce, 194; urges Chiang to meet with Stalin, 195; asks Chiang to abandon Manchuria, 197; threatens Chiang with termination of services, 198; puzzled by change in Communist attitude, 198-99, 204; asks Acheson and Vincent for reactions, 200; and decision to impose embargo, 201-203; conversations with Yü Ta-wei, 202-203; recall, 204-205; suppresses Wede-meyer report, 209; and China Aid Act, 210; writes off China, 213
Marx-Lenin, concepts of, 4
Midway, battle of, 129-30
Mif, Pavel, Comintern representative, sent to China, 47
Mikoyan, Anastas, at 20th Party Congress, 235
Moscow. See Soviet Union; Stalin; Khrushchev; Kosygin; Brezhnev
Mu Hsin, purged as supporter of Wang Li, 311
Nanchang uprising, 19-20
Nehru, Jawaharlal, and Korean War, 222
Neumann, Heinz, Comintern representative: convenes August 7 emergency conference, 20; view of Chinese revolution, 22; role in Canton uprising, 22; proposes immediate uprisings in China, 25
New democracy, concept of: and 7th World Comintern Congress, 89; and Mao Tse-tung, 117
New 4th Army, organized October 1937, 108; under Wang Ming’s control, 109; growth of, 116; and “incident” of January 1941, 121, 123-24
Nieh Jung-chen, political commissar Red First Army, 1931, 56
Nienchuang, battle of November 1948, 214
Ningtu conference, 62-64
Noulens, Gertrude and Hilaire, Comintern agents in China, 51
Paris Commune, concept of, 293
Pao-chia, Nationalist system of social control, 68
Pearl Harbor, 128
P’eng Chen: replaced by Kao Kang in the northeast, 205; on State Planning Committee, 229; mayor of Peking and early Mao target, 270; repudiated and dismissed, 272-73; arrested, 284
P’eng Teh-huai: commander Third Red Army, 1930, 40; and Fukien rebellion, 70-72; and Tsunyi conference, 78-79; at Maoerhkai conference, 85; and Kao-Jao conflict, 226; on State Planning Committee, 229; minister of defense, attacks Mao’s policies, purged, 245-46
People’s Liberation Army: military regions reorganized, 233; basic structure of, 252-53; and Lin Piao, 252-55; involvement in Cultural Revolution, 288-90; support of the Left, 296-97; military control commissions, 295; and post-Wuhan policy change, 309-10; dispatch of army corps, 311-12; dissolution of PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 319. See also Red Army
People’s Political Conference, 171
Philippines, fall of in WW II, 129
Po I-po: on State Planning Committee, 229; report on economic policy, 238; criticized by Mao, 256
Port Moresby, New Guinea, Japanese attempt to land at, 129
Potsdam conference, 174-75
Red Army: reorganization of June 1930, 40; strength of in late 1931, 51; further reorganization of, 51-52; recruitment campaign of 1933, 67; reorganization at Maoerhkai conference, 85; reorganization at Wayaopao conference, 87; strength in 1945, 169; poor condition in mid-1946, 206; build up and 1947 offensive, 209; victory in civil war, 213-15. See also People’s Liberation Army
Red Guards, 280-84. See also Revolutionary rebels
Reformed Government of the Republic of China, 110
Revolutionary committees: difficulties in establishment of, 297; false seizures, 298; established throughout China, 324
Revolutionary rebels: attempt to “seize power,” 284-85; failure of, 301; conflict with army, 308. See also Red Guards
Roosevelt, Franklin D.: policy toward China, 130; agreements with Chiang Kai-shek at Cairo conference, 141; agreements with Stalin at Tehran, 141-42; agreements with Churchill at second Cairo meeting, 142-43; postwar strategy, 144; coalition government in China, 144-45; prods Chiang to commit forces to Burma, 145-46; sends Wallace to China, 148; seeks unification of all Chinese forces under Stilwell, 150-51; appoints Hurley as personal representative to Chiang, 152; recalls Stilwell, 155; and Stalin at Kalta, 160-63; instructions to Hurley, 163; death, 163
Roy, M. N. Comintern representative: policy proposal at 2nd Comintern Congress, 5; position at 5th CCP Congress, 15; reveals Comintern directive to Wang Ching-wei, 19
Russian revolution, 3-4
San Min Chu Yi (Three People’s Principles), ideology of Kuomintang, 6
Shangtuichi, battle of November—December 1948, 214-15
Sheng Wu Lien, anti-Maoist organization during Cultural Revolution, 318
Shen Tse-min, on politburo at 4th plenum, January 1931, 48
Shih Ch’eng, battle of, August–September 1934, 75
Sian incident, 95-98
Sneevliet, Henry (Maring), Comintern agent, 7
Socialist Education Movement, 257f
Soong Ching-ling, vice-chairman government council, 224
Soong, T. V., Nationalist foreign minister, 164-65
Sorge, Richard, Soviet espionage agent, 128
Soviet areas: reorganization of in 1931, 51-52; Mao’s role in, 52; growth of, 58
Soviets: first congress of, 54; second congress of, 73-74
Soviet Union: aid program to KMT, 6-7; early view of Chiang Kai-shek, 8; shift in policy to “soviet” stage, 21; policy change of 1928, 24-27; response to Manchurian incident, 56; and united front, 88-90; international strategy, 100; relations with Germany, 100; relations with Japan, 100; role of China, 101; non-aggression pact with China, 101; neutrality pact with Japan, 102, 115; armed clashes with Japan, 110-11, 114-15; Nazi-Soviet pact, 115; and fall of France, 121; Tripartite pact, 122; and Chinese Communists, 122; response to German invasion, 127; request Chinese Communist assistance, 128; WW II objectives, 144; Tehran, 141-42; Yalta, 161-63; declares war on Japan, 176; Sino-Soviet treaty, 177; strategy for Manchuria, 180-81; role of Chinese Communists, 180-81; refusal to permit Nationalist landing at Dairen, 183; withdrawal from Manchuria, 193-94; policy change of 1946, 194-95, 200f; assistance to Chinese Communist forces, 205-207; post-WW II objectives and Korean war, 219-21; ideological conflict with China, 247-48; urges Chinese intervention in Vietnam, 266; reaction to Cultural Revolution, 321-32; probes China’s military defenses, 329f; reaction to Sino-American rapprochement, 334-35; 24th Party Congress and China, 335; and Indo-Pakistani conflict, 335-36; long-range impact on Chinese politics, 340. See also Stalin; Khrushchev; Kosygin; Brezhnev
Ssup’ingchieh, battle of, 193-94
Stalin: disagreement with Trotsky over China policy, 11f; plan to capture KMT, 13; accused by Trotsky of opportunism, 16; speech to 8th plenum, 17; policy struggle in 1928, 24-25; opposes immediate uprisings in China, 25; defeats Bukharin, 30; sends Wang Ming to Yenan, 105; meets Roosevelt at Tehran, 141-42; at Yalta, 161-63; and Hurley, 163-64; meeting with Hopkins, 172-73; negotiations with T. V. Soong, 173-74; meets with Truman at Potsdam, 174-75; sets conditions for Soviet entry into Pacific war, 176; seeks meeting with Chiang in 1946, 195; meeting with Mao, 221; two-China policy and death, 230. See also Soviet Union
State Planning Committee, as organizational vehicle for Kao-Jao coalition, 229
Stilwell, General Joseph: sent to China, 130; role in China policy, 149-50; and Marshall, 150; Burma crisis and recall, 153-55
Stuart, Ambassador Leighton: heads “group of five,” 203; effort to bolster Fu Tso-yi, 211; urges change in American policy, 213
Sung Jen-ch’iung, head Northeast bureau, and Mao at nth plenum, 278
Sun-Joffe Agreement, January 1923, 6
Sun Yat-sen, leader of Kuomintang, 6; and Chinese Communists, 8
State-War-Navy-Coordinating Committee (SWNCC), proposes policy change in 1946, 196
Taierhchuang, battle of, 110
T’an Cheng, dismissed at 10th plenum, 256
T’an Chen-lin: and Kao-Mao conflict, 226; added to Central Committee, 241; and February Adverse Current, 295-96
T’ang Sheng-chih, opposes Chiang Kai-shek in 1927, 21
T’an P’ing-tzu, dismissed from PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302
T’ao Chu: and Kao-Mao conflict, 226; and 11th plenum, 278; overthrown, 285-86; and May 16 corps, 316
Tehran conference, 141-42
Teng Hsiao-p’ing: supporter of Mao, 72; and Kao-Mao conflict, 228-29; on State Planning Committee, 229; 8th Party Congress, 236-38; on politburo standing committee, 237; and later 10 points, 259; confession announced, 284
Teng Tzu-hui: vice-chairman. State Planning Committee, 229; proposes capitalist system for agriculture, 256
Three-way alliance, 294
Trautman, O. P., German ambassa-dor to China: attempts to mediate between Nanking and Tokyo, 107; and German offer to Chiang Kai-shek, 122
Trotsky, Leon: disagreement with Stalin over China policy, 11f; demands CCP withdrawal from KMT, 16; accuses Stalin of opportunism, 16-17
Truman, Harry S.: intends to continue FDR’s policies, 163; sends Hopkins to Moscow, 172; meets Stalin at Potsdam, 174-75; proposes “open door policy” for Manchuria, 174-75; message to Chiang Kai-shek, 175; attempts to support China versus the Soviet Union, 176; seeks to land U.S. forces at Dairen before Russians, 177; appoints Marshall, 184; decision to support Chiang, 185-86; policy statement of December 15, 1945, 186; urges Chiang to meet with Stalin, 195; and “Truman doctrine,” 207-208; sends Wede-meyer on fact-finding mission, 209; refuses Chiang’s personal appeal, 213; and U.S. policy in Asia, 220; and Korean war, 221
Ts’ai Ch’ang, director of Women’s Department, December 1935, 88
Ts’ai Ho-shen: named to politburo in 1928, 27; conflict with Li Li-san, 31
Ts’ai T’ing-k’ai: commander 19th Route Army, 69; and Fukien rebellion, 69-72
Tsedenbal, Yumjagiin, attacks Mao, 332
Tseng Shan: returns to Yenan, 105; appointed to organization department of Southeast China bureau, 108
Tseng Ssu-yü, appointed to Wuhan military region command, 309
Tu Cheng-nung, appointed secretary of the Central Committee, December 1935, 88
Tu Li-ming (Tu Yü-ming): leads Nationalist victory at Ssup’ingchieh, 194; and defeat at Ch’inglungchi, 214-15
Twenty-eight Bolsheviks, 37. See also Wang Ming; Ch’in Pang-hsien; Chang Wen-t’ien
Ulanfu, party secretary Inner Mongolia, attacked, 305
United front, in Soviet policy, 88-90
United States: Pacific strategy in WW II, 128-30; policy toward China, 130; impact of entry on China, 131; projected war role of China, 138; impact of operations on strategy, 138-40; dispatch of observer team to Yenan, 148; OSS plan to arm Chinese Communist forces, 157-58; and Foreign Service officers, 158; and Yalta agreement, 161-63; end war strategy toward China, 178; effort to assist Nationalists, 181-83; embargo on military aid to KMT, 202; lifts embargo, 209; policy review, 210; deficient arms shipment to Fu Tso-yi, 211; and recognition of CPR, 220; withdrawal from Korea, 220-21; and Korean war, 221-23; and Vietnam, 264-68; rapprochement with China, 333-34. See also Roosevelt; Truman; Marshall
U.S. Marines: deployed to Peking, 183; withdrawn, 209
Vietnam: and Khrushchev’s fall, 263-65; and United States, 264-65; and Soviet Union, 335
Vincent, John Carter: inquiry from Marshall, 200; and arms embargo, 201
Voitinsky, Grigorii, Comintern agent, 6
Wallace, Henry, Vice-President, mission to China, 148-49
Wang Chia-hsiang: named foreign minister of Council of People’s Commissars, 87-88; member Revolutionary Military Commission, 55
Wang Ching-wei: supported by Stalin, 8; return to China, 14; leads open break with Chiang Kai-shek, 15; attends 5th CCP Congress, 15; expels Communists from left-KMT, 19; defects from KMT, 113-14; expelled from KMT, 114; heads Japanese puppet regime, 123
Wang Li: member Central Committee Cultural Revolution Group, 307-308; Wuhan incident, 308-309; post-Wuhan crisis, 310; purged, 311-12; implicated in May 16 corps, 316
Wang Ming (Ch’en Shao-yü): sent to curb Li Li-san, 37; conflict with Li Li-san, 39f; struggle with Ho Meng-hsiung, 40, 46; and 4th plenum, 47; advances to politburo at 4th plenum, 48; conflict with Mao, 49; at 7th World Comintern Congress, 89-90; sent to Yenan, 105; conveys Stalin’s instructions, 106; holds majority on politburo standing committee, 108; renewed struggle with Mao, 120; and new 4th Army incident, 124; defeat at 7th Party Congress, 170; and Sino-Soviet crisis in 1969, 330-31
Wang Shih-chieh, Nationalist negotiator with CCP, 147
Wang Yun Ch’eng, at 4th plenum in 1931, 48
Wedemeyer, General Albert: replaces Stilwell, 155; enforces army discipline, 158; advises Chiang Kai-shek against occupation of Manchuria, 183; sent on fact-finding mission in 1947, 209; report suppressed by Marshall, 209
Weihsien, battle of, 211
Whampoa military academy, 7
Work groups, abolition of, 275
World Congress of Communist Parties: scheduled for December 1964, 264; convened June 1969, 331-32
World War I, 3
World War II, and periodization of, 127. See United States; Soviet Union; Japan; China; Germany
Wu Fa-hsien: air force chief, 310; appointed to PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 312; promoted, 320; opposes decision to downgrade military, 336; and Lin Piao affair, 337
Wu Han, author and vice-mayor of Peking, pre-Cultural Revolution target, 270
Wuhan incident, 306-309
Wu Liang-ping: report to 2nd congress of Soviets, 73; director propaganda department of Central Committee in December 1935, 88
Wu P’ei-fu, northern warlord, 6
Yalta conference, 160-63; repercussions of, 163-65
Yang Ch’eng-wu: deputy chief of PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 302; Yang Ch’eng-wu affair, 319; opposes Mao, 320; dismissed, 320
Yang Shang-k’un: at Wayaopao, 87; head North China bureau, 107; ousted prior to Cultural Revolution, 270, 272
Yao Wen-yuan: criticizes Mao’s opponents, 271; member Central Committee Cultural Revolution Group, 273; announces campaign against “May 16 corps,” 316; declares leading role of working class, 323-24
Yeh Chien-ying: becomes chief of staff of Red Army, December 1935, 87; replaces Lin Piao, 337-38
Yeh Ch’un, appointed to PLA Cultural Revolution Group, 312
Yeh T’ing: and Nanchang uprising, 19-20; nominal commander of new 4th Army, 108
Yen Hsi-shan, conflict with Chiang Kai-shek in 1930, 36-39, 41
Yü Li-chin, and Yang Ch’eng-wu affair, 319
Yü Ta-wei: Nationalist negotiator, 197; discussions with Marshall, 202-203