Index

Abercrombie, David, 42

Allen, W. Sidney, 39-41, 169n5

Analphabetic notation, 42-44 See also Bell, Alexander Melville; Jespersen, Otto; Sweet, Henry; Universal alphabet

Anderson, Donald Μ., 109, 171nl7, 172nl8

Anderson, John Μ., 143, 171nl6, 172n21

Anttila, Raimo, 116, 117

Arnheim, Rudolf, 108

Art elements: movement, 91- 92, 94-95, 103, 126, 155; hue, 103; intensity, 103; texture, 103; shape, 103-4, 112; line, 103, 112, 114, 118, 128; space, 103, 112, 114, 128; value, 103, 112, 130-31; listed, 103, 112, 171nl7; volume, 103, 153; expressive value of, 108-9, 112; in linguistics, 118

Articulatory phonetics: and devariāgarī alphabet, 41; and matrix, 41, 48, 82, 83; and three-dimensional models, 161, 164-6. See also Features, phonetic; Phonological space

Atkins, John, 126

Austerlitz, Robert, 63, 140

Austin, William: theory of sound change, 86-88, 92, 126

Barnes, J. Α., 7

Beckner, Morton, 170n9

Bell, Alexander Melville: Visible Speech, 2, 42-43; analphabetic notation of, 42-43, 46; and universal alphabet, 43, 46

Bever, Thomas G., 26-27, 34, 148-49

Black, Max, 80, 169n8, 170n9,170nl0, 170nll

Bloomfield, Leonard, 16, 17; subcategorization of English nouns, 22, 23; on disadvantages of comparative method, 100

Braithwaite, Richard В., 169-70n8, 170nl0 Bronowski, Jacob, 17, 19

Cairns, Charles E., 85

Campbell, Norman, 78, 169n8, 170nl0

Case grammar, 171nl6; tree in, 173n23. See also Fillmore, Charles

Categorial grammar, 1

Chao, Yuen Ren, 1; on models, 78, 111; on isomorphism, 110, on iconic relations, 110-11; 172nl9 Chapanes, Alphonse, 170n9

Chomsky, Noam, 27, 32, 35, 36, 37, 83, 149, 155; subcategorization of English nouns, 22-23, 31; modification of grid, 91-92; finite-state diagrams, 145- 46; on markedness, 155; on feature hierarchy, 168-69n3, 169n4. See also Art elements: movement; Features, phonetic; Transformational grammar

Chopping, 95, 97, 98

Cohn-Vossen, S., 160

Colby, Benjamin N., 83

Comparative method, 100, 116

Componential analysis, 38, 48, 55, 74, 126; in tree, 27, 91-92, 113, 115, 134; in matrix, 41, 48-52, 55, 60-64, 84, 89-91, 113, 134, 137; and grid, 52-53, 55, 61, 91-92, 113, 126, 134; in cube, 57-65, 91, 113, 134; and anthropology, 73- 74, 83; morphological, 82- 83, 149-58; syntactic, 89- 90; and three-dimensional models, 161, 165; and analphabetic notation, 169n6. See alsoArticulatory phonetics; Features, phonetic; Features, semantic; Generative phonology; Taxonomy; Transformational grammar

Composition, principles of See Design principles

Conflation, 70-74, 85, 113,134-35, 169n7

Conklin, Harold C., 29, 140

Constituent analysis, 38, 55, 74, 126, 137, 143; in tree, 35-37, 84, 113, 115, 134, 157-58; in Chinese box, 65-66, 113, 132, 134; in block diagram, 67-69, 113, 134; modification of figures for, 119-24; and Reed-Kellogg diagrams, 122- 23, 135; three-dimensional model for, 155-59. See also Models, three-dimensional; Reed-Kellogg diagrams; Stratificational grammar; Transformational grammar

Cross-over phenomena, 93

Darwin, Charles: influence on Schleicher, 8, 168nl; tree, 9, 10, 12-13, 101, 168n2

Darwin, Francis, 168n2

Deep structure, 93-95, 143, 153. See also Chomsky, Noam; Surface structure; Transformational grammar

Dependency grammar, 154, 171nl5, 171nl6, 172n21, 172-73n22; and tree, 142-45, 173n23; and constituent analysis, 143. See also Tesnière, Lucien.

Design principles: rhythm, 105-6, 112, 114, 115, 124- 26, 128-29, 134; listed, 105-7, 112; balance, 105, 112, 114, 132; emphasis, 107, 112, 126, 128. See also Symmetry

Devānagarī alphabet, 39-41, 169n5

Distinctive features. See Features, phonetic; Features, semantic; Features, syntactic

Emonds, Joseph E., 97. See also Root, of tree diagram

Embedding, 95

Erasure principle, 93

Erickson, Barbara, 85

Extraposition, 92, 170-71nl2

Features, phonetic: in matrix, 40, 41, 82; in grid, 53-54, 91-92; in cube, 58-60; and transformational grammar, 91-92; and three-dimensional models, 161, 164-66. See also Analphabetic notation; Articulatory phonetics; Componential analysis; Generative phonology

Features, semantic: hierarchy of, 26-27, 34, 148-49; in lexical entry, 27-30; 32-33; 147-49; and conflation, 73- 74. See also Componential analysis.

Features, syntactic, 61, 89. See also Componential analysis

Fillmore, Charles J., 171nl6, 172n21, 172n22, 173n23

Fodor, Jerry A., 83

Forchhammer, Jörgen, 57, 131

Francis, Nelson, 65-66, 122

Fries, Charles, 66

Genealogy, human: as source of tree diagram, 7, 9-10; as scientific model, 81

Generative phonology: and matrix, 83; and grid, 91-92. See also Transformational grammar

Genetic relationships among languages, 15-19, 36, 115-18 See also Comparative method; Genealo gy, human

Giegengack, A. E., 99

Gleason, Η. Α., Jr., 57-58,68, 110-11, 123, 132

Goodman, Nelson, 173n24

Grafting, 95, 97, 98

Graphs: directed, 147, 151, 174n26; in linguistics, 150- 52, 173-74n25; undirected, 152

Greenberg, Joseph Η., 8, 168nl

Gregg, John R., 20. See alsoTaxonomy

Grimm, Jakob, 45

Grimm's Law: as scientific law, 77-78, 81; and Kreislauf, 81. See also Kreislauf

Hadamard, Jacques, 77

Halle, Morris, 33, 52, 91, 92, 155, 168-69n3.

Harré, Romano, 81

Hays, David G., 144

Hesse, Mary В., 79-80, 117,169-70n8, 170nll

Hilbert, David, 160

Hockett, Charles F., 59-60, 132-33, 151; ״empty box," 67; principle of neatness of pattern, 85; and wave theory, 117-18; representation for immediate constituent analysis, 119, 120-21; morpheme order diagrams, 146-47

Hoenigswald, Henry Μ., 8, 146

Holton, Gerald, 84 Hudson, R. Α., 120

Human Genealogy. SeeGenealogy, human

Icon. See Iconic relations .

Iconic relations: icon, 110, 112, 127, 131-32, 134; Y. R. Chao on, 110-11, 172nl9; and isomorphism, 110-11, 112; and metaphor, 111; and neutral analogy, 111. See also Isomorphism

Immediate constituent analysis. See Constituent analysis

International Phonetic Alphabet, 50, 51

Isomorphism: of figures in linguistics, 68, 111, 133, 137, 138, 140, 147; of model and theory, 80; of model and explicandum, 80, 110; Y. R. Chao on, 110; and iconic relations, 110-11, 112; and neutral analogy, 111; and material analogy, 112. See also Iconic relations; Material analogy; Model, scientific

Jakobson, Roman, 74, 83, 150; on Russian declension, 61- 62, 63, 70-71, 82, 85, 129- 30, 152, 169n7; conflation diagram, 85

Jespersen, Otto, 64, 170- 71nl2; analphabetic notation, 169nl6; directed graph, 174n26

Joos, Martin, 83

Kaplan, Abraham, 170n9, 170nl0, 170nll

Katz, Jerrold J., 28, 32, 147

Kay, Paul, 21-22, 64-65, 126

Kepes, Gyorgy, 105, 171nl7,172nl8

King, Robert D., 86-87

Klee, Paul, 114, 118; on art elements, 103-4, 106-7, 114, 132, 171nl7, 172nl8; on matrix design, 124

Kreislauf: as design, 81, 109; and three-dimensional model, 161-63, 164, 166; and matrix, 162-63. See alsoGrimm's Law

Kuhn, Thomas, 170nl0, 170nll

Lachman, Roy, 169-70n8

Lakoff, George, 155

Lamarck, Jean Baptiste P.-Α., 9, 11

Lamb, Sydney, 120-21, 171nl6 See also Stratificational grammar

Law, scientific: definition of, 77-78; in linguistics, 77-78, 81; Grimm's Law, 77-78; Grassmann's Law, 81; Verner's Law, 81

Leibnitz, Gottfried Wilhelm von, 11.

Lexical entry. See Features,semantic

Linear B, 39

Linguistic universals, 78

Lodwick, Francis, 42, 47

Lotz, John, 128, 150

Lyons, John, 171nl4

Luick, Karl, 45

Maas, Paul, 12

Maher, John P., 6, 8, 11, 12,16, 83, 168nl

Manuscript stemma, 11-12

Martinet, Andrè: theory of sound change, 78, 86, 88, 92, 126; on dangers of models, 101

Material analogy: Hesse's formulation of, 79; and scientific model, 79-80, 170n9; and graphic design, 113-14. See also Isomorphism; Metaphor; Model, scientific; Negative analogy; Neutral analogy; Positive analogy

Metaphor: of tree, 92, 95, 122; furnishes neutral analogy, 95-101; and art elements, 109; and iconic relations, 111; influence of on linguistic theory, 171nl6. See also Genealogy, human; Iconic relations; Model, scientific

Model, scientific: double helix, 5, 81; definition of, 78; wave model of light, 78-79; function of, 78-80, 169-70n8, 170nl0; heuristic use of, 79-80, 84-86, 89- 101, 98, 170nll; and material analogy, 79-80, 179n9; and graphic design, 114. See also Isomorphism; Material analogy; Models, three-dimensional; Wave theory

Models, three-dimensional: and neutral analogy, 153; in linguistics, 153-67; and dependency grammar, 154; Tesnière on, 154-55. See also Art elements: movement; Art elements: volume

Morin, Yves Ch., 97-98, 141-43,145, 151. See also Vines

Moulton, William G., 44-45, 163-64, 166

Nagel, Ernest, 78, 169-70n8, 170n9, 170nl0, 170nll; definition of scientific theory, 77

Negative analogy: and material analogy, 80; and wave model of light, 80; and matrix, 88, 91, 92; in theories of sound change, 88, 92; and grid, 91-92; and tree, 98; and metaphor, 100. See also Material analogy; Model, scientific; Neutral analogy

Neutral analogy: and heuristic use of scientific model, 80; and wave model of light, 80; furnished by matrix, 88, 91, 135, 155; and metaphor, 92, 95, 98- 100; furnished by tree, 95, 98, 135, 157; and graphic representation, 102; in three-dimensional models, 159. See also Material analogy; Model, scientific

Nida, Eugene A. 26, 37, 67, 69, 73-74, 83; representation for constituent analysis, 119, 121

O'Malley, Michael, 97-98, 141-45, 151. See also Vines

Ong, Walter J., S.J., 7

Ore, Oystein, 150-51

Pānini, 41

Partee, Barbara Hall, 93,171nl3

Paul, Hermann, 45

Pfalz, Anton: theory of sound change, 87-88, 92, 126

Phonological change. See Sound change

Phonological space: history of concept, 44-45; and matrix, 45, 47-48; and sound change, 86-87; three- dimensional model for, 159-67

Phonology. See Articulatory phonetics

Phonology, generative. See Generative phonology

Pike, Kenneth, 19-20, 24, 25, 26, 48, 50, 71-72, 115, 149; on heuristic use of linguistic models, 83, 84- 85, 88-91; matrix multiplication, 90-91, 95; tetra- hedron, 89-90, 91, 98

Positive analogy: and material analogy, 80; and wave model of light, 80; furnished by matrix, 88, 98; furnished by tree, 98; and metaphor, 100. See alsoMaterial analogy; Model, scientific; Neutral analogy

Postal, Paul Μ., 28, 32, 93,143, 147

Pruning, 93, 95-97, 98, 100, 171nl5

Reed-Kellogg diagrams, 122-24,135, 172n20, 172n22

Ritschl, Friedrich, 12 Robinson, Jane J., 143, 144, 145, 171nl5, 172n21, 172n23

Romney, A. Kimball, 64-65

Root, of tree diagram, 95, 97, 98, 101

Rosenbaum, Peter S., 26-27, 34, 93, 148-49

Rosenblueth, Arturo, 170n9

Ross, John Robert, 95-97. See also Chopping; Grafting; Pruning

Rule. See Transformational grammar

Russian declension. SeeJakobson, Roman

Saussure, Ferdinand de, 86

Schachter, Paul, 93, 171nl3

Schleicher, August, 12, 16- 17, 83, 100; Stammbaum,6-13, 98, 117; and Darwinian theory, 8-9, 12-13, 168nl; designer of Kveislauf figure, 81, 109, 161. See also Comparative method; Genetic relationships among languages

Schmidt, Johannes: and wave model, 116-17; on graphic representation, 117. See also Wave theory

Schrader, Otto von, 8, 9, 116

Scott, Robert G., 105, 106, 172nl8

Sebeok, Thomas Α., 82; on heuristic use of matrix, 85

Sievers, Eduard, 48-49

Simpson, George Gaylord, 9, 15, 29, 32

Smith, Henry Lee, Jr., 18-19

Sound change: and matrix, 86-88, 92; and three-dimensional model, 163, 166; and phonological space, 166

Southworth, Franklin C., 116-17, 135

Stacking, 93

Stammbaum. See Schleicher, August

Stockwell, Robert P., 93, 171nl3

Stratificational grammar, 120-21, 154, 171nl6

Surface structure, 94-95, 153. See also Deep structure; Transformational grammar

Sweet, Henry: analphabetic notation, 43-44; and matrix, 43-44

Symmetry, 105-6, 112, 124-25, 132. See also Design principles

Systemic grammar, 120

Tables, 136-41, 152

Tagmemics, 1, 173n22

Taxonomy, 15, 38, 55, 74; in tree, 19-27, 36, 113, 115, 134; set-theoretic definition of, 20; unique beginner, 20, 141-43, 145, 147; admissible relations between taxa, 21-22; overlapping classes in, 22-26, 27, 115, 125-26; compared with componential analysis, 32-35, 36, 149. See also Features, phonetic; Features, semantic; Venn diagrams

Tesnière, Lucien, 142, 154, 172n21; on two-dimensional models, 154-55. See also Dependency grammar

Theory, scientific: definition of, 77.See alsoLaw scientific; Model scientific

Three-dimensional models. SeeModels, three-dimensional

Torus, 159-67

Toulmin, Stephen, 77, 78, 153, 169n8, 170n9, 170n10, 170nll

Trager, George L., 18-19

Transformational grammar: meaning of term "generative," 36, 94, 171nl4; concept of rule in, 91-92, 94-95, 153, 155; heuristic use of tree in, 92-101; and movement, 94, 155; and three-dimensional model, 159. See also Chopping; Features, phonetic; Fea- tures, semantic; Genera- tive phonology; Grafting; Pruning; Root, of tree diagram

Tree-pruning. See Pruning

Trubetzkoy, Nicolai S.: and matrix, 47, 48-50, 51, 127; on heuristic use of matrix, 85

Universal alphabet, 42, 43, 46-47

Universals, linguistic. SeeLinguistic universals

Venn diagrams, 21-22, 132-33

Vines, 95, 97-98, 101, 141-43, 145; and metaphor, 101. See alsoTesnière, Lucien

Von Ostermann, George F., 99

Wallace, Anthony F. C., 126

Watkins, C. Law, 108-9

Wave theory: of light, 78- 79, 117; diagram for, in linguistics, 116-18

Weinreich, Urich, 147

Weyl, Hermann, 94, 105-6. See also Symmetry

Whitney, William Dwight, 39-41, 169n7

Wiener, Norbert, 170n9

Yngve, Victor H., 81

Zierer, Ernesto, 173n25