Absolute, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64, 65, 70, 73, 96
Absolute axiom, 72
Aenesidemus, 30. See also Schulze, G.E.
Alembert, J. d’, 83
Analytic philosophy, 160, 162, 163
Anselm, St. of Canterbury, 135, 148
Antifoundationalism, xi, 168–70, 172
—Fichte’s, 41, 174, 177
—Hegel’s, 60
Aquinas, T., 3
Architectonic, 19
Aristotle, ix, x, 3, 6, 8, 12, 23, 33, 39, 47, 95, 113, 117
—Metaphysics, 3, 117
—Nicomachean Ethics, 117, 173
—Prior Analytics, 3
—Posterior Analytics, 3, 117
—Topics, 117
Arnauld, A., 147
“Attitudes of Thought to Objectivity,” 95, 114, 137, 138, 141, 142, 145, 161
—empiricist, 123–24
—Kantian, 120, 155
—post-Kantian, 120, 130–35, 172
—pre-Kantian, 120, 121–23, 135
Augustin, St., 156
Bacon, F., 49, 68, 143, 167
Bardili, C. G., x, 25, 44–48, 70, 71, 72
—Sketch of the First Logic . . . , 46, 71, 72
Basic Proposition, absolute, 18, 30, 56
Belief, 155. See also Reason
Berkeley, G., 124
Beyer, W. R., 13
Böhme, J., 70, 143
Carneades, 3
Categories, 47, 53, 93
Certainty, 31, 131, 145, 146, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158
Circle, concept of, 75, 140
—and philosophy, 90, 99
—Cartesian, 147
—geometrical, 5
—hermeneutic, 14
—of circles, 6, 98, 102
Circularity
—and geometry, 1, 6, 103
—Fichte’s concept of, 34–35, 39–43
—Hegel’s concept of, vii, viii, 1–15 passim, 82, 84, 97, 101, 102, 103, 105, 110, 111, 119, 133, 135, 136, 137, 139, 142, 147, 152, 153, 157, 159, 173, 176–79 Passim
Cogito, 144, 148, 153
Condillac, E., 167
Descartes, R., 2, 10, 39, 49, 57, 68, 69, 109, 121, 130, 131, 133, 135, 138, 141, 142–54, 166, 178
—Discourse on Method, 153
—Dioptrics, 153–54
—Meditations, 69, 153
—Meteors, 153–54
Destutt de Tracy, A., 167
Dewey, J., 94
Diallelus argument, 166, 169, 170, 173
Diderot, D., 83
Dilthey, W., 3
Dogmatism, 6, 8, 65, 142, 144, 172
Dualism, 70, 129, 130
Düsing, K., 13
Elementary philosophy, Reinhold’s, 24–27, 28–43 passim
Empiricism, 31, 92, 126, 130, 142, 163, 165
Encyclopedia, etymology of term, 83
Engels, F., 180
Epistemological justification, 2, 3, 4, 8, 17, 23, 33, 39, 42, 85, 93, 94, 97, 100, 154, 162, 166, 177
—and circularity, 8, 23
—circular, 39, 76, 77
—linear, 42, 104
Epistemological strategies, 10, 63, 161, 173, 174, 175
—analytic, 162, 164, 165–66, 168–70, 171–73
—Cartesian rationalist, 10
—Greek intuitionist, 10
—phenomenological, 162, 164–65, 167–68, 171–72
Epistemology, vii, xi, 46, 122, 141, 171, 172, 173, 180, 181
—circular, vii, 24, 44, 51, 52, 60, 90
Eriugena, J. S., 13
Faith, 56, 88, 130, 131, 143. See also Reason
Feder, J. G., 24
Fichte, J. G., 3, 13, 22–29 passim, 34–43, 44–67 passim, 71–79 passim, 109, 113, 119, 126, 128, 130, 131, 132, 146, 151, 155, 169, 174, 176, 177, 178
—Contnbution to the Correction of Judgments of the Public . . . , 39
—Critique of All Revelation, 35, 39
—First Introduction . . . , 155
—Foundation of the Entire Science of Knowledge, 37, 40, 41, 62
— “On the Concept of the Science of Knowledge,” 36–37, 40, 41
— “On the Exposition of Schelling’s System of Identity,” 59
—Own Meditations on Elementary Philosophy, 40
Foundation, epistemological, 18, 19, 26, 38, 57, 144, 145, 154, 159, 160, 161, 163, 165, 172, 177
Foundationalism, epistemological, 56, 60, 66, 73, 74, 77, 154, 163–64, 166, 169, 172, 173, 174
Founding and grounding tendency, Reinhold’s, 55, 69, 73
Fries, J. F., 42
Fulda, H.-F., 11, 13
Gadamer, H.-G., 3
Garve, C., 24
Gentile, G., 3
German eclecticism, 49
Ground, 44, 144
—absolute, 49
—rationalist, 21
—transcendental, 20, 21
Harlander, K., 13
Hartmann, N., 12
Hegel, G. W. F.
—De orbitis planetarum, 5, 76
—Differenzschrift, xi, 5–6, 50, 51–77, 82, 85, 87, 90, 94–98 passim, 101, 106, 108, 113, 114, 119, 120, 124, 125, 126, 135, 136, 139, 150, 176, 177
—Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences, x, xi, 6–7, 67, 80–137, 139, 140, 141, 144, 145, 150, 155
—Faith and Knowledge, 5, 62, 67, 114, 124, 131, 132
—Jenaer Schriften, x
—Lectures on Aesthetics, 7
—Lectures on the History of Philosophy, 8, 66, 67, 100, 111, 114, 137, 138–55
—Lectures on the Philosophy of History, 7, 112, 113
—Nürnburger Schriften, 83–84
—Phenomenology of Spirit, 6, 8–10, 13, 15, 59, 91, 92, 96, 99, 100, 105, 107, 116, 128, 156
— “Relation of Skepticism to Philosophy,” 5–6
—Science of Logic, x, 6, 11, 67, 80, 81, 82, 103, 106–10
— “Systemfragment,” 5
— “Wastebook,” 6
Hegel literature on circularity, x, 11–15
History, 111, 112–13
—of philosophy, viii, ix, 2, 14–17 passim, 70, 71, 86, 96, 103, 111, 113–21 passim, 131, 136, 137, 138, 149, 156, 161, 173
—philosophy of, 112
Holbach, P. H. T., 167
Hume, D., 26, 49, 124, 125, 151, 163
Husserl, E., 163
Hyppolite, J., 13
Idea, speculative (or absolute), 96, 104
Idealism, 48, 49, 50, 65, 178, 179
—subjective, 61, 62, 126, 127
—transcendental, 45, 50, 68
Indifference point, 61, 62
Intuition, 131
—aesthetic, 57
—intellectual, 57, 58, 60, 62, 89
—transcendental, 57, 58
Intuitionism, 131
Jacobi, F. H., 5, 23, 25, 45, 69, 71, 89, 91, 130–35
Kant, I., ix, 3, 16, 18–22, 23–39 passim, 47–55 passim, 62–67 passim, 71, 73, 89, 94, 109, 117–51 passim, 161, 170, 174, 177, 178
—Critique of Judgment, 21
—Critique of Pure Reason, 17–23 passim, 26, 42, 44, 47, 59, 68, 126
—Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, 21
—Inaugural Dissertation, 23
—Introduction to Logic, 23
—Metaphysical Foundations of Natural Science, 20–21
—“Nova Dilucidatio,” 20, 21, 57
—Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics, 24, 129
Käsewetter, 47
Kaufmann, W., 12
Kojève, Α., 13
Kümmel, F., 14–15
Labarrière, P.-J., 13
Lambert, J. J. H., 18–19
Leibniz, G. W., 20, 26, 39, 45, 117
Leibnizian-Wolffian philosophy, 121, 123
Leisegang, H., 13
Lenin, V. I., 13–14
Linearity. See Circularity
Litt, T., 13
Locke, J., 26, 118, 124
Logic, 26, 44, 46, 47, 115, 116
—Bardili’s reduction of philosophy to, 48
—Hegel’s critique of reduction of philosophy to, 69
—Reinhold’s reduction of philosophy to, 72, 73, 77
—speculative, 93, 115, 116
Luther, M., 143, 180
Lutheranism, 143–44
—Hegel’s, 143
Maass, 47
Maimon, S., 22, 25, 27, 28–30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 174
—Attempt at Transcendental Philosophy, 27
Marx, K., 3, 9, 13, 93, 180
Marxists, 97, 180
Materialism, 49
Mathematics, 9, 50
Mendelssohn, M., 23
Metaphysics, 81, 93, 116, 117, 121, 147
—Kantian, 117–18
—pre-Kantian (prior or old), 121–23, 124, 130, 132, 135, 136, 172
Moore, G. E., 163
Neo-Platonism, 3, 143
Newton, I., 4, 7, 104
Nietzsche, F., 23, 30
Nonphilosophy. See Unphilosophy
Ottmann, H. H., 13
Parmenides, 2, 86, 117, 139, 147
Petitio principii, 23, 147
Phenomenology, xi, 118, 160, 162, 163, 165, 167–68, 169, 170, 171–72
Philosophical revolution
—Hegel’s epistemological, 75–77
—Kant’s Copernican, 35, 75, 76, 121
—Reinhold’s, 71
Philosophical tradition
—German idealist, ix, 16, 21, 22, 30, 42
—Greek, ix, 136, 138–41, 159, 176
—modern, 10, 26, 29, 141–44 passim, 150, 177
—post-Aristotelian, 3, 11
—post-Kantian, ix, 10, 17, 19, 26, 29, 67, 113
Plato, 2, 10, 14, 35, 71, 98, 121, 122, 133, 139, 140, 141, 164, 166
—Philebus, 14
—Republic, 86, 87
—Theaetetus, 14, 122, 166
—Timaeus, 2, 8
Pragmatism, 162, 173, 179
Presocratics, 2, 11
—doctrine, 4, 10, 104, 178
Presupposition, 2, 26, 57, 70, 88, 89, 112, 122, 145, 149, 156, 158, 164–70 passim, 178, 181
—absolutely basic, 74
—Enlightenment view of, 167
—etymology of term, 86
—immediate, 100
—prephilosophical, 55
Presuppositionlessness and philosophical science, 86–90 passim, 98, 105, 145, 153, 157, 164, 165, 168, 178
Principle, 29, 76
—basic, 31
—initial (ultimate epistemological), 28, 32, 34, 36, 38, 41, 57, 60, 144
—of consciousness. See Representation
—of non-contradiction, 48
—speculative, 62
Problem of knowledge. See Epistemology
Proclus, 3
Protestant principle, 143
Protestant Reformation, 92, 143
Protestantism, 132
Rationalism, 31, 57, 69, 164, 178
Realism, 44
Reason, 19, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 64, 65, 76, 112, 127, 130, 143, 145, 155, 156, 157, 158, 180, 181
—and belief, 155–56, 180
—and faith, 143, 144, 156
—and speculation, 53, 55, 56, 145
—postulates of, 56
—pure, 21
Reflection, 90, 93, 115
Reinhold, K. L., x, 5, 21–68 passim, 69–77, 88, 94, 101, 106, 108, 109, 119, 131, 146, 152, 165, 174, 176, 177
—Attempt at a New Theory of the Human Capacity for Representation, 25, 71
—Concerning the Foundation of the Elementary Philosophy, 25
—Contributions to the Correction of Previous Misunderstandings of Philosophers, 25
—Contributions to the Easy Survey of Philosophy at the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century, 48, 68, 71
—Letters on the Kantian Philosophy, 24
—On the Foundation of Philosophical Knowledge, 25, 26–27, 36
Religion and philosophy, 88
Representation, Reinhold’s principle (theory) of, 22, 25, 27, 29, 34, 36, 38
—Fichte’s reconstruction of, 38
—Hegel’s view of, 90
—Schulze’s critique of, 33–34
Rosen, S., 12
Rosenkranz, K., 83
Russell, B., 163
Schelling, F. W. J., x, 5, 22, 23, 35, 46, 49, 51–68 passim, 71, 75, 79, 113, 119, 130, 131, 132, 148, 151, 178
—An Exposition of My System of Philosophy, 61
—Ideas towards a Philosophy of Nature, 61
—System of Transcendental Idealism, 61, 68, 79, 130
Schiller, F., 51
Schleiermacher, F. E. D., 89, 130–35
—On Religion: Talks to the Educated among Their Contemptors, 131
Schopenhauer, A., 24
Schulz, W., 13, 14
Schulze, G. E. (Aenesidemus), 22, 27, 30–34, 35–40 passim, 174
—Aenesidemus, or on the Bases of the Elementary Philosophy Proposed by Professor Reinhold in Jena, 30
Science, 26, 93
—empirical, 26, 95, 98, 162
—philosophical, 26, 45, 83, 86, 92, 96, 98–99, 106, 107, 110, 157
Skeptical tropes, 32, 170
Skepticism, 30, 32, 38, 49, 124, 126, 142, 149, 163
—and dogmatism, 26
—empirical, 118
—Kant’s view of, 30–31
—Pyrrhonian, 30
—Schulze’s view of, 30–34
Skeptics, 37
Speculation, 54, 55, 58, 59
Speculative identity, 58
Spinoza, B., 114
System, philosophical, 17, 18–22, 59, 60, 63, 170
—Fichte’s view of, 36–43
Taylor, C., 12
Theology, 117, 121, 144
Thing-in-itself, 125, 129
Tholuck, F.A.C., 81
Thought
—and being (objectivity), 10, 102, 108, 133, 134, 139–58 passim, 170–81 passim
—Descartes principle of independent. See Protestant principle
Transcendental unity of apperception, 128
Understanding, 9, 39, 64, 65, 132, 142, 145
—Hegel’s view of, 130
—Kant’s view of, 55, 56, 76
Unlimited repetition, 45, 48, 50
Unphilosophy, 51, 52, 53, 66, 72, 119, 177
Vico, G., 3, 122
Wolff, C., 18, 19, 84, 117