“Index” in “Hosting States and Unsettled Guests”
Abiy Ahmed, ix, 163, 164, 165; awarded Nobel Prize, ix, 164, 165; elevation to power as Prime Minister of Ethiopia, 163
Addis Ababa, xi, 44, 51, 88, 115, 117, 141, 143, 154, 163, 167, 168; as field site, 21–22, urban development, 37, 138, urban refugees in, 62, 64, 81, 87, 100, 124–127, 132
Addis Ababa University, xi, 115, 124, 141
Adi Harush, ix, xi, 22, 60, 61, 75, 79, 162, 166, 167, 168, 169
Administration for Refugee and Returnee Affairs (ARRA), xi, 7, 27, 77, 91, 124
agency, 4, 12, 23, 26, 52, 63, 94–96, 102, 112, 122, 133–134, 137, 140, 145n7, 145n9, 146n11, 146n12, 147, 149, 153, 155, 159; economic agency, 42; temporal agency, 2, 5, 12, 16–21, 25n13, 25n19, 86, 87–89, 113, 117–119, 123, 146n10; through care practices, 103
alcohol, 48
Andalusia, 67n8
anthropology, 12, 24, 25n14, 49, 67n2, 73, 90n6, 103, 120, 146n13; anthropology of time, 24n8
Appadurai, Arjun, 18, 20, 66, 90n7, 145n3, 159
aspirations, 2, 13, 18, 21, 40, 41, 69, 79, 89, 122, 131, 141, 148, 153, 156, 158; unfulfilled aspirations, 70, 147, 151
asylum, 1, 5, 10, 14, 24n2, 24n5, 25n10, 28, 30, 33, 36, 46, 47, 50, 52, 55, 94, 114n6, 126, 130, 157, 170
asylum seekers, 1, 10, 24n2, 25n10, 28, 30, 46, 47, 50, 52, 114n6, 170
bitcoin, 115, 116, 117, 141–44. See also cryptocurrency
borders, 1, 9, 28, 29, 39, 46, 53, 102, 130, 156, 160, 171; securing European borders, 30–34, 36, 37
Bourdieu, Pierre, 14, 19, 70, 89n2, 90n4
bureaucracy, 12, 25n11, 63, 64, 66, 71, 73, 75, 77, 79, 89, 97, 107, 111, 146n10, 151; bureaucratic processes, 85, 97, 120; bureaucratized care, 85, 105; bureaucratized hospitality, 65, 66, 79
businesses, 3, 4, 8, 20, 42, 60, 62, 64, 82, 92, 94, 96, 99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 107–112, 114n5, 129, 138, 141, 142, 147, 150
care, caretaking, 6, 18, 19, 29, 22, 27, 36, 40, 48, 65, 76, 77, 79, 81, 94–109, 111–113, 116, 118, 120, 122, 128, 143–144, 147–150, 152, 153, 155, 156, 162; care for family, 136–137; care of refugees by aid workers, 103; caretaking as time-making, 19, 21; cartography of care, 58–59; medical care, 157, 169–171; temporal caretaking, 20, 94, 96, 102, 107, 109. See also hospitality
citizens, citizenship, 8, 10, 27, 38, 39, 44, 47, 52–54, 64, 66, 74, 78, 97, 98, 115, 121, 156; status of Eritreans in Ethiopia, 55–57; second-class citizenship, 64, 78
Civic and Ethical Education (CEE) curriculum, 72
Collier, Paul, and Betts, Alexandra, 6, 28, 45n4
Communist. See Derg
Comprehensive Refugee Response Framework (CRRF), 34, 38, 44, 46, 60
conscription. See national service
Copperbelt (Zambia), 161n3
cosmology, cosmologies, 24n8, 119–124, 137, 143, 158, 159
crisis, 2, 12, 23, 25n13, 28, 30–31, 40, 54, 70, 102, 110, 121, 142, 152; cosmology in crisis, 121; crisis of hope, 102; crisis of teleology, 70; family crisis 135–136, 151; financial crisis, 135, 136, 142; humanitarian crisis, 54; refugee crisis, ix, 9, 28, 37, 46, 157
cryptocurrency, 140, 141, 142, 143. See also Bitcoin
culture, 4, 11, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 96, 121, 162
cultural production, 75, 76, 90n4
dance, 3, 151, 152. See also music
Danish Refugee Council, xi, 105, 152
death, 1, 2, 8, 29, 54, 85, 86, 102, 124, 164, 165, 172. See also life, suffering
deportations, 56, 57, 63, 92, 114n4, 133, 162
Derg, 53
Dessie, 168
development, 1, 9, 19, 44, 45n3, 45n6, 53, 54, 60, 66, 68, 72, 74, 104, 105, 107, 128, 150, 156–158, 160, 161n4; approach to refugee management 27–38; temporality of development 40–43. See also economic development
Development and Inter-Church Aid Commission (DICAC), xi, 105
Dick, Hilary Parsons, xii, 158, 161n6
displacement, 4–5, 12, 16, 18–19, 23, 25n14, 33, 37, 50, 54, 101, 103, 112, 120, 122, 133
distimement, 4
durable solutions, 2, 24n5, 27–29, 34–35, 43, 156–157, 160
Durkheim, Emil, 24n8
economic actors, 6, 28, 38, 41–42
economic development, 29, 44, 60, 158
education, 11, 14–15, 19, 20, 21–22, 26n15, 35, 55, 62, 64, 78, 80–88, 89n2, 90n4, 91, 92, 104, 105, 107, 116–118, 120, 127, 128, 132, 138–140, 146n11, 147–150, 152, 154, 160; as local integration 6–8, 37–38; as deterrent to migration, 1–3; as a strategy of time-making 19–20; as teleological 70–75; primary school, 21, 91, 106, 107; secondary school, 21, 22, 61, 68–69, 69, 75, 77, 84, 115; tertiary education, 78; university education, 1, 14, 78, 128; vocational education, 42, 104, 120, 150, 152. See also civic and ethical education (CEE), schooling, universities
Enlightenment, the, 12
Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church Development and Inter-Church Aid Commission (DICAC). See Development and Inter-Church Aid Commission (DICAC)
Eritrea, Eritreans, 1, 2, 6, 7, 16, 24n2, 37, 76, 78, 81, 86, 87, 89, 92, 95, 98, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 108, 114n1, 115, 121, 122, 124, 130, 132–138, 140, 142, 147, 151, 153, 154, 158; displacement from Eritrea 4–5; hospitality by and towards 47–60, 62–66; status in Ethiopia 9–11, 25n10, 42; research with, 21–23; in Tigray conflict 162–171
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), 101
Eritrean Refugee University Student Association (ERUSA), 87, 138, 153. See also future-making
Ethiopia, ix, x, xi, xii, 1, 2, 3, 5–12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24n2, 25n10, 27–30, 32, 34–37, 38, 39–43, 45n6, 46, 47, 48, 50–58, 62–66, 70, 74, 76, 81, 83–87, 92, 95, 99, 100–102, 104, 105, 106, 112, 113, 116, 118, 122, 125, 126, 128, 132, 133, 137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 152, 153, 154, 156, 158, 162–166, 168–171; Eritreans, threat of deportation from Ethiopia of, 92, 133, 164; Ethiopian government, 7, 25n10, 53, 54, 56, 57, 62, 65, 86, 87, 88, 133, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170; Ethiopian hospitality to refugees, 46, 52, 54, 163; Ethiopian Nationality Law Proclamation, 57; Ethiopian Pledges 1, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 54, 164, 165; Ethiopian Refugee Proclamation, 7, 8, 39, 44, 165. See also Tigray
Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), 163
ethnographic methods, 21–22
ethnographic present, 162, 171
Europe, 1, 2, 6, 9, 10, 23, 24n4, 28–35, 46, 65, 72, 116, 132, 150, 156, 170; growing restrictiveness of migration management paradigms in Europe, 28
European Union, 38, 42; European Union Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF), 33
Evans-Pritchard, Edward, 25n8
family, xi, 11, 17, 87, 92, 100, 101, 104, 108, 109, 110, 111, 114n5, 120, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135, 136, 137, 139, 143, 147, 148, 151, 154, 162, 164, 166
food, 36, 48, 49–52, 58, 59, 61, 77, 79, 80, 89n2, 94, 112, 152, 157, 167–171
Frontex, 171
future, 1–5, 9, 11–21, 25n13, 25n14, 26n14, 26n15, 26n16, 25n17, 29, 37, 40, 49, 53, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 79, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, 90n3, 90n5, 90n6, 91, 92, 94, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112, 114n6, 115–124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137–144, 144n1, 144n2, 144n3, 145n3, 145n4, 145n6, 145n6, 145n7, 145n8, 145n9, 146n10, 146n11, 146n12, 146n15, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 159, 171; future as object of hope, 143; hopeful futures, 46 (see also hope); near and distant future, contrast between, 116; material embodiment of future, 141; present and future, relationship between, 118; prophetic future, 141 (see also prophetic future-making); refugee knowledge of future, 137; religion and future, 139–140; unknowable future, 14, 15, 118, 144; utopian vision of future, 142
future-making, 19, 20, 21, 90n5, 116–119, 124, 137, 138, 139, 143, 144n2, 147, 148, 149, 150; ERUSA as instrument of future-making, 138; future-making as creative process, 116, 139; future-making as time-making, 117; prophetic future-making, 19–21, 118, 137
gender. See gendered nature of domestic labour, men, women
gendered nature of domestic labor, 101
gifting, 47, 49, 50, 52, 61, 67n2
Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration, ix
Global Compact on Refugees, ix, 28, 34
Global North, 2, 24n4, 31, 46, 156, 157, 159, 171
Global South, x, 1, 2, 9, 11, 24n4, 29, 31, 32, 37, 44–45, 46, 47, 65, 137, 148, 156, 157, 159, 160, 171
Government of Ethiopia. See Ethiopian government
Grandi, Filippo (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), 46
Hailemariam Desalegn, 164
health, 20, 37, 38, 49, 88, 94–96, 103, 105, 106, 110, 111, 113, 136, 157, 167; mental health, 20, 95, 96, 106, 110, 111; physical health, 157
health services, 49, 110, 167; mental health services, 110; public health services, 49
hegemonic temporality, 12, 25n12, 145n5, 160n2
Hepner, Tricia Redeker, xii, 25n9, 36, 157
Hirokazu Miyazaki, 145n9
Hitsats, ix, xi, 1, 22, 58, 59, 60, 61, 68, 100, 101, 108, 109, 135, 136, 152, 162, 165, 166, 167, 171
Hope, 7, 17, 18, 20, 26n15, 34, 37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 80, 83, 85, 86, 94, 95, 97, 100, 102, 103, 113, 116, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 137, 138, 143, 144, 145n7, 145n9, 146n11, 147, 148, 150, 151; abandonment of hope, 150; crisis of hope, 102; fading of hope in refugee camps, 80; hope and refugee future-making, 122; hope as method, 145n9; hope as social fact, 146n11; loss of hope, 95, 150; materiality of hope, 131; nebulous idea of hope, 41; temporality of hope, 132, 151
hospitality, 10, 11, 23, 46–55, 57–59, 62–66, 66n1, 67n2, 74–79, 162, 163, 248; Bureaucratized hospitality, 65, 66, 79
humanitarian borderwork, 30–31, 88
humanitarian intervention, 153
humanitarianism, 1, 24n7, 27, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 40, 41, 50, 53, 54, 62, 66, 97, 98, 103, 105, 148, 153, 156, 157, 160
humanitarianism-security-development nexus, 9, 29–32, 37, 39, 40, 46, 53, 156
human rights abuses, 38
incentive pay, 1, 24n3, 61, 91, 105, 106, 107, 110, 122
incentive workers, 24n3, 59, 80, 105, 106
industrial parks, 6, 7, 38, 39, 42
Industrial Revolution, 12
international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs), 1, 6, 7, 22, 59, 93, 94, 104, 105, 106, 128, 166
International Rescue Committee (IRC), 59, 105, 150, 152
Iron Man, 115
Isaias Afewerki, 164
Islam. See Muslim
Jesuit Refugee Services (JRS), xi, 105, 151
Khartoum Process, 6, 8, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37, 40, 44, 45n6, 53, 54
Khosravi, Shahram, 26n16, 83, 97, 114n3, 114n4, 159
kinship, 49, 130. See also family
Kombolcha, 168
Kunama, 167
Lalibela (World Heritage Site), 168
Lebanon, 17
life, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 16, 18, 19, 24n2, 24n4, 40, 80, 82, 86, 92, 95, 97, 99, 101, 102, 104, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119–124, 127, 128, 131, 133, 134, 139, 140, 143, 145n9, 147–149, 151, 153, 155, 156, 162; caretaking and life-building, 104, 149, 155; construction of life by humanitarian aid, 102; cosmologies and life, 121; day-to-day life, 113; daily life 13, 19, 24n4, 121, 127, 131, 147; everyday life, 16, 112, 119, 131, 139, 153; expected outcomes of life unrealized, 80; hopes for improved life, 145n9, 147; life in parentheses, 120, 123, 128, 147; precarity of life, 111; refugee project of life-building, 97; waiting and life, 95
local integration, 2, 6, 9, 11, 12, 23, 24n5, 27, 29, 32, 33, 34, 37–39, 43, 44, 45n2, 47, 48, 53, 60, 65, 88, 112, 114n4, 118, 156, 157, 158, 160, 165, 171
magic, 116, 119, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 131, 135, 144, 146n12, 146n13, 146n14, 146n15,
Mai Aini, ix, xi, 7, 16, 22, 59, 60, 61, 68, 75, 84, 86, 88, 100, 109, 134, 135, 139, 150, 151, 162, 164, 167, 168, 169
Mai Tsebri, 22, 60, 61, 75, 76, 77
Malinowski, Bronislaw, 25n8
marginalized groups, 14
Marvel Comics, 115
Médecins Sans Frontières, 171
Mediterranean Sea, 31, 32, 86, 87, 170, 171
Mekelle, 42, 111, 166, 168, 169, 170
Meles Zenawi, 56
Meskel, 16
middle class, 81
migration, ix, 1–13, 20, 21, 23, 24n4, 25n9, 27, 28, 29, 30–37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45n3, 45n6, 46, 50, 52–55, 58, 71, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 90n5, 91, 95, 102, 105, 107, 113, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 144, 150, 153, 156v160, 163, 170, 171; illegal migration, 30, 35, 39, 128; irregular migration, 3, 6, 28, 32, 33, 35, 84, 95, 117, 118, 120, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 139, 141, 143, 144, 160, 170; legal migration, 3, 30, 32, 33, 117, 123–125, 127, 131, 135, 159
Ministry of Finance (Ethiopia), 39
modernist, 5, 12, 15, 71, 72, 84, 117, 119, 143, 146n10, 148, 158, 160n2, 161n6
modernity, 72, 74, 90n6, 161n6; western-style ideas of modernity, 161n3
modernization, 158, 161n4, 161n6
music, 84, 151, 152. See also dance
myth, 82, 121, 155; myth of return, 121; myth of teleological time, 82
national service, Eritrean mandatory, 5, 11, 106, 165
Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC), 88, 105, 152
Out-of-Camp Program (OCP), 6, 11, 38, 42, 44, 62, 97, 124
out-of-school youth, 22
peace, 10, 16, 28, 37, 39, 45n5, 51, 53, 54, 55, 164, 165, 169; Eritrean-Ethiopian Peace treaty of 2018, 164
phenomenology, 19, 20, 26n18, 118, 124
phenomenological, 19, 26n17, 26n18, 26n19, 116, 138, 141
Pitt-Rivers, Julian, 66n1
place-making, 4, 18, 94, 109, 111, 112, 113, 143, 155
political economy, 19, 31, 33, 46, 158
practice theory, 19, 26n18, 26n19
precarity, 1, 4, 9, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 26n15, 45, 47, 57, 65, 70, 81, 85, 94, 95, 97–100, 108, 111, 112, 120, 142, 148, 157
present, 2, 3, 13–21, 23, 25n13, 26n14, 26n16, 26n17, 40, 45n4, 59, 68, 70, 77, 85, 93–97, 99–113, 116–124, 125, 127, 129, 132, 134, 136–141, 143, 144, 145n4, 145n6, 145n8, 146n11, 147–155, 157, 162, 171; ordering of the present via choice of futures, 139
progress, teleological notions of, 12, 158
prophesy. See prophetic time
prophetic time, 20, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 130, 131, 133, 139, 140, 144
Prosperity Party, 165
protection, 25n10, 28, 29, 33, 36, 40, 41, 44, 50, 58, 60, 62, 65, 107, 152, 156, 157, 164, 170, 171
psychosocial support, 21, 105, 106
racialization, 114n3, 159; racialization of time, 114n3, 159; racialized borders, 171; racialized global order, 160; racialized subjects, 159
racism. See colonial racism
rations, 6, 7, 41, 43, 50, 59, 60, 81, 86, 91, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101, 106, 123
refugees, ix, xi, 1–23, 24n2, 24n3, 25n9, 25n10, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31–45, 45n1, 46, 47, 50–55, 57–65, 68, 70, 71–83, 85–89, 89n2, 90n5, 90n6, 90n7, 92, 94, 95–113, 113n1, 114n5, 115–134, 136, 137–144, 145n3, 145n7, 145n9, 146n10, 146n12, 146n16, 147–160, 160n1, 161n4, 162–171; Eritrean refugees, ix, 2, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 21, 24n2, 25n10, 42, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 95, 106, 122, 130, 132, 133, 154, 162, 164, 165, 167–171; grassroots organizations, refugees and, 20, 88, 96, 107, 110, 111, 150; refugee university graduates, 79, 82, 107; refugee university students, 22, 62, 64, 65, 82, 83, 87, 89, 128, 138, 150
refugee camps, 5, 13, 14, 16, 21, 23, 37, 42, 73, 80, 88, 99, 104, 147, 148, 162, 166, 169. See also Adi Harush, Hitsats, Mai Aini, Shimelba
Refugee College Scholarship Program, 35, 61, 108
Regional Development and Protection Program (RDPP), 33, 34, 36, 37, 44, 60
religion, 5, 16, 112, 117, 121, 140
repatriation, 6, 24n5, 34, 43, 44, 45n1, 157, 160
resettlement, 6, 14, 16, 24n5, 34, 36, 40, 43, 44, 45n1, 63, 79, 86, 87, 94, 97, 99, 102, 106, 112, 114n4, 114n6, 118, 120, 122, 125–134, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145n9, 146n13, 148, 150, 151, 154, 155, 157, 160, 164
revenge, 167
rights, 8, 10, 27, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 55, 58, 65, 67n1, 86, 87, 97, 130, 154, 157, 170
risk, 1, 2, 31, 57, 70, 85, 91, 95, 100, 102, 104, 112, 118, 120, 131, 132, 134, 137, 139, 143, 144, 148, 150, 151, 159, 171
schooling, 12, 14, 15, 19, 60, 68, 70–76, 79, 80, 82, 84–86, 89n2, 90n2, 90n5, 145n3, 146n10, 149, 151; formal schooling, 15, 68, 70, 71, 89n2; primary schooling, 21, 91, 106; school enrollment, 68, 86, 107; secondary schooling, 21, 22, 61, 68, 69, 75, 77, 81, 84, 107, 115
Second Coming of Christ, 139
secondary migration, 20, 21, 29, 81, 85, 88, 91, 105, 107, 113
security, 1, 9, 11, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,37, 38, 39, 40, 45n6, 46, 47, 52, 53, 54, 55, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 136, 156, 164
sedentarist bias, 4, 9, 12, 27, 35, 43, 45
Shao, Oliver, 152
Shimelba, ix, 10, 57, 166, 167
sociality, 18, 48, 50, 60, 100, 102, 108, 109, 113, 155
social networks, network, 115, 134
social structure, 19
Society, 15, 38, 70, 72, 81, 89n2, 101, 107, 112
sociology and anthropology of education, 73
space, 8, 11, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 22, 40, 43, 49, 62, 72, 74, 84, 85, 87, 92, 99, 102, 104, 109, 113, 114n1, 117, 121, 122, 133, 135, 141, 142, 153, 155, 158, 159, 160, 161n5, 161n6, 162
suffering, 3, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 29, 41, 80, 81, 85, 87, 91, 94, 95, 96, 100, 103, 110, 113n1, 114n1, 118, 123, 125, 136, 138, 145n3, 147, 148, 150, 153, 157, 169, 171
teachers, xi, 27, 46, 48, 59, 75, 76, 77, 84, 89n2, 105, 106, 107
Tekalign Ayalew Mengiste, 134
teleology, 12, 13, 15, 25n11, 27, 29, 35, 45, 65, 70, 71, 84, 86, 87, 90n6, 116, 117, 146n10, 158, 159, 160
teleological violence, 3, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 28, 44, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89n1, 118, 144, 145n3, 145n8, 146n11, 148, 149, 156, 160, 162, 163, 171
temporal: discipline, 72, 73, 126, 128, 148; harm, 20, 95, 96, 98, 106, 108, 162; suffering, 3, 13, 17, 80, 81, 85, 94, 95, 96, 100, 113n1, 114n1, 118, 123, 147, 148, 150, 153, 157
temporality, 1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 15, 18, 19, 20, 24n7, 25n11, 25n12, 40, 41, 43, 47, 58, 65, 66, 68, 72, 78, 79, 86, 99, 100, 102, 112, 117, 118, 118, 123, 125, 131, 132, 134, 136, 139, 143, 145n5, 151, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160n2, 171
therapeutic landscapes, 94, 112
Tigray, x, 10, 16, 21, 22, 25n10, 42, 54, 63, 78, 87, 88, 96, 105, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171; war in Tigray, 9, 54, 166
Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) 163
Tigrigna, 49, 51, 56, 59, 61, 109, 110, 133, 168, 169
time, 2, 4, 5, 8, 12–16, 18–23, 24n7, 24n8, 25n8, 25n11, 25n14, 26n15, 25n16, 29, 40–44, 47, 65, 67n2, 69–72, 74, 75, 77–86, 90n5, 91, 92, 96, 98–100, 102, 103, 104, 112, 114n3, 114n4, 114n6, 116, 117, 119, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129, 130, 133, 135, 137, 139–141, 143, 144, 145n1, 145n5, 145n6, 146n10, 146n11, 146n12, 148–151, 155–158, 160n1, 161n5, 161n6, 162, 171: boredom and time, 94; bureaucracy of humanitarian care, time consumed by, 97; camp time 18, 23, 71, 83, 84, 85, 99, 102, 106, 108, 109, 113, 145n3; colonial racialization of time, 159; experienced as painful, time, 95; political transition, time of, 54; prophetic time 20, 117, 118, 119, 120, 123, 130, 131, 133, 139, 140, 144; scheduled time, 73; time in parentheses, 120
time-making, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 85, 87, 89, 96, 105, 107, 110, 111, 113, 116, 117, 131, 140, 148, 149, 155
trauma, 85, 95, 96, 99, 101, 102, 108, 111, 113n1, 114n1, 114n2, 118, 136, 137, 143
Treiber, Magnus xii, 25n9, 36, 157
Twitter, 167
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 5, 168
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 1, 6, 8, 10, 25n10, 34, 35, 59, 62, 79, 86, 88, 94, 97, 105, 106, 123–130, 132, 135, 136, 150, 154, 164–169
United States, 84, 90n5, 125, 139
universities 22, 60, 62, 64, 78, 135; Ethiopian universities, 60, 62
urban refugees, 21, 64, 114n5, 124, 146n16, 154
Valletta summit, 28, 33, 34, 45n6
violence, 3, 4, 8, 13–21, 23, 24n5, 28, 36, 41, 44, 54, 55, 58, 68–71, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89n1, 89n2, 97, 98, 99, 100, 112, 113n1, 114n1, 118, 123, 131, 134, 138, 143, 144, 145n1, 145n8, 146n11, 148, 149, 156, 160, 162, 163, 166, 167, 171; colonialism, psychological and cultural violence of, 159; dominant temporalities, violence of, 12; physical violence, 15, 85, 162, 163; symbolic violence, 70, 89n2; sovereign borders, violence and, 31; structural violence, 4, 19, 98, 123. See also teleological violence
vocational training programs, 109
waiting, 3, 7, 9, 13–20, 23, 35n14, 26n16, 26n17, 40, 41, 43, 44, 49, 73, 78, 83, 95–98, 100–102, 109, 111–113, 114n4, 114n6, 118–120, 122, 123–125, 127–129, 131, 132, 134, 136–139, 144, 145n7, 148–153, 157, 165; hopeful waiting, 122, 151
war, warfare, 10, 54, 56, 63, 102, 114n1, 122, 133, 146n13, 160, 162, 163, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171; drone warfare, 146n13, 146n14
witchcraft, 125
women, 101
work permits, 6, 7, 8, 11, 38, 42, 44, 105
World Food Program (WFP), 169
World Health Organization (WHO), 38, 39
youth, young people, 20, 22, 26n15, 52, 70, 81–83, 87, 88, 91, 94, 95, 99, 100–102, 105, 107, 113n1, 135, 136, 140, 147, 150, 153
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