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How Animals Communicate: How Animals Communicate

How Animals Communicate

How Animals Communicate

INDEX OF ANIMALS

Animals for which some behavioral information is given in the text are listed in taxonomic order. Common names have been supplied where possible.

SUBKINGDOM PROTOZOA (UNICELLULATES)

PHYLUM PROTOZOA, 147, 165

Class Flagellata (Mastigophora):

ORDER DINOFLAGELLATA (DINOFLAGELLATES), 172

Class Sarcodina:

ORDER MYCETOZOIDA (SLIME MOLDS):

Group Acrasiales or Acrasina (Cellular Slime Molds), 33-42, 142

Dictyostelium discoideum, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 142, 145

D. lacteum, 41

D. minutum, 41

D. mucoroides, 41

D. purpureum, 41

D. rosarium, 41

Polysphondylium pallidum, 41

P. violaceum, 41

Class Schizomycetes (Bacteria), 46, 165

Class Ciliata:

Rhabdostyla vernalis, 147

SUBKINGDOM EUMETAZOA (METAZOA), 41, 42

PHYLUM CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA):

Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones, Corals), 314

ORDER ACTINARIA (SEA ANEMONES):

Discosoma, 314

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA (COMB-JELLIES), 165

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES (ROUNDWORMS), 147, 148

PHYLUM ROTIFERA (ROTATORIA) (ROTIFERS), 147, 148

PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES:

Class Nematoda (Threadworms), 147, 148

Nematospiroides dubilis, 149

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (MOLLUSCS), 174, 314

Class Gastropoda (Univalves), 113, 165

ORDER ARCHAEOGASTROPODA (PRIMITIVE UNIVALVES):

Family Patellidae (Limpets), 142

ORDER CAENOGASTROPODA (MODERN UNIVALVES):

Family Calyptraeidae:

Crepidula (Slipper Snail), 144, 145

Family Buccinidae (Whelks):

Urosalpinx cinerea, Whelk, 102

ORDER NUDIBRANCHIA (NAKED SEA SLUGS), 165

ORDER BASOMMATOPHORA:

Family Physidae (Bladder Snails):

Physa acuta, 145

Class Bivalvia (Lamellibranchia) (Bivalves), 165

Class Cephalopoda (Squids and Octopuses), 168, 184, 188, 190, 293-302

ORDER TETRABRANCHIA (NAUTILUSES):

Family Nautilidae (Chambered Nautiluses):

Nautilus, 293, 301

ORDER DIBRANCHIA:

Suborder Sepiodei (=Sepiida), 296

Family Sepiidae (True Cuttlefishes), 293, 294

Sepia, 179, 293, 297

S. officinalis, Common Cuttlefish, 296, 300

Family Sepiolidaen:

Heteroteuthis dispar, Bob-tailed Squid, 176

Suborder Teuthoidei (=Teuthida), 296

Family Loliginidae (Squids), 165, 169, 174, 180, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 815

Loligo, 293

L. (="Doryteuthis ") plei, North American Common Squid, 299

Sepioteuthis, 293

S. sepioidea, "Cuttlefish Squid," 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301

ORDER VAMPYROMORPHA:

Family Vampyromorphidae:

Vampyroteuthis, 293

ORDER OCTOBRACHIA (OCTOPIDA), 296

Family Octopodidae (Octopuses), 190, 293, 294, 1061

Octopus, 293

O. cf. oculifer, 300

O. chierchiae, 300

O. vulgaris, Common Octopus, 188, 190, 296, 297, 299

family Argonautidae, 293

Tremoctopus, 172

PHYLUM ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS):

Class Polychaeta:

ORDER ERRANTIA (FREE-LIVING POLYCHAETES), 165

Family Aphroditidae (Sea Caterpillars)

Polynoe, 174, 176, 182

Family Syllidae, 171, 172

Odontosyllis enolpa, Bermuda Fireworm, 171, 172

Class Clitellata:

ORDER OLIGOCHAETA, 165

Family Lumbricidae:

Lumbricus terrestris, Common Earthworm, 146

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, 121, 147, 148, 300, 303, 455, 1063

SUBPHYLUM TRILOBITA (TRILOBITES [Fossil Sp.]), 164

SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA:

Class Arachnida (Arachnids), 303, 315-25

ORDER SCORPIONIDA (SCORPIONS), 315, 316

Family Chactidae:

Euscorpius, 315

ORDER PALPIGRADI, 315

ORDER PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA (CHELONETHIDA), 316

Family Chthoniidae, 316

Family Olpiidae, 316

Serianus carolinensis, 316

Family Garypidae, 316

Family Sternophoiidae, 316

Family Chernetidae, 316

Lasiochernes pilosus, 316

Family Cheliferidae, 316

Hysterochelifer meridianus, 316

H. tuberculatum, 316

Family Withiidae, 316

Withius subruber, 316

ORDER UROPYGI, 316

Family Thelyphonidae (Whip Scorpions), 316

Mastigoproctus, 316, 317

ORDER SCHIZOMIDA:

Family Schizomidae, 316

ORDER ACARINA (ACARI) (TICKS AND MITES), 147, 148, 318, 455

Family Argasidae (Soft Ticks):

Argas persicus, 325

Myrmonyssus phaelenodectes, 325

ORDER PHALANGIDA (HARVESTMEN OR DADDY-LONG-LEGS), 324, 325

Family Ischyrosalididae:

Ischyropsalis hellwigi, 325

ORDER AMBLYPYGI (TAILLESS WHIP SCORPIONS), 317, 318

Family Tarantulidae:

Tarantula, 317

Admetus (=Heterophrynus), 317

Family Charontidae:

Charinus, 317

C. brasilianus, 317

ORDER ARANEAE (TRUE SPIDERS), 147, 318-25

Family Agelenidae (Funnel-web Spiders), 318

Agelena consociata, 324

Tegenaria atrica, 318

Coelotes terrestris, 323

Family Theridiidae (Domed-web Weavers), 319, 323

Achaearanea tepidariorum, 319, 320

Steatoda, 320

S. bipunctata, 318, 320

Teutana, 320

T. grossa, 318, 320

Family Argiopidae:

Meta segmenta, 319

Family Linyphiidae (Sheet-web Spiders), 319

Linyphia triangularis, 319

Family Araneidae (Orb Weavers), 318

Family Lycosidae (Wolf Spiders), 176, 180, 318, 319, 320, 321

Lycosa, 321

L. gulosa, 320

L. rabida, Wolf Spider, 181, 320, 321

Pardosa, 320, 321

P. amentata, 321

P. fulvipes, 320

P. hortensis, 321

P. lapidicina, 318

P. lugubris, 321

P. nigriceps, 321

Schizocosa avida, 320

S. crassipes, 320, 321, 322

Alopecosa aculeata, 321

Trochosa, 318, 322

Family Salticidae (Jumping Spiders), 318, 319, 321, 322, 325

Ashtabula furcillata, 323

Corythalia chalcea, 323

C. fulgipedia, 323

C. xanthopa, 323

Mago dentichelis, 323

Gertschia noxia, 323

Family Eresidae (Eresides), 323

Stegodyphus, 324

Family Dictynidae, 319

Family Amaurobiidae, 318

Others:

Cryptophora cicatrosa, 318

C. citricola, 319

Cupiennius salei, 319, 320

Ero furcata, 319

Class Crustacea, 100, 168, 172, 184, 236, 303-15

Division Entomostraca, 303

Subclass Branchiopoda, 303

Subclass Ostracoda, 165, 303

ORDER PODOCOPA:

Family Cyprididae:

Cypridina hilgendorfi, 307

Subclass Copepoda, 147, 165, 175, 303

Labidocera aestiva, 304

Caligus hubsoni, 477

Subclass Cirripedia (Barnacles), 142, 303

Balanus balanoides, Rock Barnacle, 303

Subclass Malacostraca (Higher Crustaceans), 303

ORDER MYSIDACEA, 304

ORDER TANAIDACEA (=ANISPODA):

Family Paratanaidae:

Heterotanais oerstedi, 304

ORDER ISOPODA, 304, 305

Family Oniscidae (Land Isopods):

Oniscus (Sow Bugs), 304

Hemilepistus, 304

H. aphghanicus, 314

H. reaumuri, 314, 315

Family Porcellionidae:

Porcellio, 304

P. dilatatus, 304

Family Armadillidiidae:

Armadillidium, 304

Family Bopyridae (Parasitic Isopods), 304

ORDER AMPHIPODA, 147, 165, 304, 305

Family Talitridae (Sand Fleas), 304

ORDER EUPHAUSIACEA:

Family Euphausiidae, 180

ORDER DECAPODA, 314

SUBORDER NATANTIA (SHRIMPS … PRAWNS), 165

Family Pandalidae:

Pandalus (=Paleomon) borealis, Northern Shrimp, 304

Family Alpheidae (Snapping Shrimps), 305, 306, 314, 809

Alpheus, 305, 314

Synalpheus, 305, 314

S. hemphilli, 304

Family Palaemonidae:

Periclimens affins, 314

Leander squilla, 304

Palaemonetes vulgaris, Prawn, 304

Family Stenopodidae (Cleaning Shrimps), 314

Stenopus hispidus, 314

Spongicola, 314

Others:

Callianassa affinis, 153, 488

Hymenocera picta, Harlequin Shrimp, 314

SUBORDER REPTANTIA, 122, 148, 156

Family Palinuridae, 305

Palinûrus argas, 305

P. guttatus, 305

Family Homaridae (Lobsters):

Homarus americanus, American Lobster, 304

Family Astacidae (Crayfishes), 303, 305, 309

Orconectes, 314

O. virilis, Crayfish, 307, 309

Cambarellus, 314

Family Paguridae (Marine Hermit Crabs), 192, 199, 303, 304, 305, 309, 310, 312

Clibanarius tricolor, 312

C. vittatus, 104, 310

Pagurus, 304

P. bernhardus, 149, 304, 305, 314

P. longicarpus, Small Hermit Crab, 110, 112

P. marshi, 312

P. pygmaeus, 310

Pylopagurus operculatus, 310

Family Coenobitidae (Land Hermit Crabs), 309, 312

Coenobita, 305

Birgus, 305

Family Galatheidae:

Munidopsis polymorpha, 305

Family Majiidae (Spider Crabs):

Microphrys bicornutus, 105, 106, 312

Family Portunidae (Swimming Crabs):

Carcinus maenus, Shore Crab, 304

Portunus sanguilentus, 304

Callinectes sapidus, Blue Crab, 304

Family Potamonidae (Freshwater Crabs):

Pseudothelphusa garmani, 305

Potamon, 305

Family Ocypodidae (Ghost … Fiddler Crabs), 305, 306, 307, 309, 312, 313

Ocypode ceratophthalmus, Ghost Crab, 306

O. quadrata, 306, 310, 312

O. saratan, 310, 312, 313

Uca (Fiddler Crabs), 55, 106, 110, 122, 124, 132, 198, 204, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313

U. burgerst, 306

U. mordax, 198, 306, 309

U. pugilator, 305, 306, 307, 308

Uca pugnax, 104, 198, 309

U. pugnax virens, 104, 309

U. rapax, 111, 198, 307

U. rapax longisignalis, 104, 309

U. speciosa, 110, 111, 198, 308

U. speciosa spinicarpa, 308

U. tangeri, 306, 307, 308

U. thayeri, 306

U. vocator, 305, 309

Heloecius cordifrons, 310

Hemiplex latifrons, Sentinel Crab, 310

Dotilla, 306

D. blanfordi, 306, 310

Family Grapsidae (Rock Crabs), 306, 313

Eriocher, 313

Sesarma, 305

S. angustipes, 305

S. curacaoense, 306

S. rectum, 306

S. ricordi, 305

Hemigrapsus oregonensis, 304

Pachygrapsus, 313

Class Diplopoda (Millipedes), 149, 236

ORDER CHILOGNATHA:

Rhysida, 236

Class Chilopoda (Centipedes), 165, 236

ORDER SCOLOPENDROMORPHA (TRUE CENTIPEDES):

Family Scutigeridae:

Scutigera, 236

Class Insecta, 45, 46, 47, 113, 121, 140, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 164, 175, 184, 197, 237, 240, 241, 455, 546, 622, 805, 842, 1061

ORDER COLLEMBOLA (SPRINGTAILS), 164, 165, 455

ORDER ODONATA:

Family Aeschnidae (Dragonflies):

Aeschna cyanea, 109

ORDER ORTHOPTERA, 197, 236, 334-56

SUBORDER CURSORIA:

Family Blattidae (Cockroaches), 149, 150, 334, 335, 336, 354

Periplaneta americana, American Cockroach, 192

Attaphila fungicola, 461

SUBORDER GRESSORIA:

Family Phasmidae (Walking Sticks):

Anisomorpha buprestoides, Larger Striped Walking Stick, 343

SUBORDER ENSIFERA, 336

Family Tettigoniidae (Bush Crickets), 335, 336, 339, 340, 341, 345, 346, 347

Conocephalus, 341, 346

Orchelimum vulgare, 345

Neoconocephalus ensiger, 345

Neobarrettia, 342

Ephippiger, 234

Pterophylla camellifolia, Northern True Katydid, 345, 346

Inscudderia strigata, Striped Katydid, 350

Scudderia texensis, Texas Bush Katydid, 339, 347

Family Gryllotalpidae (Mole Crickets):

Scapterisciis acletus, Mole Cricket, 338

Family Gryllidae (Crickets), 61, 62, 83, 84, 245, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 346, 352, 353, 414

Apteronemobius, 334

Apterogryllus, 334, 338

Gryllus, 76, 348

G. campestris, Field Cricket, 237, 238, 352, 353

G. integer, 337, 347, 348

G. ovisopis, Florida Cricket, 337

Acheta, 76

A. domesticus, House Cricket, 343

Teleogryllus, 338

T. commodus, 354, 355

T. gryllus, 62

T. oceanicus, 335

Ocanthus (Tree Crickets), 348

O. fultoni, Snowy Tree Cricket, 344, 345, 348

Amusurgus, 334, 338

Subfamily Trigonidiinae (Australian Crickets), 334

Metioche, 334, 338

Homoeoxipha, 334

SUBORDER ACRIDOIDEA, 334, 336, 339, 340, 341

Family Pyrgomorphidae, 342

Poekilocerus bufonius, 343

Family Acrididae (Diurnal Crickets), 337, 339, 341, 342, 346, 384

Subfamily Catantopinae, 336, 337

Taeniopoda eques, Desert Romaleine, 342

Chromacris speciosa, 342

Schistocerca, 343

S. americana (=S. gregaria Forskal), Desert Locust, 343

Subfamily Oedipodinae (Banded-winged Grasshoppers), 337, 344

Locusta, 343, 353

L. migratoria, 353

L. migratoria migratoriodes, African Migratory Locust, 145

Aerochoreutes, 348

A. carlinianus, 344, 349

Chimarocephala pacifica, 354

Encoptolophus costalis, 340

E. sordidus, 337, 340

E. subgracilis, 340

Trimerotropis californica, 340

T. maritima, 340

T. pallidipennis, 340

Gomphocerippus, 350, 351

G. rufus, 351, 354

Myrmeleotettix, 350

Ligurotettix, 347, 348

L. coquilletti, 346, 347

Goniatron, 347

G. planum, 347

Syrbula, 197, 349, 350, 351

S. admirabilis, 344, 347, 351

S. fuscovittata, 347, 354

ORDER ISOPTERA (TERMITES), 142, 144, 148, 366, 368

ORDER HEMIPTERA (TRUE BUGS):

Family Miridae (Plant Bugs), 148

Dysdercus intermedius, 146

ORDER HOMOPTERA:

Family Cicadidae (Cicadas), 236, 348, 414, 562

Family Membranacidae (Treehoppers), 367

Family Cicadellidae (Jassidae) (Leafhoppers), 367

Family Aphididae (Aphids or Plantlice), 146

ORDER TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES), 362

ORDER LEPIDOPTERA (BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS), 46, 116, 140, 141, 150, 151, 152, 171, 180, 182, 362-86

Family Tineidae (True Millers), 366

Family Psychidae (Bagworm Moths), 382

Family Gelechiidae, 384

Bryotropha, 384

Family Tortricidae (Leaf Rollers), 369, 376, 384, 385

Archips semiferanus, Oak Leaf Roller, 385

Family Uraniidae, 378

Urania, 375

Family Pyralidae (Snout Moths), 366, 369, 371, 376, 378

Achroia grisella, Lesser Waxmoth, 371, 373

Cadra cautella, Almond Moth, 378

Galleria mellonella, Greater Waxmoth, 373

Ephestia (=Anagasta) kuhniella, Mediterranean Flourmoth, 145, 369, 378

Family Arctiidae (Tiger Moths), 368, 371, 376, 378

Hyphantria (Webworms), 368

Family Noctuidae (Owlet Moths), 366, 376, 378, 384

Catacola (Underwing Moths), 378

Autographa californica, Alfalfa Looper, 152, 384

Trichoplusia ni, Cabbage Looper, 151, 152

Plusia gamma, Silver-Y Moth, 384

Agrotis infusa, Bogong Moth, 379

Amathes, 384

Pseudaletia, 325

Family Lymantriidae (Gypsy Moths), 376, 378, 381, 382, 383

Porthetria dispar, Gypsy Moth, 378, 381, 382, 383

Lymantria monacha, Nun Moth, 383

Family Bombycidae (Silkworm Moths), 368, 369, 376, 379

Bombyx (Silkworm or Silkmoth), 50, 51, 52, 369

Family Lasiocampidae (Tent Caterpillars), 368, 369

Malacosoma, 367

Family Saturniidae (Giant Silkworm Moths), 363, 379, 383

Callosamia (Promethea), 383

Hyalophora cecropia, Cecropia Silkmoth, 363

Family Sphingidae (Sphinx or Hawkmoths), 364, 371, 372

Manduca sexta, 364

Sphinx (=Acherontia) atropos, Death's-head Hawkmoth, 372

Family Lycaenidae (Blues), 366, 367, 370, 376

Maculinea (=Lycaena) arion, Large Blue, 366

Lachnocnema bibulus, 367

Megalopalpus zymna, 367

Allotinus horsfieldi, 367

Miletus boisduvali, 367

Family Pieridae (Whites, Sulfurs, Orange-Tips), 366, 376, 377, 378, 381, 383, 384

Cohas, 375, 376, 383

C. eurytheme, Alfalfa Butterfly, 378, 384

C. philodice, 384

Eurema, 375

E. daira, 378

Anteos, 381

Family Papilionidae (True Swallowtails), 376, 381

Papilio, 381, 382

P. glaucus, Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly, 379, 382, 383

Parnassius (Apollos), 363

Ornithoptera, 376

Family Cosmopterygidae, 366

Family Cyclotornidae, 366

Family Amatidae, 371, 378

Family Castniidae, 375

Family Nymphalidae (Brush-footed Butterflies), 371, 373, 378, 379, 380

Subfamily Acraeinae, 379

Acraea, 363

A. encedon, 379

Actinote, 363

Subfamily Satyrinae, 378

Antinhea, 378

Eumenis, 378

E. semele, Grayling Butterfly, 109

Subfamily Nymphalinae:

Argynnis paphia, Silver-washed Fritillary Butterfly, 118, 119, 378

Ageronia (=Hamadryas), 371, 372, 381

Subfamily Ithomiinae, 373, 375, 384, 385

Mechanitis ismenius, 365

Thyndia, 375

Subfamily Heliconiinae, 363, 379, 380

Heliconius, 363, 365, 369, 376, 380, 381

H. charitonia, Zebra Butterfly, 369, 370, 381

H. erato, 369, 380

H. sara, 385

Subfamily Danainae, 373, 374, 376, 378, 379, 384, 385

Amauns, 363

Dana us, 385

D. gilippus, Queen Butterfly, 373

D. plexippus, Monarch Butterfly, 46, 376, 379, 385

Euploea, 385

Class Insecta (cont.)

Subfamily Charaxinae:

Charaxes, 372, 381

ORDER DIPTERA (MOSQUITOES, FLIES, GNATS, AND MIDGES), 149, 403-15, 455

Family Tipulidae (Crane Flies):

Tipula oleracea, 413

Family Culicidae (Mosquitoes):

Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Common Malaria Mosquito, 404

Aedes, 149

A. aegypti, Yellow Fever Mosquito, 404

Opifex fus eus, 405

Culiseta inornata, 405

Deinocerites cancer, Crab-hole Mosquito, 148, 405

Family Chironomidae (Non-biting Midges):

Chironomus (=Tendipes) plumosus, Midge, 404

Family Mycetophilidae (=Bolitophila) (Fungus Gnats), 164, 171, 404

Arachnocampa luminosa, New Zealand Glowworm, 403

Family Empididae (Dance Flies), 405, 406

Hilara (Balloon Flies):

H. flavinceros, 405, 406

H. maura, 405

H. quadrivittata, 405

H. sartor, 405, 1061

Empis barbatoides, 405

E. poplitea, 405

Rhamphomya nigrita, 405

R. ursinella, 405

Tachydromia, 405

Xanthempis trigramma, 406, 414

Family Trypetidae (=Tephritidae) (Large Fruit Flies), 100, 149, 150, 406-408

Tephritis stigmatica, 407

Ceratitis capitata, Mediterranean Fruit Fly, 407, 408

Dascus, 406, 414

D. cacuminatus, 406

D. cucurbitae, 408

D. dorsalis, Oriental Fruit Fly, 408

D. oleae, Olive Fruit Fly, 406, 407

D. tryoni, Queensland Fruit Fly, 406

Anastrepha suspensa, Caribbean Fruit Fly, 407, 411

Rhagoletis, 407

R. cingulata, Cherry Fruit Fly, 408

R. pomonella, Apple Maggot, 145, 407, 408

R. suavis, 408

Euleia fratria, 407

Eutreta, 407

Afrocneros mundus, 407

Rioxa pornia, Island Fruit Fly, 407

Family Drosophilidae (Small Fruit Flies or Pomace Flies), 408-12

Antopocerus tanythrix, 411

Drosophila (Vinegar Flies), 83, 93, 403, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414

Melanogaster Group (Sturtevant): D. auraria, 409; D. erecta, 409, 410; D. melanogaster, 115, 149, 157, 403, 408, 409, 410, 411; D. simulans, 115, 408, 409, 410, 411; D. sulfurigaster, 408; D. suzukii, 409, 410; D. tiessien, 409, 410; D. yakuba, 409, 410

Obscura Group: D. persimilis, 409; D. pseudobscura, 409

Immigrans Group: D. grimshawi, 411; D. pilimana, 411;

Nasuta Subgroup, 409, 411: D. albomicans, 409, 410;

D. kepulauana, 409; D. pulaua, 409, 410

Family Chloropidae (Chloropid Flies), 412

Hippelates collusor, Eye Gnat, 414

Lipara, 412

L. lucens, 412

L pullitarsis, 412

L. rufitarsis, 412

L. similis, 412

Family Muscidae (House Flies and Stable Flies), 412-13

Musca autumnalis, Face Fly, 413

M. domestica, House Fly, 409, 413, 414

Stomoxys calcitratis, Stable Fly, 413

Family Calliphoridae (Blowflies), 412-13

Lucilla cuprina, Sheep Blowfly, 149, 157, 413, 414

Family Tachinidae (Tachinid Flies):

Euphasiopterx ochracea, 337, 338

Others:

Colcondamyia auditrix, 348

ORDER COLEOPTERA (BEETLES), 143, 144, 165, 403-404, 455

Family Carabidae (Ground Beetles):

Pterostichus lucublandus, 145

Family Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles), 173, 367, 455

Dinarda, 459, 461

D. dentata, 460

Pella, 460

P. laticollis, 460, 461

Atemeles, 455, 457, 459, 461

A. publicollis, 47, 455, 456, 458, 459

Lomechusa, 456, 457, 461

L. strumosa, 47, 455, 456

Xenodusa, 459

Family Phengodidae, 168

Zarhipsis, 168

Phengodes, 174

P. plumosa, Plumose Glowworm, 180

Family Lampyridae (Fireflies), 47, 48, 50, 164, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 271

Phosphaenus hemipterus, 166

Pyropyga, 166

Photinus, 166, 173, 348

P. ardens, 179

P. aquilonius, 179

P. concisus, 179

P. consanguineus, 179

P. cooki, 166

P. greeni, 179

P. ignitus, 179

P. indicus, 166

P. macdeimotti, 179

P. obscurellus, 179

P. pyralis, 179

Pyractomena, 173

Robopus, 173

Photuns, 170, 173, 174, 181, 182

P. congener, 180

P. pennsylvanica, 179

P. versicolor, 47, 48

Phausis, 174

P. reticulata, Reticulate Firefly, 180

Pterotyx, 170, 171, 173, 174, 348

Luciola, 170, 179

L. huonensis, 179

L. obsoleta, Diamondback Luciola, 170, 171, 179

L. peculiaris, 179

Family Nitidulidae (Sap-feeding Beetles), 460

Amphotis, 460

A. marginata, 460, 461

Family Coccinellidae (Lady Beetles), 142

Family Tenebrionidae (Darkling Beetles):

Blaps sulcata, 146

Tribolium (Flour Beetles), 145

Family Scarabaeidae (Scarabs), 173

Family Scolytidae (Bark Beetles and Ambrosia or Timber Beetles), 144, 156, 157

ORDER HYMENOPTERA, 48, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 154, 156, 369, 418-61

Family Formicidae (Ants), 141, 142, 143, 153, 154, 156, 366, 428, 451, 454, 455

The Myremecioid Complex, 419

Subfamily Myrmicinae, 428, 433, 451, 453

Myrmica, 428, 455, 457, 459

M. laevinodis, 458, 459

Leptothorax, 435

L. acervorum, 434, 435

L. curvispinosus, 453

L. kutteri, 420

L. museorum, 435

L. nylanderi, 435

Monomorium, 439, 441

M. pharaonis, Pharaoh Ant, 419, 425, 439, 440, 441, 453

Solenopsis (Fire Ants), 52, 432, 433, 435, 439, 441

S. fugax, Thief Ant, 425, 439

S. geminata, 434, 439

S. invicta (=S. saevissima), Imported Fire Ant, 143, 432, 454

S. xyloni, Southern Fire Ant, 439

Cardiocondyla emeryi, 434

C. venestula, 433, 434

Tetramorium, 433

T. caespitum, Pavement Ant, 453

Pogonomyrmex badius, Florida Harvester Ant, 425, 426, 432, 440, 451

P. barbatus, Red (Texas) Harvester, 440

P. maricopa, 440

P. rugosus, 440

Xenomyrmex floridanus, 419

Crematogastor, 425, 431, 433, 435, 451

C. ashmeadi, 425, 428, 441

C. inflata, 428, 431

Acromyrmex octospinosus, 429

Atta (Leaf-cutter Ants), 439

A. cephalotes, 428, 429

A. sexdens, 425, 426, 431

A. texana, Texas Leaf-cutter Ant, 155, 428, 439, 440, 461

Harpagoxenus sublaevis, 419, 435

Subfamily Ponerinae, 428, 433, 451, 453

Amblyopone australis, 430

Termitopone, 433

Rhytidoponera metallica, 419

Ponera eduardi, 433

Bothroponera tesserinoda, 434

Neoponera, 428

Eciton (Army Ants), 143, 439, 440, 461

E. burchelli, 441

E. hamatum, 441

Neivamyrmex nigrescens, 533, 534

Leptogenys, 433

Subfamily Dolichoderinae, 425, 428, 433, 451

Dolichoderus, 430

Hypoclinea, 430

Tapinoma, 428

Iridomyrmex humilis, Argentine Ant, 426, 452

I. pruinosus, 427

Dorymyrmex pads, 420

Monachis, 433

Subfamily Formicinae, 426, 427, 428, 433, 435, 436, 453

Formica, 367, 425, 428, 431, 442, 451, 452, 453, 457, 459

F. fusca, Silky Ant, 153, 429, 438

F. montana, 419

F. pergandei, 419, 428, 429

F. polyctena, 425, 455, 457

F. sanguinea, Blood-red Ant, 143, 453, 454, 455, 459

F. subintegra, 428, 429

F. subsericea, 429

Lasius, 433

L. alienus, Cornfield Ant, 430

L. flavus, 439

L. fulginosus, European Jet Ant, 427, 432, 439, 440, 460, 461

L. niger, Garden Ant, 430

Polyergus, 428, 429, 441, 442

Acanthomyops, 426

A. claviger, 426, 427, 431

Camponotus (Carpenter Ants), 430, 459

C. beebei, 438

C. campressus, 438

C. herculeanus, 148, 418, 419, 430, 451, 452

C. ligniperda, 419, 430, 451, 452, 454

C. sericeus, 433, 436, 437, 438

C. socius, 432, 438

Polyrhachis, 430

Family Vespidae (Wasps), 142, 156, 303, 366, 418, 424, 428, 440, 441, 449, 450, 455

Protopolybia pumila, 441

Polybia atra, 441

P. scutellaris, 441

Polistes (Paper Wasps), 142, 424, 430, 449

Mischocyttaurus, 424

M. drewi, 425

Vespa, 428

V. crabo, Giant or European Hornet, 424, 453, 454

V. orientate, 424, 450, 453, 454

Vespula, 449, 450

V. (Paravespula) germanica (=Paravespula germanica), 441, 449, 450

V. vulgaris, 441, 449

Family Apidae (Bees), 47, 142, 242, 243, 244, 246, 366, 385, 1061

Bombus (Bumblebees), 148, 420, 424, 430, 441

B. confusus, 197, 420

B. edwardsii, 454

B. lucorum, 420

B. pratorum, 420

B. terrestris, 420

B. vosnesenskii, 454

Psithyrus, 420

Subfamily Apinae, 432, 440, 147, 148, 1063, 1064

Tribe Meliponini (Meliponinae) (Stingless Bees), 432, 441, 442, 448

Lestrimelitta limao, Robber Bee, 143, 442

Melipona, 143, 242, 442, 443

M. quadrifusciata, 442, 443, 448

M. seminigra, 443

Trigona, 143, 428, 442

T. aranjoi, 441

T. droryana, 441

T. jaty, 441

T. muelleri, 441

T. postica (=Scaptotrigona), 143, 441, 442

T. silvestris, 441

T. spinipes, 442

T. subterranea, 442

T. xanthotricha, 442

Tribe Apini (True Honeybees), 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 48, 49, 143, 147, 148, 153, 154, 155, 156, 234, 235, 372, 421, 422, 423, 424, 428, 430, 431, 443-48, 450, 451

Apis cerana, 421, 430, 431

A. dorsata, Giant Honeybee, 430, 448

A. florea, Dwarf Honeybee, 421, 430, 448

A. indica, 448

A. mellifera, Domestic Honeybee, 420, 421, 425, 426, 430, 431, 443, 444, 445, 448

A. m. carnica, 448

A. m. fasciata, 448

A. m. intermissa, 448

A. m. nigra, 448

Others:

Adrena flavipes, Solitary Bee, 148

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:

Class Echinoidea:

Diadema antillarum, Sea Urchin, 146

Class Ophiuroidea (Brittle-Stars), 165

PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA:

Class Enteropneusta:

Balanoglossus, 165

PHYLUM CHORDATA, 147, 148, 1063, 1064

SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA (TUNICATA), 165, 314

SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA, 153, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244, 297, 300, 1064

Superclass Pisces (Fishes), 121, 127, 138, 139, 142, 146, 147, 148, 165, 167, 168, 169, 172, 175, 176, 180, 182, 184, 192, 236, 240, 263, 264, 294, 301, 302, 472-509, 601, 609, 1064

Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes), 297

ORDER SELACHII (SHARKS), 174, 264, 266, 474

Family Carcharhinidae (Grey Sharks), 474

Negapiion brevirostris, Atlantic Lemon Shark, 509

Spinax niger, Dogfish Shark, 179, 182

Carcharhinus menisorrah, Gray Reef Shark, 509

ORDER RAJIFORMES (RAYS AND SKATES), 264, 474

Family Rajidae, 265, 508

Family Torpedinidae (Electric Rays), 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 275, 508

Family Potamotrygonidae (Stingrays):

Potamotrygon circularis, Stingray, 265

Class Osteichthyes (Teleosts), 190, 191, 297, 473, 481

ORDER ANGUILLIFORMES (EELS), 264

Family Anguillidae (Freshwater Eels):

Anguilla rostrata, American Eel, 264

ORDER CLUPEIFORMES (HERRING):

Family Clupeidae (Herring):

Clupea pallasii, Pacific Herring, 488

ORDER MORMYRIFORMES (=OSTEOGLOSSOMORPHA), 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 286, 508

Family Mormyridae (Mormyrids), 274

Gnathonemus, 267, 275

G. petersii, 267, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277, 500, 508

Family Gymnarchidae (Gymnarchids), 26, 51, 265

Gymnarchus, 272, 279, 284

G. carapo, 508

G. niloticus, 277, 278, 279, 280, 508

ORDER SALMONIFORMES (SALMON):

Family Salmonidae (Salmon), 476, 783

Salmo gairdneri, Trout, 476

s. salar, Atlantic Salmon, 484

S. trutta, Trout, 476

ORDER CYPRINIFORMES (=OSTARIOPHYSI) (CARP), 264, 265, 473, 489

Family Characidae (Characins):

Subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Glandulocaudinc Fishes), 477

Glandulocauda, 488

G. inequalis, 500

Subfamily Cheirodontinae:

Pristella riddlei, Pristella, 479

Subfamily Tetragonopterinae (Tetras), 168

Subfamily Serrasalminae:

Serrasalmus nattereri, Piranha, 188

SUBORDER GYMNOTOIDEI (ELECTRIC EELS), 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 286, 508

Family Electrophoridae (Electric Eels), 263, 265, 275

Electrophorus electricus, Electric Eel, 265, 266, 284, 508, 509

Family Gymnotidae (Gymnotid Eels), 265

Gymnotus, 271, 274, 277, 279, 284

G. carapo, Gymnotid Eel, 270, 274, 275, 277, 279

Family Rhamphichthyidae (Rhamphichthyid Eels), 265

Sternopygus, 58, 269, 270, 273, 274, 281, 282, 283

S. macrurus, 271, 272, 273, 275, 281, 282, 283, 508

Eigenmanma, 58, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285

E. virescens, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277, 278, 282

Hypopomus artedi, 265, 271, 277, 279

H. beebei, 277, 279

H. brevirostris, 274, 275

H. lepturus, 285

Steatogenes elegans, 271

Family Apternotidae, 265, 266, 270

Apternotus albifrons, 265, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 285

Sternarchorhampus macrostomus, 270, 271

Rhamphichthys rostratus, 277

Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus, 271, 275, 277, 279

Adontosternarchus sachsii, 271

Family Cyprinidae (Carp), 481, 489, 490

Rutilus rutilus, European Roach, 479, 489

Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Rudd, 479, 489

Leuciscus rutilus, Roach, 479

Phoxinus phoxinus, Minnow, 146, 487

Pimephales promelas, Fathead Minnow, 474

Notropis analostanus, Satinfin Shiner, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 507

N. leutrensis, 493, 496, 507

N. texanus, 489, 490

N. venustus, 489, 490, 493, 496, 507

Hybopsis aestivalis, Chub, 489, 490

Acheilognathus lanceolata, Japanese Bitterling, 488, 489

Carassius auratus, Goldfish, 499, 505

Family Catastomidae (Suckers), 489

Family Cobitidae (Loaches):

Botia (Hymenophysa) hymenophysa, Tiger Loach, 491

ORDER SILURIFORMES (CATFISHES), 265, 477

Family Ictaluridac (North American Freshwater Catfishes):

Ictalurus, 487

I. natalis, Yellow Bullhead, 153, 487

I. nebulosus, Brown Bullhead, 487

Family Bagridae (Bagrid Catfishes):

Bagre (Gafftopsail Catfishes), 505

B. marinus, Sea Catfish, 496, 500

Family Ariidae (Sea Catfishes):

Galeichthys, 505

G. (Hexanematichthys) felis, Sea Cat, 492, 494, 496, 500

Family Malapteruridae (Electric Catfishes), 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 275, 508

Malapterurus electncus, Electric Catfish, 284, 285, 508

Family Plotosidac (Plotosid Sea Catfishes), 86, 479

Plotosus, 264

P. anguillaris, 479

ORDER PERCOPSIFORMES (TROUT-PERCHES):

Family Leiognathidae:

Leiognathus equulus, Pony Fish, 174, 175, 182

ORDER BATRACHOIDIFORMES (TOADFISHES):

Family Batrachoididae (Toadfishes), 494, 496, 498, 499, 504, 505, 507, 509

Opsanus beta, 492, 493, 497, 498, 500, 504

0. phobetron, 493, 497, 498, 500

O. tau, Oyster Toadfish, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496, 497, 498, 500, 504, 506

Porichthys notatus, Northern Midshipman, 483, 491, 493, 496,'501, 506

ORDER LOPHIIFORMES (ANGLERFISHES), 171, 173, 180

ORDER GADIFORMES (CODFISHES):

Family Gadidae (Codfishes):

Gadus morhua, Atlantic Cod, 474, 492, 494, 501

Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Haddock, 492, 500

ORDER ATHERINIFORMES (SILVERSIDES), 479

Family Cyprinodontidae (Killifishes):

Fundulus, 489

F. olivaceus, 489, 490

Family Poeciliidae (Livebearers), 475

Poecilia reticulata, Guppy, 482

Xiphophorus hellen, Swordtail, 115, 189, 486

Gambusia (Gambusias), 489

G. affinis, 489, 490

Family Atherinidae (Silversides):

Menidia betyllina, Freshwater Silverside, 479

M. menidia, 479

Athennopsis affinis, Topsmelt, 478, 489

ORDER ZEIFORMES:

Family Anomalopidae (Lanterneye Fishes):

Photoblepharon, 483, 484

P. palpebratus, Lanterneye Fish, 483

Family Holocentridae (Squirrelfishes and Soldierfishes):

Holocentrus, 498

H. rufus, 491, 492, 495, 500, 507

Mynpristis, 492, 498

M. argyromus, 507

Myripristis berndti, 492, 494, 496, 500, 507

M. violaceus, 492, 500, 507

ORDER GASTEROSTEIFORMES:

Family Gasterosteidae (Sticklebacks), 196

Gasterosteus, 485

G. aculeatus, Three-spined Stickleback, 475, 476, 479, 482, 488

Pungitius pungitius, Non-spined Stickleback, 485

Family Syngnathidae (Pipefishes and Seahorses):

Hippocampus hudsonius, Seahorse, 493, 502

ORDER SCORPAENIFORMES (SCORPIONFISHES), 116

Family Triglidae (Sea Robins):

Prinotus carolinus, North American Sea Robin, 494, 505

P. evolans, 505

Family Cottidae (Sculpins and Bullheads):

Cottus scorpius, 505

ORDER PERCIFORMES (PERCHLIKE FISHES):

Family Theraponidae (Tigerfishes):

Therapon jarbua, Crescent Perch, 494, 496, 502, 504

Family Centrarchidae (Sunfishes), 475, 493, 497, 507, 508

Lepomis, 497

L. cyanellus, Green Sunfish, 476, 497

L. gibbosus, Pumpkinseed, 475

L. humilis, Orange-spotted Sunfish, 507

L. macrochirus, 497, 507, 508

L. megalotis, Large-eared Sunfish (Longears), 482, 485, 486, 507, 508

L. microlophus, Red-eared Sunfish, 497

Family Priacanthidae (Bigeyes):

Priacanthus cruentatus, Aveoweo, 498

P. meeki, 498

Family Percidae:

Etheostoma (Darters), 482

Family Carangidae (Jacks), 478, 479

Caranx hippos, 479

Trachurus symmetricus, Jack Mackerel, 479, 480

Family Sparidae (Porgies and Seabreams):

Lagodon, 509

L. rhomboides, Pinfish, 502, 505, 509

Family Gerridae (Mojarras), 480

Family Sciaenidae (Drums):

Corvina nigra, Sea Raven, 492, 494, 497, 498, 502

Cynoscion regalis, 498, 505

Aplodinotus, 497

A. grunniens, Freshwater Drum, 497, 498, 502

Family Mullidae (Goatfishes or Surmullets), 480

Family Kyphosidae (Sea Chubs or Rudderfishes):

Kyphosus elegans, 479

Family Chaetodontidae (Butterfly Fishes), 473, 478, 485

Chaetodon auriga, 478

Family Nandidae (Leaf Fishes):

Polycentrus schomburgkii, Guiana Leaf Fish, 482

Badis, 474

B. badis, Badis, 108, 109, 117, 474

Family Cichlidae (Cichlids), 110, 122, 186, 191, 198, 473, 474, 476, 480, 481, 484, 493

Tilapia mossambica, Mozambique Tilapia, 485, 493, 508

T. natalensis, 480, 481

Haplochromis, 482

H. burtoni, 482, 483, 502

Hemichromis bimaculatus, Jewel Fish, 485, 489, 491, 493, 498, 499, 504

Cichlasoma centrarchus, 493, 494, 502, 508

C. nigrofasciatum, Zebra or Convict Cichlid, 476, 489, 504

Pterophyllum scalare, Angel Fish, 488

Astronotus ocellatus, Oscar, 484

Nannacara anomala, Dwarf Cichlid, 489

Aequidens latifrons, Blue Cichlid, 481

Etroplus maculatus, Orange Chromide, 110, 124, 478, 485

E. suratensis, Green Chromide, 478

Family Pomacentridae, 473, 476, 478, 479

Pomacanthus arcuatus, Angelfish, 497, 503

Pomacentrus flavicauda, 477

P. jenkinsi, 482, 484, 485

Hypsypops rubicunda, Garibaldi, 475, 476, 477

Amphiprion (Anemone Fish), 491

A. bicinctus, 477

A. polymnus, 496, 503

A. xanthurus, Clown Fish, 494, 496, 503, 504

Dascyllus, 191

D. aruanus, Black-and-White Damselfish, 476, 477

D. marginatus, 108

Chromis chromis, 479

C. cyanea, 485

C. multilineata, 475, 476

C. punctipinnis, 478

Eupomacentrus, 506

E. leucostictus, Beau Gregory, 506

E. partitus, Bicolor Damselfish, 202, 497, 499, 503, 504, 505, 506

E. planifions, 477, 485, 506

SUBORDER MUGILOIDEI (MULLETS), 479

Family Mugilidae (Mullets), 479

Mugil cephalus, Striped Mullet, 479, 480

M. chelo, Thick-lipped Grey Mullet, 479

SUBORDER LABROIDEI (WRASSES):

Family Labridae (Wrasses), 476, 477, 478

Halichoeres garnoti, 477

Labroides, 477, 478

L. phthirophagus, 477, 478

L. dimidiatus, Cleaner Fish, 476

Oxyjulis, 478

O. californicus, Senorita, 478

Family Scaridae (Parrotfishes), 478

SUBORDER TRACHINOIDEI (WEEVERS):

Family Uranoscopidae (Stargazèrs), 265, 508

Astrocopus, 275

SUBORDER BLENNIOIDEI (BLENNIES):

Family Blenniidae (Blennies):

Chasmodes, 506

C. bosquianus, 499, 503

Hypsoblennius, 488

SUBORDER GOBIOIDEI (GOBIES):

Family Gobiidae (Gobies), 478

Gobius jozo, 503

Typhlogobius californiensis, Blind Goby, 153, 488

Bathygobius soporator, Frillfin Goby, 149, 243, 488, 499, 503, 505, 506

SUBORDER SCOMBROIDEI (MACKERELS):

Family Scombridae (Mackerels):

Euthynnus affinis, Tuna, 479, 482

Sarda chiliensis, Pacific Bonito, 473, 474, 482

SUBORDER ACANTHUROIDEI (SURGEONFISHES):

Family Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes), 123, 485, 486

SUBORDER ANABANTOIDEI (LABYRINTHFISHES):

Family Belontiidae:

Betta splendens, Siamese Fighting Fish, 87, 88

Subfamily Trichogasterinae (Gouramis), 486

Trichogaster leeri, Mosaic or Pearl Gourami, 486

T. trichopterus, Blue Gourami, 486, 488

Cotisa lalia, Dwarf Gourami, 481, 482

Trichopsis vittatus, Croaking Gourami, 490, 492, 493, 499, 503, 504, 506

ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES (PUFFERS):

Family Balistidae (Triggerfishes), 496

Others:

Chehdonichthys kumu, Japanese gurnard, 505

Inermia vittata, Bonnetmouth, 480

Micropogon undulatus, 495

Class Amphibia (Amphibians), 121, 147, 184, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 519-28, 536, 537, 538, 1064

ORDER CAECILIA (CAECILIANS), 519

Family Caeciliidae (Caecilians) (=Apoda), 521

ORDER CAUDATA (URODELES), 526-28

Family Cryptobranchidae (Giant Salamanders and Hellbenders):

Cryptobranchus (Hellbenders), 526, 528

Family Sirenidae (Mud Sirens):

Siren, 526

Family Proteidae (Olms or Proteids):

Necturus (Mudpuppies), 526

Family Salamandridae (True Salamanders):

Trituras, 527

T. vulgaris, Smooth Newt, 109

Notothalamus, 527

N. (=Triturus) virudescens, Red Eft, 528

Taricha (Western American Salamanders), 526, 527

Family Amphiumidae (Amphiumids or Congo Eels):

Amphiuma, Congo Eel, 526

Family Ambystomidae (Ambystomids):

Dicamptodon ensatus, Pacific Giant Salamander, 527

Ambystoma (Tiger and Spotted Salamanders), 527

A. maculatum, Spotted Salamander, 527

Family Plethodontidae (Plethodont Lungless Salamanders), 528

Eurycea bislineata, Two-lined Salamander, 528

Typhlomolge, 526

Hadieotnton, Blind Salamander, 526

Hemidactylium scutatum, Four-toed Salamander, 528

Plethodon jordani, Slimy Salamander, 527

Ensatina, 527

Aneides lugubris, Arboreal Salamander, 527, 528

Hydromantes shastae, Shasta Salamander, 527

Batrachoseps (Slender Salamanders), 527

ORDER ANURA OR SALIENTIA (ANURANS), 8, 119, 174, 197, 238, 521-26, 527, 528, 562

Family Pipidae (Pipids):

Pipa pipa, Surinam Toad, 522

Hymenochirus boettgen, 524

Family Ranidae (True Frogs), 83, 504, 521, 522, 532, 537, 538

Subfamily Dendrobatinae (Dendrobatids), 522

Dendrobates auratus, 522

D. pumilio, 522, 525

Subfamily Raninae (True Frogs):

Rana, 238, 525

R. catesbeiana, Bullfrog, 7, 8, 58, 59, 522, 525

R. clamitans, Green Frog, 522, 525

R. pipiens, Leopard Frog, 238, 522

Family Rhacophoridae (Rhacophorids):

Kassina senegalensis, Senegal Kassina, 525

Family Bufonidae (True Toads):

Bufo, 521

B. ameiicanus, American Toad, 522, 524

B. bu/o, European Toad, 523

B. regularis, Panther Toad, 525

Family Hylidae (Tree Frogs):

Hyla, 238, 526

H. regilla, Pacific Treefrog, 537

Phyllomedusa guttata, 524

Physalaemus pustulosus, 523, 526

Acris crepitans, Northern Cricket Frog, 522

Class Reptilia (Reptiles), 121, 184, 297, 519, 528, 538, 591, 592, 1064

ORDER RHYNCHOCEPHALIA, 528

Family Sphenodontidae:

Sphenodon punctatus, Tuatara, 528

ORDER SQUAMATA (SCALY REPTILES):

SUBORDER SAURIA (LIZARDS), 106, 107, 124, 189, 194, 528-33, 534, 537

Family Gekkonidae (Geckos), 528, 529, 530, 537

Phyllodactylus, 529

Ptenopus gatrulus, Barking Gecko, 530

Pytodactylus, 530

Family Iguanidae (Iguanids), 102, 519, 529, 530, 532, 536

Sceloporus (Spiny Lizards), 125, 530

S. graciosus, Sagebrush Lizard, 532

S. olivaceous, Rusty Lizard, 531

S. poinsetti, 531

S. torquatus, 531

S. undulatus, Southern Fence Lizard, 532

S. virgatus, Striped Plateau Lizard, 531

Uta (Side-blotched Lizards), 104, 115, 124, 125

U. stansburiana, Side-blotched Lizard, or Ground Uta, 531, 532

Phrynosoma (Horned Lizard), 536

Crotaphytus collaris, Collared Lizard, 531

Ctenosaura pectinata, Mexican Black Iguana, 538

Sauromalus, 529

S. obesus obesus, Chuckwalla, 125, 530

Anolis (Anoles), 115, 120, 125, 198, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533

A. aeneus, 103, 110, 111, 112, 530, 532

A. auratus, 531

A. carolinensis, Carolina Anole, 198, 530, 531, 532, 537

A. cybotes, 529

A. trinitatis, 532

A. trinitatis x aeneus, 530

A. nebulosus, 104, 530, 531

A. tropidogaster, 531

Family Teiidae (Whiptailed Lizards):

Cnemidophorus, 528

Family Agamidae (Agamid Lizards), 529, 530, 532

Family Chamaeleontidae (Chameleons), 529

Family Scincidae (Skinks), 528, 529

Tribolonotus, 530

Lamprolepis smaragdinum, 529

Oelofsea laevis, 529

SUBORDER SERPENTES (SNAKES), 142, 147, 431, 519, 533, 534, 1064

Family Leptotyphlopidae (Slender Blind Snakes):

Leptotyphlops, 533

L. dulcis, Texas Blind Snake, 533, 534

Family Colubridae (Colubrid Snakes), 74, 75, 534

Natrix (Water Snakes), 87

Storeria, 74, 87

S. dekayi, Common Brown Snake, 142

Thamnophis (Garter Snakes), 74, 87

Lampropeltis (King Snakes), 533, 534

Sonora, 534

Tantilla, 534

Leptodeira (Cat-eyed Snakes), 533

Thelotornis (African Bird Snakes), 533

Pituophis melanoleucus, Gopher Snake, 534

Family Elapidae (Cobras), 533, 534

Family Viperidae (Vipers), 534

Family Crotalidae (Pit Vipers), 534

Crotalus (Rattlesnakes), 236, 533, 534, 538

Others:

Diadophis, 534

Virginia, 534

ORDER CHELONIA (TURTLES), 116, 528, 534-36

Family Kinosternidae (Musk Turtles or Stinkpots), 535

Sternotherus (Musk Turtles), 535

Kinosternon (Mud Turtles), 534

Family Emydidae (Emydid Turtles):

Terrepene Carolina, Eastern Box Turtle, 535

T. ornata, Ornate Box Turtle, 535

Pseudemys (Painted Turtles), 535

Family Testudinidae (True Tortoises):

Geochelone, 149, 535

G. carbonaria, 535

G. denticulata, Yellow-footed Tortoise, 535

G. elegans, Star Tortoise, 535

G. elephantopus, Giant Galapagos Tortoise, 535

G. travancorica, 535

Gopherus, 535

G. agassizi, Desert Tortoise, 536

G. berlandieri, Gopher or Texas Tortoise, 535, 536

Family Cheloniidae (Marine Turtles):

Chelonia mydas, Green Turtle, 535

Lepidochelys kempii, Ridley, 535

ORDER PLEURODIRA (SIDE-NECKED TURTLES):

Family Chelidae, 534

Family Pelomedusidae, 534

ORDER CROCODILIA (CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS), 536

Family Alligatoridae (Alligators), 537

Alligator mississipiensis, American Alligator, 536

Class Aves (Birds), 26, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 83, 84, 85, 100, 122, 124, 125, 127, 164, 176, 184, 189, 200, 201, 203, 204, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 294, 343, 545-70, 591, 592, 805, 834, 849, 900, 908, 1012, 1013, 1016, 1019, 1021, 1058, 1064, 1066

ORDER STRUTHIONIFORMES:

Family Struthionidae (Ostriches), 236

ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES:

Family Podicipedidae (Grebes), 546

Podiceps cristatus, Great Crested Grebe, 546

ORDER SPENISCIFORMES (PENGUINS), 116

Family Speniscidae:

Aptenodytes forsten, Emperor Penguin, 235

Pygoscelis adeliae, Adelie Penguin, 122, 123, 554

ORDER PELECANIFORMES (TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS):

Family Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants), 834

Phalacrocorax harrisi (=Nannopterum harrisi), Flightless

Galapagos Cormorant, 104

Family Sulidae (Boobies and Gannets):

Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet, 105

ORDER CICONIIFORMES:

Family Ciconiidae (Storks), 236

Leptoptilos crumeniferus, Marabou, 201

ORDER ANSERIFORMES (LAMELLATE-BILLED SWIMMERS):

Family Anatidae (Swans, Géese, Ducks), 74, 546

Subfamily Anserinae (Geese), 116, 234, 555

Anser anser, Greylag, 107, 108, 109, 242, 558

Branta canadensis, Canada Goose, 199, 201, 549, 555

Subfamily Anatinae (Dabbling Ducks), 55, 77, 85, 87, 92, 101, 116, 120, 194, 197, 201, 234, 238

Anas, 198

A. acuta acuta, Pintail, 194

A. crecca carolinensis, Green-winged Teal, 190, 557, 558

A. crecca crecca, Common Teal, 190

A. platyrhynchos, Mallard, 80, 558, 698

A. platyrhynchos x acuta acuta, 194

Chloephaga melanoptera, Andean Goose, 203

Aix sponsa, Wood Duck, 80

Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneyc, 103, 104, 190

B. islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye, 140

ORDER GALLIFORMES (GALLINACEOUS BIRDS), 124

Family Phasianidae:

Canachites canadensis, North American Spruce Grouse, 560

Centrocercus urophasianus, Sage Grouse, 55, 102, 105, 106, 122

Tympanuchus cupido, Greater Prairie Chicken, 235, 236

Tetrastes bonasia, Hazel Grouse, 236

Alectoris rufa, Red-legged Partridge, 554, 555

Coturnix coturnix japonica, Japanese Quail, 548

Subfamily Meleagridinae (Turkeys), 233, 234

Meleagris gallopavo, Turkey, 105, 1061

Subfamily Pavoninae (Peafowl), 102, 103

Subfamily Phasianinae (Pheasants):

Gallus gallus, Red Jungle Fowl, 79

Domestic Cock (Domestic form of Gallus gallus), 62, 77, 78, 80, 84, 87, 103, 106, 107, 109, 195, 233, 234, 238

G. gallus spadiceus, Burmese Red Jungle Fowl, 202

ORDER GRUIFORMES (CRANES):

Family Gruidae (Cranes), 236

Family Otididae (Bustards), 236

ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES (WADERS AND GULL-LIKE BIRDS), 124

Family Phalaropodidae (Phalaropes):

Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope, 559

Family Scolopacidae (Snipe-like Birds):

Scolopax (Woodcocks), 236

Gallinago (Common Snipe), 236

Family Charadriidae (Plovers):

Belonopterus chilensis, Lapwing, 238

Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer, 201

SUBORDER LARI (GULLS AND THEIR RELATIVES), 546, 547

Family Stercorariidae (Skuas):

Stercorarius skua, Great Skua, 554

Family Laridae (Gulls), 234, 242, 546, 547, 548, 550, 551, 552, 553, 557, 834

Larus (Gulls), 89, 200, 201, 548, 549

L. argentatus, Herring Gull, 560

L. atricilla, Laughing Gull, 114, 119, 120, 193, 195, 200, 201, 560

L. fuliginosus, Dusky or Lava Gull, 200, 201

L. glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull, 192> 560

L. glaucoides kumlieni, Kumlien's Gull, 190

L. ridibundus, Black-headed Gull, 100, 560

ORDER COLUMBIFORMES (PIGEONS):

Family Columbidae (Pigeons), 29, 87, 116, 192, 193

Columba livia, Rock Dove, 193, 238

C. palumbus, Wood Pigeon, 236

Streptopelia (Turtle Doves), 77, 108

S. risoria, Ring Dove, 62, 88, 203

S. roseogrisea, African Collared Dove or Barbary Dove, 103, 106, 194

S. roseogrisea x turtur, 194

S. turtur, Turtle Dove, 194

ORDER PSITTACI (PARROTS):

Family Psittacidae (Parrots), 77, 114, 1035

Brotogeris jugulans, Orange-chinned Parakeet, 569

ORDER STRIGIFORMES (OWLS), 236, 569

Family Tytonidae (Barn Owls), 52

ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES (GOATSUCKERS):

Family Steatornithidae (Oilbirds):

Steatornis, 255

Family Caprimulgidae (Nightjars):

Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will, 191

ORDER TROCHILIFORMES (HUMMINGBIRDS), 47

Family Trochilidae (Hummingbirds), 108

Phaethornis longuemareus, Little Hermit, 559

Family Indicatoridae (Honey Guides):

Indicator, 242, 243

Family Picidae (Woodpeckers), 236, 1059

Colaptes auratus, Yellow-shafted Flicker or Common Flicker, 190

Dendrocopus major, Greater Spotted Woodpecker, 1068

D. villosus, Hairy Woodpecker, 567

ORDER PASSERIFORMES (PASSERINE BIRDS), 100, 123, 124, 546

Family Furnariidae (Ovenbirds):

Seiurus aurocopillus, Ovenbird, 243

Family Tyrannidae (Tyrants or New World Flycatchers), 237, 549, 554, 569

Sayornis, 564

S. phoebe, Eastern Phoebe, 554, 565

Tyrannus, 549, 563

Cantopus virens, Eastern Wood Peewee, 564

Family Pipridae (Manakins), 548

Pipra erythrocephala, Golden-bearded Manakin, 236

SUBORDER OSCINES (SONGBIRDS), 49, 52, 55, 57, 58, 62, 77, 85, 86, 87, 89, 123, 557, 845

Family Laniidae (Shrikes):

Laniarius, 242, 567, 568

L. aethiopicus, Bell Shrike, 569, 570

L. barbarus, 568

L. erythrogaster, 241

L. funebris, Slate-colored Bou-bou Shrike, 569

Family Troglodytidae (Wrens):

Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren, 243

Family Mimidae (Mockingbirds and Thrashers), 85

Family Muscicapidae (Flycatcher-like Birds):

Cistieola (Sylviid or Old World Warblers), 568

Acrocephalus schoenebaenus, Sedge Warbler, 196, 197

A. scirpaceus, Reed Warbler, 197

Sylvia communis, White Throat, 77

Phylloscopus collybita, Chiffchaff, 563

Class Aves (cont.)

Erithacus rubecula, Robin, 243, 246, 560

Copsychus malabaricus, Schamama, 243

Turdus merula, Blackbird, 554

T. migratorius, American Robin, 77

T. viscivorus, Mistle Thrush, 563, 564

Hylocichla ustulata, Olive-backed Thrush, 564

Family Paridae (True Tits):

Parus, 563

P. atricristatus, Blackcrested Titmouse, 569, 570

P. caeruleus, Blue Tit, 561, 562

P. carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee, 554, 555, 565

P. major, Great Tit, 550

Family Emberizidae (Buntings and Related Birds):

Subfamily Emberizinae (Buntings), 200, 201, 241, 567

Zonotrichia (Crowned "Sparrows"), 200

Z. albicollis, White-Throated Sparrow, 561

Z. iliaca (=Passerella iliaca), Fox Sparrow, 199

Z. leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow, 49, 62, 63, 64, 77, 89, 92, 566, 567

Junco oreganus, Oregon Junco, 62, 63

J. phaeonotus, Arizona Junco, 77

Melospiza (Song Sparrows), 564

M. melodia, Song Sparrow, 62, 63, 77, 92, 566

Arremonops conirostris, Green-backed Sparrow, 554, 555, 556

Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow, 563

S. pusilla, Field Sparrow, 554

Subfamily Cardinalinae (Cardinals), 564, 569, 570

Cardinalis (= Richmondena) cardinalis, Red Cardinal, 189, 191, 566

Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, Pyrrhuloxia, 569, 570

Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 186, 564

P. melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak, 77

Subfamily Thraupinae (Tanagers):

Chlorospingus, 555, 563

Family Parulidae (Wood Warblers), 565

Dendroica pennsylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler, 565

Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler, 190

Geothlypsis trichas, Yellowthroat, 190

Family Vireonidae (Vireos):

Vireo jlavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo, 564, 565, 566

V. solitarius, Solitary Vireo, 564

Family Icteridae (Icterids):

Icterus (American Orioles), 190

I. galbula, Baltimore Oriole, 190

I. parisorum, Scott's Oriole, 190

I. spurius, Russet Orchard Oriole, 190

Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird, 238, 549

Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark, 77

Family Fringillidae (Finches):

Subfamily Fringillidae (Chaffinches), 106, 107, 122

Fnngilla coelebs, Chaffinch, 77, 84, 92, 242, 243, 554, 560, 566, 567

Subfamily Carduelinae (Other Finches):

Carduelis tristis (=Spinus tristis), American Goldfinch, 559

Pyrrhula pynhula, Bullfinch, 246, 566

Family Ploceidae (Weavers and Weaver Finches):

Passer domesticus, House Sparrow, 202

P. montanus, European Tree Sparrow, 202

I'idua (Whydahs or Indigobirds), 565, 566

Quelea, 548

Family Estrildidae (Weaver Finches), 194, 566, 567

Spermestes bicolor, White Manakin, 201

Taeniopygia guttata castanotis, Zebra Finch, 77, 194

Estrilda (Waxbills), 203

Family Sturnidae (Starlings), 189, 190

Family Paradisaeidae (Birds of Paradise and Bowcrbirds):

Subfamily Ptilonorhynchinac (Bowerbirds), 185, 204, 548, 1059

Sericulus chrysocephalus, Regent Bowerbird, 186 Family Corvidae (Crow-like Birds), 241

Cyanocitta stellen, Steller's Jay, 191

Corvus brachyrhunchos, Common Crow, 569

Others:

Collocalia (Cave Swiftlets), 26, 252, 255

Trichophorus calurus, 911, 912

Class Mammalia (Mammals), 127, 139, 147, 148, 154, 155, 156, 184, 186, 191, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243, 245, 255, 256, 294, 546, 548, 575, 585, 591, 596, 600, 601, 603, 604, 619, 643, 659, 699, 741, 742, 744, 751, 752, 759, 764, 794, 799, 801, 803, 812, 849, 862, 863, 877, 897, 928, 945, 966, 1061, 1064

ORDER PANTOTHERIA (EXTINCT), 575

ORDER BORHYAENIDAE (EXTINCT), 575

ORDER CAENOLESTIDAE (EXTINCT), 575

Subclass Metatheria (Marsupials), 575-98

ORDER MARSUPIALIA (MARSUPIALS), 575-98

Family Didelphidae (Opossums), 575, 576, 579, 593, 594, 595

Marmosa, 577, 584, 586, 594, 595

M. robinsoni, South American Mouse Opossum, 587, 589, 594, 595

Didelphis (Common Opossums), 576, 577, 578, 584, 586, 587

D. marsupialis, Virginia Opossum, 576, 577, 578, 589, 594, 595

Family Dasvuridae (Dasvures), 576, 590, 593, 594, 595, 596

Antechinus, 584, 586, 594, 595

A. flavipes, Yellow-footed Marsupial Mouse, 594, 595

Planigale (Flat-skulled Marsupial Mice), 576

Dasyuroides, 577, 578, 579, 582, 584, 586

D. byrnei, Crested-tailed Marsupial Rat, 589, 590

Dasycercus, 578, 584, 586

D. cristicaudata, Crested-tailed Marsupial Mouse, 578, 579

Smithopsis (Narrow-footed Marsupial Mice), 576, 577, 578, 579, 584, 585, 586, 596

S. crassicaudata. Fat-tailed Smithopsis, 579, 585, 587, 588, 589, 594, 595

Antechinomys (Jerboa Marsupials), 578, 584, 585, 586

Dasyurus, 576, 584, 586

D. viverinus, 587

Sarcophilus, 576, 578, 579, 580, 582, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 590, 592, 593, 596, 597

S. harrisii, Tasmanian Devil, 579, 580, 581, 582, 585, 587, 589, 594, 595, 596

Thylacinus, 576

Family Peramelidae (Australian Bandicoots), 576, 590, 594, 595

Perameles, 579, 586

P. nasuta, Long-nosed Bandicoot, 579, 594, 595

Superfamily Phalangeroidea, 576

Family Phalangeridae (Phalangers), 593, 594, 595

Trichosurus, 584, 586

T. vulpecula, Brush-tailed Phalanger, 579, 587, 589, 594, 595

Phalanger, 576, 579, 584

P. gymnotis, Cuscuses, 579, 585, 586, 587, 594, 595

Petaurus (Gliders), 584, 585, 586

P. breviceps, Suger Glider, 578, 585, 589

P. breviceps papuanua, Gliding Phalanger, 139

Phascolarctos (Koalas), 578

Family Vombatidae (Wombats), 594, 595

Vombatus, 585, 594, 595

V. ursinus, Common Wombat, 594, 595

Family Macropodidae (Kangaroos), 576, 577, 578, 579, 593, 594, 595, 647

Bettongia, 579, 586, 593

B. lesueur, Lesueur's Rat Kangaroo, 594, 595

Setonyx, 594, 595

S. brachyurus, Quokka, 594, 595

Macropus (Kangaroos), 576, 579, 587, 592

M. eugenii, Tamar or Scrub Wallaby, 578, 585

M. (Macropus) giganteus, Great Grey Kangaroo, 584, 586, 587

M. parryi, Whiptail Wallaby, 578, 585

Megaleia, 579, 587

M. rufa, Red Kangaroo, 578, 584, 585, 586, 587, 589, 592, 594, 595

Subclass Eutheria (Higher Mammals), 575, 576, 587, 591, 593, 596, 597

ORDER INSECTIVORA, 236, 591, 600-31

Superfamily Tenrecoidea (Tenrecs), 236

Family Solenodontidae (Solenodons), 600, 601, 620, 621-24, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630

Solenodon, 621

S. cubanus (=Atopogale cubana), Cuban Solenodon, 621

S. paradoxus, Haitian Solenodon, 606, 612, 621-22, 623

Family Tenrecidae (Tenrecs), 596, 600, 601, 602, 605, 611, 612, 613, 614-24, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630

Subfamily Tenrecinae, 620

Centetes, 615, 617

C. ecaudatus (=Tenrec ecaudatus), Tailless Tenrec, 236, 615, 616, 617, 627

Hemicentetes, 236, 604, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 627

H. semispinosus, Streaked Tenrec, 615, 616, 618, 619-20, 622

Setifer, 604, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 627

S. setosus, Greater Hedgehog Tenrec, 615, 616, 618, 619-20, 622

Echinops, 604, 615, 618, 619, 620, 627

E. telfaiii, Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec, 614, 615, 616, 620

Subfamily Oryzorictinae (Rice Tenrecs), 618, 620

Microgale (Shrew-like Tenrecs), 604, 618, 619

M. dobsoni, 615, 616, 618, 620

M. talazaci, 615, 616, 618, 620

Limnogale, 601

L. mergulus, Marsh Tenrec, 615-16

Subfamily Potamogalidae (Otter Shrews), 600, 601, 621, 625, 626, 628, 629, 630

Potamogale velox, Giant African Otter Shrew, 621

Mesopotamogale ruwenzorii, Ruwenzori Otter Shrew, 621

Micropotamogale larnottei, Dwarf African Otter Shrew or Lesser Otter Shrew, 621

Family Chrysochloridae (Golden Moles), 600, 601, 624, 626, 628, 629, 630

Family Erinaceidae (Hedgehogs), 600, 601, 602, 603, 605, 606, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630

Subfamily Erinaceinae (Spiny Hedgehogs, Eurasian and African Hedgehogs), 602-605, 606, 626

Erinaceus europaeus, Common European Hedgehog, 603, 604, 605

Aethechinus algirus, Algerian Hedgehog, 603

Hemiechinus, 602, 604

H. auritus, Eared Hedgehog, 603, 604

H. auritus aegypticus, Egyptian Long-eared Hedgehog, 603

H. auritus persicus, Persian Long-eared Hedgehog, 605

H. auritus syriacus, Syrian Long-eared Hedgehog, 603, 604

H. megalotis, Long-eared Hedgehog, 603, 604

Subfamily Galericinae, Tribe Echinosoricini (Hairy Hedgehogs), 600, 601, 605, 606, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630

Echinosorex gymnurus, Moon Rat, 606

Hylomys suillus, Lesser Gymnure, 606

Neohylomys hainanensis, Hainian Gymnure, 606

Podogymnurus truei, Mindanao Gymnure, 606

Neotetracus sinensis, Shrew Hedgehog, 606

Family Soricidae (Shrews), 256, 576, 591, 600, 601, 606, 610-14, 620, 622, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630

Sorex araneus (=Sorex vulgaris), Common Shrew, 611, 613

S. cinereus, Masked Shrew, 611, 612, 613

S. fumeus, Smoky Shrew, 611, 613

S. minutus, Lesser Shrew, 614

S. palustris, Northern Water Shrew, 611

S. vagrans, 612

Soricinae, 610

Neomys (Water Shrews), 601, 610

N. fodiens, European Water Shrew, 611

Blarina, 591, 612,-614, 627

Blarina brevicauda, Shoettail Shrew, 611, 612, 613-14

Cryptotis, 591

C. parva, Least Shrew, 610, 611, 612, 613

Notiosorex crawfordi, Gray Desert Shrew, 613

Crocidura bicolor, African Bicolor White-toothed Shrew, 611

C. coerulea (=Suncus caeruleus}), 611

C. flavescens herero, Herero Musk Shrew, 612, 613

C. leucodon, Bicolor White-toothed Shrew, 610, 614

C. olivieri, 611, 613

C. russula, Common European White-toothed Shrew, 610, 612, 614

C. suaveolens, Lesser White-toothed Shrew, 610

Praesorex gqliath (=Croddura giffardi), African Forest

Shrew, 614

Suncus, 591, 611, 612, 614, 627

S. etruscus, Savi's Pygmy Shrew, 613

S. murinus, Musk Shrew, 610, 612

Chimmarogale (Asiatic Water Shrews), 601

Nectogale elegans, Szechuan Water Shrew, 601

Family Talpidae (Moles), 600, 601, 606-10, 615, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630

Subfamily Desmaninae (Desmans), 601, 608, 609, 610, 624-25, 628, 629, 630

Desmana, 609

D. moschata, Russian Desman, 608, 609, 615

Galemys, 609, 610

G. pyrenaicus, Pyrenean Desman, 609, 615

Talpa, 610

T. europaea, Common Eurasian Mole, 607, 608

Neurotrichus, 608

N. gibbsi, Shrew Mole, 607

Parascalops breweri, Hairytail Mole, 607, 608

Scapanus latimanus, California Mole, 608

S. orarius, Pacific Mole, 608

S. townsendi, Townsend's Mole, 608

Scalopus aquaticus, Eastern Mole, 608

Condylura cristata, Star-nosed Mole, 607, 608

ORDER CHIROPTERA (BATS), 26, 47, 172, 180, 182, 234, 235, 236, 240, 252-59, 371, 612, 613, 841

Family Pteropidae (Fruit Bats):

Rousettus (Rousette Bats), 255

SUBORDER MICROCHIROPTERA (INSECTIVOROUS BATS), 252, 254, 255, 256

Family Emballonuridae, 254

Family Noctilionidae (Bulldog Bats), 254

Family Rhinolophoidea (Horseshoe Bats), 253

Family Phyllostomidae (Leaf-nosed Bats), 254

Subfamily Chilonycterinae (=Mormoopidae) (Mustache Bats), 253

Pteronotus parnellii, 253, 254

Family Desmodontidae (Vampire Bats), 253, 254

Desmodus rotundus, Vampire Bat, 254

Family Natalidae (Funnel-eared Bats), 254

Family Vespertilionidae (Vespertilionid Bats), 254

Myotis lucifugus, 255, 256

Family Molossidae ("Free-tailed" Bats), 254

ORDER PRIMATES, 3, 5, 7, 8, 16, 20, 21, 22, 49, 56, 57, 100, 107, 114, 116, 122, 124, 127, 201, 202, 204, 211, 294, 648, 659, 735, 736, 751, 767, 801, 834, 845, 849, 851, 852, 856, 886, 890, 892, 897, 928, 929, 945, 966, 974, 1007, 1010, 1012, 1013, 1017, 1021, 1029, 1061, 1062

SUBORDER PROSIMII, 841-50, 904, 968

Family Tupaiidae (Tree Shrews), 252

Tupaia belangen, 139, 147

Family Lemuridae (Lemurs), 843, 847

Lemur, 843

L. catta, Ringtailed Lemur, 154, 843, 844, 846, 847, 848

L. fulvus, Brown Lemur, 845, 846, 847

L. macaco, Black Lemur, 843

L. mongoz, Mongoz Lemur, 843

L. rubriventer, 843

L. variegatus, Variegated Lemur, 843, 848

Hapalemur (Gentle Lemurs or Hapalemurs), 843

H. griseus, 843

H. simus, 843

Lepilemur (Sportive Lemurs or Lepilemurs), 843

L. mustelinus, 843

Family Cheirogaleinae (Small Nocturnal Lemurs), 843

Cheirogaleus (Dwarf Lemurs), 843

C. major, Greater Dwarf Lemur, 843

C. medius, Fattailed Dwarf Lemur, 843

C. trichotis, Hairyeared Dwarf Lemur, 843

Microcebus (Mouse Lemurs), 843

M. coquereli, Coquerel's Mouse Lemur, 843

M. murinus, Lesser Mouse Lemur, 843, 847, 848

Phatier (Forked Lemurs), 843

P. furcifer, 843

Family Indriidae, 843

Indri, 843

I. indri, Indri, 843

Avahi (Woolly Lemurs or Avahis), 843

A. laniger, 843

Propithecus (Sifakas), 843

P. diadema, Diademed Sifaka, 843

P. verreauxi, White Sifaka, 843

Family Daubentoniidae, 843

Daubentonia madagascariens is, Aye-aye, 843

Family Lorisidae, 843

Loris, 843

L. tardigradus, Slender Loris, 843

Nycticebus, 843

N. coucang, Slow Loris, 843

Arctocebus, 843

A. calabarensis, Golden Potto, 843

Perodicticus, 843

P. potto, Potto, 843

Galago (Galago) (Galagos and Bushbabies), 843, 847

G. (Galago) alleni, Allen's Bushbaby, 843

G. (Galago) crassicaudatus, Thicktailcd or Greater Bushbaby, 843

G. (Galago) senegalensis, Senegal or Lesser Bushbaby, 843

Galago (Euoticus) (Needleclawed Bushbabies), 844

G. (Euoticus) elegantulus, 844

G. (Euoticus) inustus, 844

Galago (Galagoides) (DemidofFs or Dwarf Bushbabies), 844

G. (Galagoides) demidovii, 844

Family Tarsidae, 844

Tarsius (Tarsiers), 844

T. bancanus, Horsfield's Tarsier, 844

T. spectrum, Spectral Tarsier, 844

T. syrichta, Philippine Tarsier, 844

SUBORDER SIMIAE (MONKEYS) 56, 57, 58, 61, 76, 90, 236, 238, 239, 658, 659, 815, 847, 852, 890, 891, 928, 930, 932, 936, 940, 952, 954-56, 1035

INFRAORDER PLATYRRHINA (NEW WORLD MONKEYS), 19, 851-86, 904, 915, 940, 968

Superfamily Ceboidea (New World Monkeys), 847

Family Cebidae (Capuchin-like Monkeys), 853, 854, 861, 862, 863, 866, 867, 873, 874, 875, 876, 885, 886

Aotus (Night Monkeys), 854, 857, 860, 863, 867, 868, 869, 874, 875, 886

A. trivirgatus, Night or Owl Monkev, 853, 854, 858, 864, 870, 872, 877, 878, 880, 882

Callicebus (Titi Monkeys), 853, 854, 857, 860, 867, 868, 875

C. moloch, Dusky Titi, 562, 854, 859, 864, 867, 871, 873, 878, 881, 883, 886

Pithecia (Sakis), 855, 860

P. monachus, Monk Saki, 855, 863, 865

Chiropotes (Bearded Sakis), 855

Cacajao (Uakaris), 855

C. ruhicundus, Red Uakari, 855, 860, 863, 865

Saimiri (Squirrel Monkeys), 851, 853, 855, 856, 857, 860, 861, 862, 866, 867, 868, 869, 873, 874, 875, 878, 884, 885, 886, 914, 945

S. sciureus, Common Squirrel Monkey, 6, 76, 203, 855, 859, 860

S. oerstedii, Red-backed Squirrel Monkey, 855, 859, 865, 871, 873, 881, 883

Cebus (Capuchins), 855, 856, 857, 860, 862, 869, 874, 875, 878, 879, 885, 886, 1059

C. albifrons, White-fronted Capuchin, 855, 860, 861, 865, 871, 873, 881, 883

C. apella, Brown or Tufted Capuchin, 855, 859, 865, 1635866, 867, 871, 873, 875, 876, 879, 881, 883

C. capucinus, White-faced Capuchin, 855, 857, 859, 861, 862, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 871, 873, 874, 875, 877, 878, 879, 881, 883, 884, 885, 886

C. nigrivittatus, Weeper Capuchin, 855, 862, 865, 866, 871, 873, 878, 881, 883, 886

Alouatta (Howler Monkeys), 22, 236, 855, 856, 857, 860, 862, 869, 886, 900

A. palliata, 126, 893

A. seniculus, Red Howler, 855, 856, 859, 860, 862, 865, 867, 871, 873, 874, 876, 881, 885

A. villosa {palliata), Guatemalan or Mantled Howler Monkey, 855, 856, 857, 859, 860, 865, 868, 869, 871, 873, 876, 877, 878, 879, 881, 886

Ateles (Spider Monkevs), 855, 856, 857, 860, 862, 867, 873, 874, 879, 886

A. belzebuth, Long-haired Spider Monkey, 855

A. fusciceps, Brown-headed Spider Monkey, 855, 865, 878, 881, 883

A. geoffroyi, Central American Black-handed Spider Monkey, 855, 856, 859, 861, 865, 867, 871, 873, 877, 878, 881, 883, 884, 885

Braehyteles, 855

B. arachnoïdes, Woolly Spider Monkev, 855

Lagothrix (Woolly Monkeys), 855, 867

L. lagothricha, Brown Woolly Monkey, 855, 859, 865, 871, 873, 881, 883

Family Callithrichidae (=Hapalidae) (Marmosets and Tamarins), 847, 851, 852, 853, 854, 857, 863, 866, 867, 873, 875, 876, 884, 886

Cebuella, 854

C. pygmaea, Pvgmv Marmoset, 854, 858, 860, 864, 866, 870, 872, 880, 882

Callithrix (=Callicebus) (Marmosets), 854, 874, 877

C. argentata, Silverv Marmoset, 854, 864, 866, 870, 872, 880, 882

C. geoffroyi, Geoffroy's Marmoset, 854, 858, 866

C. jaeehus, Common Marmoset, 854, 858, 864, 866, 869, 870, 872, 874, 875, 878, 880, 882

Leonopitheeus (Maned Tamarin), 854, 863, 867

L. rosalia, Golden Lion Tamarin, 853, 854, 858, 864, 870, 872, 880, 882

Saguinus (Tamarins), 854, 867, 879

S. (Oedipomidas) geoffroyi, Rufous-naped Tamarin, 854, 857, 858, 860, 864, 866, 867, 869, 870, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 882, 886

S. fuscieollis, Brown-headed Tamarin, 854, 858, 863, 864, 880, 882

S. midas, Golden-handed Tamarin, 853, 854, 870, 872, 878

S. oedipus, Cotton-top Tamarin, 854, 864

S. tamarin, Black Tamarin, 854, 870, 872

Callimico, 854, 857, 861

C. goeldii, Goeldi's Marmoset, 853, 854, 858, 864, 866, 868, 870, 872, 873, 878, 880, 882, 885

INFRAORDER CATARRHINA (OLD WORLD SIMIAN PRIMATES), 890-958, 968

Superfamily Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkevs), 19, 851, 890, 928-58, 1010

Family Cercopithecidae (Cercopithecids), 892

Macaca, 891, 893, 895, 901, 902, 905, 909, 917, 922, 923, 927, 929, 930, 931, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 941, 943, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 958, 968

M. fuscata, Japanese Macaque, 56, 57, 195, 891, 893, 895, 897, 899, 900, 902, 903, 904, 905, 907, 908,

Class Mammalia (cont.) 909, 913, 917, 918, 923, 924, 926, 927, 931, 934, 946, 952, 955, 1021, 1024

M. irus or fascicularis, Crab-eating Macaque, 893, 900, 902, 909, 923, 927, 930, 934, 936, 937, 939, 940

M. mulatto, 8, 56, 83, 126, 127, 856, 893, 900, 902, 903, 904, 905, 907, 908, 910, 913, 923, 924, 926, 927, 928, 933, 934, 936, 940, 941, 942, 946, 947, 951, 954, 956

M nemestrina, Pig-tailed Macaque, 876, 893, 902, 910, 923, 924, 927, 934, 943, 948

M. radiata, Bonnet Macaque, 902, 903, 907, 926, 927, 934, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 946, 948, 949

M. silenus, Lion-tailed Macaque, 893, 895

M. sinica, Toque Monkey, 934, 935, 941

M speciosa, Stumptail Macaque, 902, 913, 918, 923, 924, 926, 927, 930, 937, 941, 942, 945, 947

M sylvana, Barbary Macaque, 902, 903, 909, 923, 926, 927, 931, 937, 942

Cynopithecus niger, Celebes Crested Macaque, 933, 941

Papio (Baboons), 49, 89, 196, 202, 891, 905, 907, 908, 909, 910, 913, 917, 918, 923, 924, 929, 930, 931, 932, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 957, 958, 1026, 1034

P. anubis, Olive or Anubis Baboon, 893, 905, 913, 934, 938, 946

P. cynocephalus, Yellow Baboon, 196

P. hamadryas, Hamadryas Baboon, 892, 893, 905, 930, 931, 937, 938, 942, 944, 945, 947, 948, 951

P. ursinus, Chacma Baboon, 893, 905, 931, 934, 938, 942, 943, 944, 946, 947

Mandrillus (Mandrills), 198, 928, 931

M. leucophaeus, Drill, 913, 922, 957, 958

M. sphinx, Mandrill, 913, 922, 933, 957, 958

Theropithecus gelada, Gelada Baboon, 893, 905, 930, 931, 933, 936, 937, 938, 941, 942, 943, 948

Cercocebus (Mangabeys), 50, 893, 895, 902, 909, 913, 917, 918, 922, 923, 924, 928, 929, 930, 931, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 941, 942, 943, 944, 946, 497, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 954, 957, 958, 1007, 1029

C. albigena, Grey-cheeked Mangabey, 893, 894, 895, 897, 902, 907, 908, 909, 910, 915, 918, 922, 924, 927, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 936, 938, 939, 941, 942, 943, 945, 947, 948, 953, 954, 1026

C. albigena albigena, 894, 957

C. atys, Sooty Mangabey, 941

C. galeritus, Agile Mangabey, 893, 894, 895, 902, 907, 909, 911, 915, 918, 919, 924, 927, 930, 934, 937, 939, 945, 946

C. galeritus agilis, 894, 897, 957

C. torquatus, White-collared Mangabey, 895, 902, 910, 924, 926, 927, 931, 936, 942

Cercopithecus (Guenons), 891, 893, 894, 895, 897, 901, 902, 903, 905, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915, 918, 923, 924, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 957, 958, 968, 969, 1012, 1021

C. aethiops, Vervet Monkey, 51, 54, 55, 847, 900, 902, 903, 904, 908, 909, 910, 912, 915, 916, 917, 918, 923, 925, 928, 929, 942, 943, 945, 946, 947, 948, 1024

C. ascanius, Red-tailed Monkey, 893, 895, 899, 900, 908, 918, 924, 931, 932, 942, 948, 950, 951, 952, 953

C. ascanius whitesidei, 953

C. ascanius whitesidei x pongonias grayi, 951, 952, 953

C. albogularis, Syke's Monkey or White-throated Guenon, 942, 944, 947, 948

C. campbelli, Campbell's Guenon, 893, 897, 902, 903, 948

C. campbelli lowei, Lowe's Guenon, 902

C. cephus, Moustached Monkey, 893, 895, 899, 902, 908, 910, 911, 912, 915, 917, 918, 920, 921, 923, 924, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 936, 937, 941, 948, 950

C. diana, Diana Monkey, 937

C. erythrotes, Red-eared Guenon, 893, 911

C. I hoesti, L'Hoest's Monkey, 893

C. mitis, Blue Monkey, 56, 893, 895, 899, 900, 908, 918, 941, 948, 950

C. mona, Mona Monkey, 893, 895, 897, 900, 917, 924, 950, 958

C. neglectus, DeBrazza's Monkey, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 900, 902, 903, 904, 910, 915, 917, 918, 923, 924, 929, 931, 932, 933, 934, 937, 938, 948, 950, 957, 958, 969

C. nictitans, Greater White-nosed Guenon, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 902, 903, 908, 911, 915, 917, 918, 923, 924, 925, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 941, 943, 944, 946, 948, 950, 951

C. petaurista, Lesser White-nosed Guenon, 893, 915, 948

C. pogonias, Crowned Guenon, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 913-915, 917, 918, 924, 932, 933, 934, 941, 948, 950, 953, 957, 958

C. pogonias grayi, 894, 896, 901, 936, 952, 953

Miopithecus, 908, 943

M. talapoin, Talapoin Monkey, 56, 57, 892, 906, 907, 908, 909, 913, 917, 922

Erythrocebus, 943

E. patas, Red Guenon or Patas Monkey, 892, 893, 900, 902, 907, 908, 910, 923, 930, 931, 934, 937, 938, 942, 946

Familv Colobinae (Leaf Monkeys), 957

Presbytis (Langurs), 895, 899, 902, 903, 908, 909, 913, 923, 924, 929, 930, 937, 938, 941, 943, 1002, 1013

P. aygula, Sunda Island Leaf Monkey, 1013, 1016

P. cristatus, Lutong, or Silvered Leaf Monkey, 893, 907

P. entellus, Common or Hanuman Langur, 893, 895, 897, 902, 903, 904, 909, 923

P. johnii, Nilgiri Langur, 893, 895, 902, 903, 907, 909, 910, 923, 924, 941, 943, 946, 947, 948

P. potenziani, Mentawi Leaf Monkey, 1013

P. senex, 903

Nasalis larvatus, Proboscis Monkey, 903

Colobus (Colobus Monkeys), 893, 895, 897, 899, 902, 913, 917,

C. angolensis, Angolan Colobus, 893

C. badius, Red Colobus, 56, 751, 897, 907, 932, 951, 957, 958

C. guereza, Abyssinian Black-and-white Colobus or Guereza, 56, 893, 897, 902, 903, 905, 924, 928, 929, 931, 942, 943, 944

C. satanas, Black Colobus, 893

C. verus (=Procolobus verus), Olive Colobus, 910, 911, 929

Superfamily Hominoidea (Apes and Men), 965-1030, 1034

Family Hylopatidae (Gibbons), 236, 965, 967, 968, 969, 970, 1001-1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1017, 1020, 1026, 1027, 1029

Symphalangy (Siamangs), 965

S. (=Hylobates) syndactylus, Siamang, 1001, 1002, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1013, 1016, 1024

Hylobates (Gibbons):

H. agilis, Dark-handed Gibbon, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1013, 1014, 1015

H. concolor, White-cheeked Gibbon, 1005, 1009

H. hoolock, Hoolock Gibbon, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1016

H. klossii, Kloss's Gibbon, 965, 970, 1001,1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1013, 1015, 1016, 1019, 1020, 1024, 1029, 1059, 1069

H. lar, White-handed Gibbon, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016

H. moloch, Javan or Grey Gibbon, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1015

H. muelleri, Bornean Gibbon, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1008, 1009

H. muelleri x lar, 1009

H. pileatus, Pileated Gibbon, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1015, 1016

Family Pongidae (Great Apes), 4, 19, 77, 847, 851, 965, 967, 968, 969, 1010

Pongo pygmaeus, Orang-utan, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 1000, 1001, 1018, 1024, 1034, 1039

Gorilla, 3, 20, 236, 965, 966, 967, 968, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1024, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1039

G. gorilla beringei, Mountain Gorilla, 966, 969, 970, 990, 993-1000, 1001

Pan troglodytes, 3, 5, 8, 12, 19, 20, 21, 26, 29, 30, 31, 56, 57, 59, 64, 65, 66, 81, 89, 114, 188, 203, 204, 302, 852, 892, 956, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970-95, 997, 999, 1000, 1001, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1028, 1034-52, 1057, 1061, 1062, 1068

Family Homididae, 3

Ramapithecus, 4

Australopithecus, 4, 19

A. africanus, 3, 16, 22

Homo, 8, 27, 57

H. sapiens neanderthalensis, Neanderthal Man, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19

H. sapiens sapiens, Modern Man, 3-23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 50, 51, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 81, 87, 106, 107, 114, 120, 127, 170, 187, 188, 189, 203, 204, 211-30, 239, 240, 241, 252, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264, 302, 494, 519, 554, 559, 564, 567, 603, 658, 659, 682, 698, 699, 711, 734, 738, 782, 795, 803, 815, 841, 842, 852, 891, 915, 968, 976, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1021, 1023, 1025, 1034-52, 1055-73

ORDER LAGOMORPHA (LAGOMORPHS), 634-37, 648

Family Ochotonidae (Pikas), 634, 635, 636, 637

Ochotona, 634, 635

O. hyperborea, Japanese Pika, 635

O. princeps, North American Pika, 635

Family Leporidae (Hares and Rabbits), 119, 139, 147, 153, 236, 634, 635, 636

Lepus (Hares or "Jack Rabbits"), 634, 635, 637

L. europaeus, European Hare, 636

Sylvilagus (Cottontail Rabbits), 634, 635, 637

S.aquaticus, Swamp Rabbit, 636, 637

S. floridanus, Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, 636, 637

Oryctolagus (European or Old World Rabbits), 634, 635, '637

O. cuniculus, Old World Rabbit, 139, 636

ORDER RODENTIA (RODENTS), 49, 117, 252, 256, 591, 622, 634, 635, 636, 637-49, 752

SUBORDER SCIUROMORPHA (SCIURID OR SQUIRREL-LIKE RODENTS), 637

Family Sciuridae (Tree Squirrels or Typical Squirrels), 647

Marmota (Marmots or Woodchucks), 635, 642, 648

M. caligata, Hoary Marmot, 648

M flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Marmot, 648

M olympus, 648

Cynomys (Prairie Dogs), 641, 642, 648

C. ludovicianus, Black-tailed Prairie Dog, 243, 648

Citellus ornatus, 641

Tamias (Tamias) striatus, Eastern Chipmunk, 642

Atlantoxerus getulus, North African Ground Squirrel, 644

Spermophilus, 642, 648

S. colombianus, 644

S. richardsonii, Richardson's Ground Squirrel, 187

S. undulatus, Arctic Ground Squirrel, 108

Tamiasciurus, North American Red Squirrels, 642

Sciurus (Red Squirrels), 186, 644

S. carolinensis, Gray Squirrel, 641

Family Heteromyidae (Heteromyid Rodents or Kangaroo Mice), 644, 645, 646

Perognathus (Pocket Mice), 641

Microdipodops (Pygmy Kangaroo Mice), 644

Dipodomys (Kangaroo Rats), 641, 644, 645, 646

D. merriami, Merriam Kangaroo Rat, 645, 646

D. nitratoides, 645, 646

Liomys (Spiny Pocket Mice), 641

Family Castoridae (Beavers):

Castor, 644

C. fiber canadensis, Canadian Beaver, 139

SUBORDER MYOMORPHA (MYOMORPHS OR MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS), 50, 110, 111, 146, 147, 148, 150, 153, 236, 637

Family Cricetidae (Cricetid Rodents):

Peromyscus, 638, 639, 640, 641, 643, 644

P. (Haplomylomys) californiens, 643

P. (Haplomylomys) eremicus, 643

P. (Peromyscus) leucopus, White-footed Mouse, 643

P. (Peromyscus) maniculatus, Deer Mouse, 640, 643

Neotoma (Wood Rats), 236

Cricetus (Hamster), 643

Mesocricetus, 639, 640, 641, 643, 644

M. auratus, Golden Hamster (Syrian Stock), 638, 644

Tribe Lemmini (Lemmings), 201

Dicrostonyx, 641, 642

Lemmus (True Lemmings, Brown Lemmings), 641

Clethrionomys (Red-backed Voles), 641, 643

Microtus (Voles), 638

Subfamily Gerbillinae (Gerbils), 641, 645, 646

Gerbillus (Gerbils), 646

Meriones (Jirds), 643, 645, 646

M. hurrianae, 646

M unguiculatus, Central Asian Clawed Jird, 638, 649

Tatera indica, Indian Gerbil, 646 Family Muridae (Murid Rodents):

Notomys (Australian Hopping Mice), 204, 644

Rattus (Rats), 29, 84, 86, 87, 89, 123, 148, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 743, 769

R. norvégiens, Brown or Norway Rat, 638, 639, 649

R. rattus, Black or House Rat, 644, 649

Mus, 639, 641, 643, 644, 773

M. musculus, House Mouse, 49, 638, 642

Apodemus (Wood and Field Mice), 641

Family Gliridae (True Dormice):

Glis glis, Fat Dormouse, 644

Family Dipodidae (Jervoas), 646

Alactaga (Five-toed Jerboas), 644, 645

Euchoreutes, 644, 645

SUBORDER HYSTRICOMORPHA (PORCUPINES), 637

Family Hystricidae (Old World Porcupines):

Hystrix crassipinus, Bornean Rattle Porcupine, 236

SUBORDER CAVIOMORPHA (CAVIES), 638, 641, 643, 646, 647, 648

Family Octodontidae (Octodont Rodents):

Octodon (South American Bush Rats), 642, 643, 646, 647

Octodontomys, 642, 646, 647

Spalacopus, 648

Family Ctenomyidae (Tuco-tucos):

Ctenomys (Tuco-tucos), 648

Family Chinchillidae:

Lagostomus (Viscachas), 648

Lagidium (Mountain Chinchillas), 635, 642, 648

Chinchilla, 641, 646, 647

Family Caviidae:

Cavia (Guinea Pigs), 153, 641, 642, 643, 644, 649

C. a. porcellus, Guinea Pig, 642

Galea musteloides, 187

Dolichotis, 643, 647

Pediolagus, 646, 647

Family Dasyproctidae (Agoutis):

Cuniculus, 643, 647

Dasyprocta, 642, 647

Myoprocta (Acouchys), 642, 643, 644, 647

M. pratti, 647

Family Dinomyidae (Pacarans):

Dinomys (Pacaranas), 636, 642, 643

Family Erethiozontidae (New World Porcupines):

Erethizon (North American Porcupines), 636

ORDER CETACEA (WHALES), 52, 252, 253, 254, 257, 259, 794-806

SUBORDER MYSTICOCETI (BALEEN WHALES), 794, 795, 802, 803, 804, 1058

Family Balaenidae (Right Whales):

Eubalaena australis, Southern Right Whale, 803

Family Balaenopteridae (Finback Whales):

Megaptera novaeangliae, Humpback Whale, 52, 562, 798, 803, 834, 1058

Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Minke Whale, 795, 804

SUBORDER ODONTOCETI (TOOTHED WHALES), 114, 236, 794, 795, 796, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 805, 806, 816, 834

Family Physeteridae (Sperm Whales), 796

Physeter catodon, Sperm Whalc, 802

Family Ziphiidae (Beaked Whales), 796

Family Platanistidae (Gangetic Dolphins), 796

Platanista gangetica, Ganges River Dolphin, 800

Family Iniidae (Amazonian Dolphins):

Inia geoffrensis, Amazon River Dolphin, 804

Family Monodontidae (White Whales and Narwhals), 796

Superfamily Delphinoidea (Dolphins), 195

Familv Phocaenidae (Porpoises), 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 253, 254, 794, 796

Phocaena, 234

P. phocoena, Harbor or Common Porpoise, 816, 834, 1068

Phocaenoides dalli, Dall's Harbor Porpoise, 802

Family Stenidae (Long-snouted Dolphins), 796

Steno bredanensis, Rough-toothed Dolphin, 240

Family Delphinidae (Dolphins), 195, 239, 258, 794, 795, 796, 797, 800, 802, 1069

Stenella plagiodon, 796, 802

Delphinus delphinus bairdi, Saddlcback Dolphin, 796

Delphinus delphis, Common Dolphin, 805

Tursiops, 234

T. aduncus, Indian Ocean Bottle-nosed Dolphin, 795

T. truncatus, Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphin, 243, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805

Subfamily Orcininae (Pilot and Killer Whales), 794, 796

Globicephala (Pilot Whales or Blackfish), 794

Pseudorca crassidens, False Killer Whale, 794

Orcinus orca, Common Killer Whale, 794, 802

ORDER CARNIVORA (CARNIVORES), 202, 596, 597, 648, 659, 750, 751, 752, 760, 761, 762, 767-89

Family Mustelidae (Mustelids), 762, 767-77, 783, 788, 789, 812

Subfamily Mustelinae (Weasels or Mustelins), 768

Mustela (Weasels), 767, 773, 775

M. (Lutreola) vision, American Mink, 768, 769, 771, 775, 776, 778

M. (Mustela) erminea, Stoat or Ermine, 769, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776

M. (Mustela) frenata, Long-tailed Weasel, 768

M. (Mustela) nivalis, Common Weasel, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776

M. (Mustela) rixosa, American Least Weasel, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776

M. (Putorius) furo, Ferret, 90, 769, 771

M. (Putorius) r^igripes, Black-footed Ferret, 774

M. (Putorius) putorius, European Polecat, 91, 769-71, 774, 776

Martes americana, American Marten, 768, 772, 774, 776

M. pennanti, Fisher, 775

M. zibellina, Sable, 769, 772

Eira (=Tayra) barbara, Tayra, 762, 772, 774, 775, 776

Grison vittatus, Common Grison, 768, 772, 774, 776, 778

Poecilogale albinucha, African Striped Weasel, 768, 772, 775, 776, 111, 778

Gulo gulo, Wolverine, 776

Subfamily Mellivorinae (Honey Badgers), 768

Mellivora capensis, Honey Badger or Ratel, 768, 772, 775, 777

Subfamily Melinae (Badgers), 768

Meies meles, European Badger, 772, 777

Taxidea taxus, American Badger, 777

Subfamily Mephitinae (Skunks), 768, 788

Mephitis mephitis, Striped Skunk, 768, 773, 775, 777

Spilogale putorius, Spotted Skunk, 768, 772, 773, 775, 777

Subfamily Lutrinae (Otters), 252, 768, 769, 809

Lontra (=Lutra ) felina, 809

Enhydra lutris, Sea Otter, 809, 810, 811-13, 834

Family Procyanidae (Procyonids), 767, 768, 769, 777-82, 783, 788, 789

Bassaricus astutus, North American Ring-tailed Cat or Cocomistle, 778, 780

Bassaricyon gabbii, Olingo, 779, 780, 781

Procyon, 767, 777, 779

P. lotor, North American Raccoon, 778, 779, 780, 788, 789

Nasua (Coatimundis), 777, 779

N. narica, White-nosed Coati, 778-79, 780, 781, 782, 788

N. nasua, Ring-tailed or Red Coati, 778

Polos, 777, 779

P.flavus, Kinkajou, 780, 781

Subfamily Ailurinae (Pandas), 767, 777

Ailurus fulgens, Lesser or Red Panda, 777 779, 780, 781

Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Giant Panda, 767, 111, 779, 781, 782, 788

Family Ursidae (Bears), 431, 767, 768, 769, 782-88, 789

Ursus (Brown and Black Bears), 767

U. (Ursus) arctos, Brown Bear, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 789

U. (Ursus) arctos horribilis, Grizzly Bear, 783, 786, 789

U (Euarctos) americanus, American Black Bear, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789

Thalarctos maritinius, Polar Bear, 762, 782, 785, 786, 787, 789

Selenarctos thibetanus, Asiatic Black Bear, 783

Melursus ursinus, Sloth Bear, 783, 787

Helarctos malayanus, Malayan Sun Bear, 783, 785

Tremarctos ornatus, Spectacled Bear, 782, 783, 787, 788

Family Viverridae (Viverrids), 756, 761, 762

Viverra (Civets), 762

V. (Civettictis) civetta, African Civet, 764

Genetta tigrina, Large-spotted Genet, 764

Suricata suricata, Suricate or Meerkat, 90, 760, 764

Family Hyaenidae (Hyenas):

Crocuta crocuta, Spotted Hyena, 762

Superfamily Canoidea, 767

Family Canidae (Canids), 5, 79, 90, 122, 141, 191, 195, 728-47, 761, 762, 789, 801, 930, 1068

Cains (Wolves and Jackals), 596, 597, 730, 731, 732, 733, 740

C. aureus, Golden Jackal, 107, 186, 596, 597, 729, 731, 739, 740, 746, 849

C. latrans, Coyote, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 746

C. latrans x Beagle, 738

C. lupus, Wolf, 160, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745, 746, 879

C. lupus familiaris, Domestic Dog, 76, 80, 241, 731, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 741, 742, 746; Beagle, 743; Chihuahua, 740, 741; Doberman Pinscher, 740, 741; Husky, 741; Irish Setter, 740, 741; Lap Dog, 734; Malemute, 741

Alopex lagopus, Arctic Fox, 733, 734, 735, 738, 739, 741, 743, 744, 745

Vulpes (True Foxes), 730, 731, 732, 734, 735, 736, 737, 740, 742

V. macrotis, Kit Fox, 733

V. vulpes, Red Fox, 728, 729, 732, 734, 735, 737, 738, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745, 746

Fennecus zerda, Fennec Fox, 745

Lycaon pictus, Cape Hunting Dog, 729

Cuon alpinus, Dhole or Asiatic Wild Dog, 729, 737, 739

Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Grey Fox, 729, 731, 734, 735, 738, 739, 743, 744, 745

Dusicyon culpeolus, Culpeo, 731, 733, 741

Chrysocyon brachyurus, Maned Wolf, 738

Superfamily Feloidea, 767

Family Felidae (Felids), 118, 119, 204, 749-64, 783, 789, 801

Generic Group Felini (Small Felids):

Felis, 752, 754, 762

F. catus, Domestic cat, 76, 238, 239, 241, 337, 732, 751, 752, 754, 756, 757, 758-60, 761, 762, 764, 769, 778; Siamese Cat, 83

F. manul, Pallas Cat, 749, 754, 757, 760, 761, 762-64

F. margarita, Sand Cat, 749, 754, 760, 761, 762-64

F. silvestris, European Wildcat, 749, 752, 754

Lynx, 754

L. lynx canadensis, Canada Lynx, 749, 752, 754

L. rufus, Bobcat, 754

Caracal caracal (=Felis caracal), Caracal, 189

Profelis temmincki, Temminck's Golden Cat, 749, 754

Prionailurus, 754

P. bengalensis, Leopard Cat, 749, 752, 754, 760, 761, 762-64

P. viverinna, Fishing Cat, 749, 754

Pardofelis wiedii, Margay, 749, 754

Herpailurus yagouaroundi (=Felis yagouaroundi), Jaguarundi, 749, 754, 756

Puma concolor, Puma, 749, 754

Neofelis nebulosa, Clouded Leopard, 749, 754

Generic Group Pantherini (Big Felids), 752, 762

Panthera, 752

P leo, Lion, 116, 749, 751, 752, 754, 756, 757

P. onca, Jaguar, 749, 754

P pardus, Leopard, 746, 749, 754, 757

P tigris, Indian Tiger, 749, 752, 754, 755, 756, 1068

P. uncia, Snow Leopard, 749, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 759

Acinonyx jubatus, Cheetah, 749, 754, 762

SUBORDER PINNIPEDIA (PINNIPEDS), 252, 794, 809, 813-36

Superfamily Otarioidea (Sea Lions and Walruses), 90

Family Otariidae (Eared Seals), 809, 813-17, 820, 822, 823, 825, 829, 830, 832, 834, 835

Eumatopias jubatus, Stellar or Northern Sea Lion, 814, 815, 817, 819, 821, 823, 827, 828, 829, 830, 833, 834

Zalophus californianus, California Sea Lion, 76, 814, 815, 816, 817, 819, 823, 827, 829, 830, 833

Otaria byronia, Southern Sea Lion, 814, 817, 819

Neophoca cinerea, Australian Sea Lion, 814, 819

Phocarctos hookeri, Hooker's Sea Lion, 814, 825

Arctocephalus, 817, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 830

A. australis, South American Fur Seal, 814, 817

A. doriferus, Australian Fur Seal, 814

A. forsten, New Zealand Fur Seal, 814, 817, 819, 823, 824, 826, 829, 830, 833

A. philippii, Guadalupe Fur Seal, 814

A. pusillus, South African Fur Seal, 814, 817, 819, 820, 821, 824, 825, 833

A. tasmanicus, Tasmanian Fur Seal, 814

A. tropicalis, Kerguelen Fur Seal, 814, 833

Callorhinus, 825, 830

C. ursinus, Northern Fur Seal, 817, 819, 820-22, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 833

Mirounga, 815, 820, 821, 822, 823, 825, 830, 832, 833, 834

M. angustirostris, Northern Elephant Seal, 89, 814, 817, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833

M. leonina, Southern Elephant Seal, 814, 817, 832, 833

Cystophora cnstata, Hooded Seal, 814, 816, 818, 820, 822

Pusa, 814

Engnathus barbatus, Bearded Seal, 814, 818, 820, 822, 827, 830

Pagophilus (Harp Seals), 814, 818, 825, 828, 832, 834

Histnophoca (Ribbon Seals), 814

Halichoerus, 820

H. grypus, Grey Seal, 814, 815, 816, 817, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 829, 830, 832, 833, 835

Phoca caspica (=Pusa caspica), Caspian Seal, 814, 818

P. fasciata, Ribbon Seal, 814, 818, 822

P. groenlandicus, Harp Seal, 814, 815, 816, 820, 822, 823, 824

P. hispida (=Pusa hispida), Ringed Seal, 814, 815, 817, 818, 820, 822, 823, 827, 832, 833

P. sibinca, Baikal Seal, 814, 818

P vitulina, Harbor Seal, 814, 815, 816, 820, 822, 823, 824, 825, 827, 830, 833

ORDER SIRENIA (SIRENIANS), 809, 810-11, 834

Family Hydrodamalidae (Extinct species), 809

Family Trichechidae (Manatees), 810-11

Trichechus inunguis, Brazilian Manatee, 811

T. manatus, Northern Manatee, 811

Family Dugongidae (Dugongs):

Dugong dugong, Dugong, 810

ORDER PERISSODACTYLA (ODD-TOED UNGULATES), 635, 647, 648, 688-89, 715-24, 745

Family Equidae (Equines), 202, 203, 660, 715-21, 724

Equus africanus (=E. asinus), African Wild Ass, 715, 717, 719, 720, 721

E. africanus f. asinus, 715, 718, 721

E. africanus somaliensis, 721

E. grevyi, Grevy's Zebra, 715, 716, 717, 718, 721

E. hemionus, Asiatic Wild Ass, 715, 719, 721

E. przewalskii, Przewalski's Wild Horse, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721

E. przewalskii f caballus, Domestic Horse, 716, 717, 719, 1068, 1069

E. quagga (burchelli), Plains Zebra, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720

E. zebra, Mountain Zebra, 189, 715, 716, 719, 720

Family Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceroses), 715, 722-24

Rhinoceros sondiacus, Javan Rhinoceros, 722, 723, 724

R. unicornis, Great Indian Rhinoceros, 722, 723, 724

Didermocerus sumatrensis, Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros, 722, 723, 724

Diceros bicornis, African Black Rhinoceros, 155, 722, 723, 724

Ceratotherium simum, Square-lipped or White Rhinoceros, 722, 723

Family Tapiridae (Tapirs), 715, 724, 725

Tapirus bairdi, Central American Tapir, 724

T. indicus, Malayan Tapir, 724, 725

T. pinchaque, Mountain Tapir, 724

T. terrestris, Lowland Tapir, 724, 725

ORDER ARTIODACTYLA (EVEN-TOED UNGULATES), 635, 647, 648, 655-711, 745

SUBORDER NONRUMINANTIA (NONRUMINANTS), 655, 682

Family Suidae (Old World Pigs), 234, 655, 659, 660, 669, 678, 680, 681, 692, 694, 706, 707, 708, 709

Potamochoerus porcus, Bush Pig, 694, 701

Sus (Wild Boars), 149, 150

S. scrofa, Wild Boar, 680, 694, 701, 702

S. scrofa domestica, Domestic Pig, 1068

Phacechoerus, 189

P. aethiopicus, Warthog, 668, 673, 679, 693, 694, 702, 703

Family Tayassuidae (Peccaries), 655, 659, 664, 678

Tayassu tajacu (=Dicotyles tajucu), Collared Peccary, 187, 670, 679, 680, 682

Family Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamuses), 655, 659, 678, 708, 709

Choeropsis liberiensis, Pigmy Hippopotamus, 665

Hippopotamus amphibius, Hippopotamus, 662, 665, 679, 680, 682, 692

SUBORDER TYLOPODA (TYLOPODES), 655, 665, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 692, 693, 694, 697, 700, 701, 705, 707

Family Camelidae (Camels), 655, 670, 678, 680

Cametus (Camels), 670, 698

Lama (Llamas), 670, 684

L. guanicoë, Guanaco, 681, 683, 704, 710

L. guanicoë glama, 684

L. vicuna, Vicuna, 665, 694

SUBORDER RUMINANTIA (RUMINANTS), 655, 665, 671, 682, 707

Archeomeryx optatus (Prehistoric ungulate species), 692, 693

Family Tragulidae (Chevrotains), 655

Family Cervidae (Deer), 655, 659, 664, 667, 668, 678, 680, 681, 682, 684, 685, 686, 692, 693, 697, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 897

Moschus, 697

M. moschiferus, Musk Deer, 662

Hydropotes, 697

Muntiac, 697

Dama dama, Fallow Deer, 667, 669, 670, 680, 705, 711

Axis axis, Axis Deer, 664, 669, 680, 686, 705

Cervus (Cervus) elaphus, Central European Red Deer, 660, 661, 662, 663, 669, 680, 681, 693, 697, 704

C. (Cervus) elaphus hippelaphus, 662

C. (Cervus) elaphus nelsoni, Rocky Mountain Elk, 662, 693

C. (=Sika) nippon dybowskii, Manchurian Sika, 694, 697

C. (Rucervus) duvauceli, Barasingha, 697

Capreolus capreolus, Roe Deer, 664, 701

Odocoileus, 663, 668

O. (Odocoileus) hemionus, Mule Deer, 661, 663, 667, 678, 704

O. (Odocoileus) hemionus columbianus, Black-tailed Deer, 147

O. (Odocoileus) virginianus, White-tailed Deer, 202, 668, 680, 683, 705

Alces (Moose), 683

A. alces, Moose, 663

Rangifer (Reindeer), 669, 671, 699

R. tarandus, Reindeer, 663, 671

R. tarandus arcticus, Caribou, 699

Family Giraffidae (Giraffes), 655, 678, 680, 694, 697

Okapia johnstoni, Okapi, 683, 684, 704, 709, 711

Giraffa camelopardalis, Giraffe, 668, 672, 673, 683, 684, 701, 704

Family Antilocapridae (Pronghorn), 655, 662, 665, 667

Antilocapra americana, Pronghorn, 199, 661, 663, 664, 685, 686, 688, 701, 705, 709

Family Bovidae (Horned Ungulates), 189, 647, 655, 656, 658, 659, 660, 662, 664, 668, 678, 680, 682, 683, 685, 686, 690, 692, 693, 694, 697, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707

Subfamily Cephalophinae (Duikers), 671, 680, 706

Sylvicapra grimmia, Grey Duiker, 199

Cephalophus monticola, Blue Duiker, 669

Subfamily Neotraginae (Dwarf Antelopes), 706, 707

Rhynchotragus kirki, Kirk's Dik-dik, 665, 668

Oreotragus oreotragus, Klipspringer, 199, 664

Subfamily Tragelaphinae:

Tragelaphus (Spiral-horned Antelopes), 668, 680, 681, 697, 699, 703, 706, 707

T. angasi, Nyala, 693

T. imberbis, Lesser Kudu, 673, 693, 698, 702

T. scriptus, Bushbuck, 693

T. spekei, Sitatunga, 673, 679, 680, 681, 690

T. strepsiceros, Greater Kudu, 673, 681, 690, 693, 694, 698, 699, 701, 702, 703

Taurotragus, 703, 706

T. oryx, Eland Antelope, 680, 705

Boselaphus, 706

B. tragocamelus, Nilgai, 665, 681, 682, 683, 684, 693, 695, 696, 703

Subfamily Bovinae (Oxen), 697, 701

Bos (Bibos) gaurus, Gaur, 693

B. (Bos) primigenius, Cattle, 660, 669, 670, 673, 793

Camargue Cattle, 710

Indian Cattle, 659

Bison, 669, 701

bonasus, European Bison, 663

Subfamily Alcelaphinae (Hartebeests), 659

Alcelaphus, 706

A. buselaphus, Hartebeest, 199, 673, 682, 703, 711

Damaliscus (Sassabies), 665, 706

D. dorcas dorcas, Bontebok, 689, 690, 707

D. dorcas phillipsi, Blesbok, 663, 664, 671, 688

D. lunatus, 661

D. lunatus lunatus, Tsessebe, 673, 698

D. lunatus topi, Topi, 665, 668, 679, 682, 695, 698, 705, 706, 711

Connochaetes (Gnus), 659, 669, 670, 706

C. gnou, Black Wildebeest, 662, 709, 710

C. taurinus, Brindled Wildebeest or Wildebeest, 187, 662, 668, 679, 682, 686, 689, 690, 693, 698

Subfamily Hippotraginae, 659, 706

Hippotragus, 706

H. equinus, Roan Antelope, 682, 686, 693, 701, 703, 706

H. niger, Sable Antelope, 682, 686, 701, 703, 706

Oryx, 665, 683, 686

0. gazella, Oryx, 682, 688, 693, 698, 699, 701, 702, 703, 705, 706, 710

0. gazella beisa, East African Oryx, 673, 675, 682, 686

O. gazella tao, Scimitar-horned Oryx, 706

Addax, 665, 682, 701

A. nasomaculatus, Addax Antelope, 706

Subfamily Reduncinae (Reedbucks and Waterhucks), 706

Kobus, 680, 706

K. defassa, Waterhuck, 686

Adenota kob, Uganda Kob, 647, 656, 662, 695

Onotragus megaceros, Gray's Waterhuck, 663, 670

Redunca redunca, Reedbuck, 668

Subfamily Antilopinae, 659, 664, 667, 699, 704, 706, 707, 708

Gazella, 659, 660, 665, 668, 669, 679, 682, 683, 686, 703

G. (Gazella) benetti, 664

G. (Gazella) dorcas, Dorcas Gazelle, 664, 667, 670, 686, 703, 706, 708, 709, 710

G. (Gazella) gazella, Mountain Gazelle, 664, 668, 673, 693, 695, 701, 708, 710

G. (Gazella) rufifrons, Red-fronted Gazelle, 664

G. (Gazella) thomsoni, Thomson's Gazelle, 188, 662, 663, 664, 665, 668, 669, 673, 676, 677, 685, 688, 689, 690, 702, 704, 706, 707, 708

G. {Nanger) grand, Grant's Gazelle, 661, 662, 664, 668, 673, 674, 678, 679, 681, 682, 685, 686, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 698, 699, 700, 703, 704, 706, 707, 708

G. (Nanger) Soemmering, Soemmering's Gazelle, 664, 681, 708

G. (Trachelochele) subgutturosa, Goitered Gazelle, 664, 688, 708

Antilope, 189

A. cervicapra, Indian Blackbuck, 186, 659, 663, 664, 670, 682, 688, 693, 698, 700, 704, 706, 708

Litocranius walleri, Gerenuk, 664, 670, 708

Ammodorcas clarkei, Divatag, 664, 668, 670

Antidorcas, 669

A. marsupialis, Springbuck, 667, 668

Aepyceros, 706

A. melampus, Impala, 661, 679, 695, 698, 703, 743, 745

Subfamily Caprinae, 681, 703, 706, 1068

Rupicapra, 706

R. rupicapra, Chamois, 191, 192, 201, 662, 664, 668, 671, 681, 687, 704

Oreamnos, 706

O. americanus, Rocky Mountain Goat, 199, 664, 672, 673, 687, 692, 696, 703

Capra, 663, 703

Ammotragus, 706

Ammotragus lervia, Barbary Sheep, 672, 673

Ovis (Sheep), 697, 699, 703, 706

O. ammon poli, Marco Polo Sheep, 684

O. canadensis, Bighorn Sheep, 686, 699

O. canadensis dalli, Dall Sheep, 189

O. orientalis cycloceros, Punjab Urial, 705

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