Animals for which some behavioral information is given in the text are listed in taxonomic order. Common names have been supplied where possible.
SUBKINGDOM PROTOZOA (UNICELLULATES)
PHYLUM PROTOZOA, 147, 165
Class Flagellata (Mastigophora):
ORDER DINOFLAGELLATA (DINOFLAGELLATES), 172
Class Sarcodina:
ORDER MYCETOZOIDA (SLIME MOLDS):
Group Acrasiales or Acrasina (Cellular Slime Molds), 33-42, 142
Dictyostelium discoideum, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 142, 145
D. lacteum, 41
D. minutum, 41
D. mucoroides, 41
D. purpureum, 41
D. rosarium, 41
Polysphondylium pallidum, 41
P. violaceum, 41
Class Schizomycetes (Bacteria), 46, 165
Class Ciliata:
Rhabdostyla vernalis, 147
SUBKINGDOM EUMETAZOA (METAZOA), 41, 42
PHYLUM CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA):
Class Anthozoa (Sea Anemones, Corals), 314
ORDER ACTINARIA (SEA ANEMONES):
Discosoma, 314
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA (COMB-JELLIES), 165
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES (ROUNDWORMS), 147, 148
PHYLUM ROTIFERA (ROTATORIA) (ROTIFERS), 147, 148
PHYLUM NEMATHELMINTHES:
Class Nematoda (Threadworms), 147, 148
Nematospiroides dubilis, 149
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (MOLLUSCS), 174, 314
Class Gastropoda (Univalves), 113, 165
ORDER ARCHAEOGASTROPODA (PRIMITIVE UNIVALVES):
Family Patellidae (Limpets), 142
ORDER CAENOGASTROPODA (MODERN UNIVALVES):
Family Calyptraeidae:
Crepidula (Slipper Snail), 144, 145
Family Buccinidae (Whelks):
Urosalpinx cinerea, Whelk, 102
ORDER NUDIBRANCHIA (NAKED SEA SLUGS), 165
ORDER BASOMMATOPHORA:
Family Physidae (Bladder Snails):
Physa acuta, 145
Class Bivalvia (Lamellibranchia) (Bivalves), 165
Class Cephalopoda (Squids and Octopuses), 168, 184, 188, 190, 293-302
ORDER TETRABRANCHIA (NAUTILUSES):
Family Nautilidae (Chambered Nautiluses):
Nautilus, 293, 301
ORDER DIBRANCHIA:
Suborder Sepiodei (=Sepiida), 296
Family Sepiidae (True Cuttlefishes), 293, 294
Sepia, 179, 293, 297
S. officinalis, Common Cuttlefish, 296, 300
Family Sepiolidaen:
Heteroteuthis dispar, Bob-tailed Squid, 176
Suborder Teuthoidei (=Teuthida), 296
Family Loliginidae (Squids), 165, 169, 174, 180, 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 815
Loligo, 293
L. (="Doryteuthis ") plei, North American Common Squid, 299
Sepioteuthis, 293
S. sepioidea, "Cuttlefish Squid," 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301
ORDER VAMPYROMORPHA:
Family Vampyromorphidae:
Vampyroteuthis, 293
ORDER OCTOBRACHIA (OCTOPIDA), 296
Family Octopodidae (Octopuses), 190, 293, 294, 1061
Octopus, 293
O. cf. oculifer, 300
O. chierchiae, 300
O. vulgaris, Common Octopus, 188, 190, 296, 297, 299
family Argonautidae, 293
Tremoctopus, 172
PHYLUM ANNELIDA (SEGMENTED WORMS):
Class Polychaeta:
ORDER ERRANTIA (FREE-LIVING POLYCHAETES), 165
Family Aphroditidae (Sea Caterpillars)
Polynoe, 174, 176, 182
Family Syllidae, 171, 172
Odontosyllis enolpa, Bermuda Fireworm, 171, 172
Class Clitellata:
ORDER OLIGOCHAETA, 165
Family Lumbricidae:
Lumbricus terrestris, Common Earthworm, 146
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA, 121, 147, 148, 300, 303, 455, 1063
SUBPHYLUM TRILOBITA (TRILOBITES [Fossil Sp.]), 164
SUBPHYLUM CHELICERATA:
Class Arachnida (Arachnids), 303, 315-25
ORDER SCORPIONIDA (SCORPIONS), 315, 316
Family Chactidae:
Euscorpius, 315
ORDER PALPIGRADI, 315
ORDER PSEUDOSCORPIONIDA (CHELONETHIDA), 316
Family Chthoniidae, 316
Family Olpiidae, 316
Serianus carolinensis, 316
Family Garypidae, 316
Family Sternophoiidae, 316
Family Chernetidae, 316
Lasiochernes pilosus, 316
Family Cheliferidae, 316
Hysterochelifer meridianus, 316
H. tuberculatum, 316
Family Withiidae, 316
Withius subruber, 316
ORDER UROPYGI, 316
Family Thelyphonidae (Whip Scorpions), 316
Mastigoproctus, 316, 317
ORDER SCHIZOMIDA:
Family Schizomidae, 316
ORDER ACARINA (ACARI) (TICKS AND MITES), 147, 148, 318, 455
Family Argasidae (Soft Ticks):
Argas persicus, 325
Myrmonyssus phaelenodectes, 325
ORDER PHALANGIDA (HARVESTMEN OR DADDY-LONG-LEGS), 324, 325
Family Ischyrosalididae:
Ischyropsalis hellwigi, 325
ORDER AMBLYPYGI (TAILLESS WHIP SCORPIONS), 317, 318
Family Tarantulidae:
Tarantula, 317
Admetus (=Heterophrynus), 317
Family Charontidae:
Charinus, 317
C. brasilianus, 317
ORDER ARANEAE (TRUE SPIDERS), 147, 318-25
Family Agelenidae (Funnel-web Spiders), 318
Agelena consociata, 324
Tegenaria atrica, 318
Coelotes terrestris, 323
Family Theridiidae (Domed-web Weavers), 319, 323
Achaearanea tepidariorum, 319, 320
Steatoda, 320
S. bipunctata, 318, 320
Teutana, 320
T. grossa, 318, 320
Family Argiopidae:
Meta segmenta, 319
Family Linyphiidae (Sheet-web Spiders), 319
Linyphia triangularis, 319
Family Araneidae (Orb Weavers), 318
Family Lycosidae (Wolf Spiders), 176, 180, 318, 319, 320, 321
Lycosa, 321
L. gulosa, 320
L. rabida, Wolf Spider, 181, 320, 321
Pardosa, 320, 321
P. amentata, 321
P. fulvipes, 320
P. hortensis, 321
P. lapidicina, 318
P. lugubris, 321
P. nigriceps, 321
Schizocosa avida, 320
S. crassipes, 320, 321, 322
Alopecosa aculeata, 321
Trochosa, 318, 322
Family Salticidae (Jumping Spiders), 318, 319, 321, 322, 325
Ashtabula furcillata, 323
Corythalia chalcea, 323
C. fulgipedia, 323
C. xanthopa, 323
Mago dentichelis, 323
Gertschia noxia, 323
Family Eresidae (Eresides), 323
Stegodyphus, 324
Family Dictynidae, 319
Family Amaurobiidae, 318
Others:
Cryptophora cicatrosa, 318
C. citricola, 319
Cupiennius salei, 319, 320
Ero furcata, 319
Class Crustacea, 100, 168, 172, 184, 236, 303-15
Division Entomostraca, 303
Subclass Branchiopoda, 303
Subclass Ostracoda, 165, 303
ORDER PODOCOPA:
Family Cyprididae:
Cypridina hilgendorfi, 307
Subclass Copepoda, 147, 165, 175, 303
Labidocera aestiva, 304
Caligus hubsoni, 477
Subclass Cirripedia (Barnacles), 142, 303
Balanus balanoides, Rock Barnacle, 303
Subclass Malacostraca (Higher Crustaceans), 303
ORDER MYSIDACEA, 304
ORDER TANAIDACEA (=ANISPODA):
Family Paratanaidae:
Heterotanais oerstedi, 304
ORDER ISOPODA, 304, 305
Family Oniscidae (Land Isopods):
Oniscus (Sow Bugs), 304
Hemilepistus, 304
H. aphghanicus, 314
H. reaumuri, 314, 315
Family Porcellionidae:
Porcellio, 304
P. dilatatus, 304
Family Armadillidiidae:
Armadillidium, 304
Family Bopyridae (Parasitic Isopods), 304
ORDER AMPHIPODA, 147, 165, 304, 305
Family Talitridae (Sand Fleas), 304
ORDER EUPHAUSIACEA:
Family Euphausiidae, 180
ORDER DECAPODA, 314
SUBORDER NATANTIA (SHRIMPS … PRAWNS), 165
Family Pandalidae:
Pandalus (=Paleomon) borealis, Northern Shrimp, 304
Family Alpheidae (Snapping Shrimps), 305, 306, 314, 809
Alpheus, 305, 314
Synalpheus, 305, 314
S. hemphilli, 304
Family Palaemonidae:
Periclimens affins, 314
Leander squilla, 304
Palaemonetes vulgaris, Prawn, 304
Family Stenopodidae (Cleaning Shrimps), 314
Stenopus hispidus, 314
Spongicola, 314
Others:
Callianassa affinis, 153, 488
Hymenocera picta, Harlequin Shrimp, 314
SUBORDER REPTANTIA, 122, 148, 156
Family Palinuridae, 305
Palinûrus argas, 305
P. guttatus, 305
Family Homaridae (Lobsters):
Homarus americanus, American Lobster, 304
Family Astacidae (Crayfishes), 303, 305, 309
Orconectes, 314
O. virilis, Crayfish, 307, 309
Cambarellus, 314
Family Paguridae (Marine Hermit Crabs), 192, 199, 303, 304, 305, 309, 310, 312
Clibanarius tricolor, 312
C. vittatus, 104, 310
Pagurus, 304
P. bernhardus, 149, 304, 305, 314
P. longicarpus, Small Hermit Crab, 110, 112
P. marshi, 312
P. pygmaeus, 310
Pylopagurus operculatus, 310
Family Coenobitidae (Land Hermit Crabs), 309, 312
Coenobita, 305
Birgus, 305
Family Galatheidae:
Munidopsis polymorpha, 305
Family Majiidae (Spider Crabs):
Microphrys bicornutus, 105, 106, 312
Family Portunidae (Swimming Crabs):
Carcinus maenus, Shore Crab, 304
Portunus sanguilentus, 304
Callinectes sapidus, Blue Crab, 304
Family Potamonidae (Freshwater Crabs):
Pseudothelphusa garmani, 305
Potamon, 305
Family Ocypodidae (Ghost … Fiddler Crabs), 305, 306, 307, 309, 312, 313
Ocypode ceratophthalmus, Ghost Crab, 306
O. quadrata, 306, 310, 312
O. saratan, 310, 312, 313
Uca (Fiddler Crabs), 55, 106, 110, 122, 124, 132, 198, 204, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 313
U. burgerst, 306
U. mordax, 198, 306, 309
U. pugilator, 305, 306, 307, 308
Uca pugnax, 104, 198, 309
U. pugnax virens, 104, 309
U. rapax, 111, 198, 307
U. rapax longisignalis, 104, 309
U. speciosa, 110, 111, 198, 308
U. speciosa spinicarpa, 308
U. tangeri, 306, 307, 308
U. thayeri, 306
U. vocator, 305, 309
Heloecius cordifrons, 310
Hemiplex latifrons, Sentinel Crab, 310
Dotilla, 306
D. blanfordi, 306, 310
Family Grapsidae (Rock Crabs), 306, 313
Eriocher, 313
Sesarma, 305
S. angustipes, 305
S. curacaoense, 306
S. rectum, 306
S. ricordi, 305
Hemigrapsus oregonensis, 304
Pachygrapsus, 313
Class Diplopoda (Millipedes), 149, 236
ORDER CHILOGNATHA:
Rhysida, 236
Class Chilopoda (Centipedes), 165, 236
ORDER SCOLOPENDROMORPHA (TRUE CENTIPEDES):
Family Scutigeridae:
Scutigera, 236
Class Insecta, 45, 46, 47, 113, 121, 140, 141, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 164, 175, 184, 197, 237, 240, 241, 455, 546, 622, 805, 842, 1061
ORDER COLLEMBOLA (SPRINGTAILS), 164, 165, 455
ORDER ODONATA:
Family Aeschnidae (Dragonflies):
Aeschna cyanea, 109
ORDER ORTHOPTERA, 197, 236, 334-56
SUBORDER CURSORIA:
Family Blattidae (Cockroaches), 149, 150, 334, 335, 336, 354
Periplaneta americana, American Cockroach, 192
Attaphila fungicola, 461
SUBORDER GRESSORIA:
Family Phasmidae (Walking Sticks):
Anisomorpha buprestoides, Larger Striped Walking Stick, 343
SUBORDER ENSIFERA, 336
Family Tettigoniidae (Bush Crickets), 335, 336, 339, 340, 341, 345, 346, 347
Conocephalus, 341, 346
Orchelimum vulgare, 345
Neoconocephalus ensiger, 345
Neobarrettia, 342
Ephippiger, 234
Pterophylla camellifolia, Northern True Katydid, 345, 346
Inscudderia strigata, Striped Katydid, 350
Scudderia texensis, Texas Bush Katydid, 339, 347
Family Gryllotalpidae (Mole Crickets):
Scapterisciis acletus, Mole Cricket, 338
Family Gryllidae (Crickets), 61, 62, 83, 84, 245, 334, 335, 336, 337, 339, 340, 341, 346, 352, 353, 414
Apteronemobius, 334
Apterogryllus, 334, 338
Gryllus, 76, 348
G. campestris, Field Cricket, 237, 238, 352, 353
G. integer, 337, 347, 348
G. ovisopis, Florida Cricket, 337
Acheta, 76
A. domesticus, House Cricket, 343
Teleogryllus, 338
T. commodus, 354, 355
T. gryllus, 62
T. oceanicus, 335
Ocanthus (Tree Crickets), 348
O. fultoni, Snowy Tree Cricket, 344, 345, 348
Amusurgus, 334, 338
Subfamily Trigonidiinae (Australian Crickets), 334
Metioche, 334, 338
Homoeoxipha, 334
SUBORDER ACRIDOIDEA, 334, 336, 339, 340, 341
Family Pyrgomorphidae, 342
Poekilocerus bufonius, 343
Family Acrididae (Diurnal Crickets), 337, 339, 341, 342, 346, 384
Subfamily Catantopinae, 336, 337
Taeniopoda eques, Desert Romaleine, 342
Chromacris speciosa, 342
Schistocerca, 343
S. americana (=S. gregaria Forskal), Desert Locust, 343
Subfamily Oedipodinae (Banded-winged Grasshoppers), 337, 344
Locusta, 343, 353
L. migratoria, 353
L. migratoria migratoriodes, African Migratory Locust, 145
Aerochoreutes, 348
A. carlinianus, 344, 349
Chimarocephala pacifica, 354
Encoptolophus costalis, 340
E. sordidus, 337, 340
E. subgracilis, 340
Trimerotropis californica, 340
T. maritima, 340
T. pallidipennis, 340
Gomphocerippus, 350, 351
G. rufus, 351, 354
Myrmeleotettix, 350
Ligurotettix, 347, 348
L. coquilletti, 346, 347
Goniatron, 347
G. planum, 347
Syrbula, 197, 349, 350, 351
S. admirabilis, 344, 347, 351
S. fuscovittata, 347, 354
ORDER ISOPTERA (TERMITES), 142, 144, 148, 366, 368
ORDER HEMIPTERA (TRUE BUGS):
Family Miridae (Plant Bugs), 148
Dysdercus intermedius, 146
ORDER HOMOPTERA:
Family Cicadidae (Cicadas), 236, 348, 414, 562
Family Membranacidae (Treehoppers), 367
Family Cicadellidae (Jassidae) (Leafhoppers), 367
Family Aphididae (Aphids or Plantlice), 146
ORDER TRICHOPTERA (CADDISFLIES), 362
ORDER LEPIDOPTERA (BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS), 46, 116, 140, 141, 150, 151, 152, 171, 180, 182, 362-86
Family Tineidae (True Millers), 366
Family Psychidae (Bagworm Moths), 382
Family Gelechiidae, 384
Bryotropha, 384
Family Tortricidae (Leaf Rollers), 369, 376, 384, 385
Archips semiferanus, Oak Leaf Roller, 385
Family Uraniidae, 378
Urania, 375
Family Pyralidae (Snout Moths), 366, 369, 371, 376, 378
Achroia grisella, Lesser Waxmoth, 371, 373
Cadra cautella, Almond Moth, 378
Galleria mellonella, Greater Waxmoth, 373
Ephestia (=Anagasta) kuhniella, Mediterranean Flourmoth, 145, 369, 378
Family Arctiidae (Tiger Moths), 368, 371, 376, 378
Hyphantria (Webworms), 368
Family Noctuidae (Owlet Moths), 366, 376, 378, 384
Catacola (Underwing Moths), 378
Autographa californica, Alfalfa Looper, 152, 384
Trichoplusia ni, Cabbage Looper, 151, 152
Plusia gamma, Silver-Y Moth, 384
Agrotis infusa, Bogong Moth, 379
Amathes, 384
Pseudaletia, 325
Family Lymantriidae (Gypsy Moths), 376, 378, 381, 382, 383
Porthetria dispar, Gypsy Moth, 378, 381, 382, 383
Lymantria monacha, Nun Moth, 383
Family Bombycidae (Silkworm Moths), 368, 369, 376, 379
Bombyx (Silkworm or Silkmoth), 50, 51, 52, 369
Family Lasiocampidae (Tent Caterpillars), 368, 369
Malacosoma, 367
Family Saturniidae (Giant Silkworm Moths), 363, 379, 383
Callosamia (Promethea), 383
Hyalophora cecropia, Cecropia Silkmoth, 363
Family Sphingidae (Sphinx or Hawkmoths), 364, 371, 372
Manduca sexta, 364
Sphinx (=Acherontia) atropos, Death's-head Hawkmoth, 372
Family Lycaenidae (Blues), 366, 367, 370, 376
Maculinea (=Lycaena) arion, Large Blue, 366
Lachnocnema bibulus, 367
Megalopalpus zymna, 367
Allotinus horsfieldi, 367
Miletus boisduvali, 367
Family Pieridae (Whites, Sulfurs, Orange-Tips), 366, 376, 377, 378, 381, 383, 384
Cohas, 375, 376, 383
C. eurytheme, Alfalfa Butterfly, 378, 384
C. philodice, 384
Eurema, 375
E. daira, 378
Anteos, 381
Family Papilionidae (True Swallowtails), 376, 381
Papilio, 381, 382
P. glaucus, Eastern Tiger Swallowtail Butterfly, 379, 382, 383
Parnassius (Apollos), 363
Ornithoptera, 376
Family Cosmopterygidae, 366
Family Cyclotornidae, 366
Family Amatidae, 371, 378
Family Castniidae, 375
Family Nymphalidae (Brush-footed Butterflies), 371, 373, 378, 379, 380
Subfamily Acraeinae, 379
Acraea, 363
A. encedon, 379
Actinote, 363
Subfamily Satyrinae, 378
Antinhea, 378
Eumenis, 378
E. semele, Grayling Butterfly, 109
Subfamily Nymphalinae:
Argynnis paphia, Silver-washed Fritillary Butterfly, 118, 119, 378
Ageronia (=Hamadryas), 371, 372, 381
Subfamily Ithomiinae, 373, 375, 384, 385
Mechanitis ismenius, 365
Thyndia, 375
Subfamily Heliconiinae, 363, 379, 380
Heliconius, 363, 365, 369, 376, 380, 381
H. charitonia, Zebra Butterfly, 369, 370, 381
H. erato, 369, 380
H. sara, 385
Subfamily Danainae, 373, 374, 376, 378, 379, 384, 385
Amauns, 363
Dana us, 385
D. gilippus, Queen Butterfly, 373
D. plexippus, Monarch Butterfly, 46, 376, 379, 385
Euploea, 385
Class Insecta (cont.)
Subfamily Charaxinae:
Charaxes, 372, 381
ORDER DIPTERA (MOSQUITOES, FLIES, GNATS, AND MIDGES), 149, 403-15, 455
Family Tipulidae (Crane Flies):
Tipula oleracea, 413
Family Culicidae (Mosquitoes):
Anopheles quadrimaculatus, Common Malaria Mosquito, 404
Aedes, 149
A. aegypti, Yellow Fever Mosquito, 404
Opifex fus eus, 405
Culiseta inornata, 405
Deinocerites cancer, Crab-hole Mosquito, 148, 405
Family Chironomidae (Non-biting Midges):
Chironomus (=Tendipes) plumosus, Midge, 404
Family Mycetophilidae (=Bolitophila) (Fungus Gnats), 164, 171, 404
Arachnocampa luminosa, New Zealand Glowworm, 403
Family Empididae (Dance Flies), 405, 406
Hilara (Balloon Flies):
H. flavinceros, 405, 406
H. maura, 405
H. quadrivittata, 405
H. sartor, 405, 1061
Empis barbatoides, 405
E. poplitea, 405
Rhamphomya nigrita, 405
R. ursinella, 405
Tachydromia, 405
Xanthempis trigramma, 406, 414
Family Trypetidae (=Tephritidae) (Large Fruit Flies), 100, 149, 150, 406-408
Tephritis stigmatica, 407
Ceratitis capitata, Mediterranean Fruit Fly, 407, 408
Dascus, 406, 414
D. cacuminatus, 406
D. cucurbitae, 408
D. dorsalis, Oriental Fruit Fly, 408
D. oleae, Olive Fruit Fly, 406, 407
D. tryoni, Queensland Fruit Fly, 406
Anastrepha suspensa, Caribbean Fruit Fly, 407, 411
Rhagoletis, 407
R. cingulata, Cherry Fruit Fly, 408
R. pomonella, Apple Maggot, 145, 407, 408
R. suavis, 408
Euleia fratria, 407
Eutreta, 407
Afrocneros mundus, 407
Rioxa pornia, Island Fruit Fly, 407
Family Drosophilidae (Small Fruit Flies or Pomace Flies), 408-12
Antopocerus tanythrix, 411
Drosophila (Vinegar Flies), 83, 93, 403, 408, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414
Melanogaster Group (Sturtevant): D. auraria, 409; D. erecta, 409, 410; D. melanogaster, 115, 149, 157, 403, 408, 409, 410, 411; D. simulans, 115, 408, 409, 410, 411; D. sulfurigaster, 408; D. suzukii, 409, 410; D. tiessien, 409, 410; D. yakuba, 409, 410
Obscura Group: D. persimilis, 409; D. pseudobscura, 409
Immigrans Group: D. grimshawi, 411; D. pilimana, 411;
Nasuta Subgroup, 409, 411: D. albomicans, 409, 410;
D. kepulauana, 409; D. pulaua, 409, 410
Family Chloropidae (Chloropid Flies), 412
Hippelates collusor, Eye Gnat, 414
Lipara, 412
L. lucens, 412
L pullitarsis, 412
L. rufitarsis, 412
L. similis, 412
Family Muscidae (House Flies and Stable Flies), 412-13
Musca autumnalis, Face Fly, 413
M. domestica, House Fly, 409, 413, 414
Stomoxys calcitratis, Stable Fly, 413
Family Calliphoridae (Blowflies), 412-13
Lucilla cuprina, Sheep Blowfly, 149, 157, 413, 414
Family Tachinidae (Tachinid Flies):
Euphasiopterx ochracea, 337, 338
Others:
Colcondamyia auditrix, 348
ORDER COLEOPTERA (BEETLES), 143, 144, 165, 403-404, 455
Family Carabidae (Ground Beetles):
Pterostichus lucublandus, 145
Family Staphylinidae (Rove Beetles), 173, 367, 455
Dinarda, 459, 461
D. dentata, 460
Pella, 460
P. laticollis, 460, 461
Atemeles, 455, 457, 459, 461
A. publicollis, 47, 455, 456, 458, 459
Lomechusa, 456, 457, 461
L. strumosa, 47, 455, 456
Xenodusa, 459
Family Phengodidae, 168
Zarhipsis, 168
Phengodes, 174
P. plumosa, Plumose Glowworm, 180
Family Lampyridae (Fireflies), 47, 48, 50, 164, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 271
Phosphaenus hemipterus, 166
Pyropyga, 166
Photinus, 166, 173, 348
P. ardens, 179
P. aquilonius, 179
P. concisus, 179
P. consanguineus, 179
P. cooki, 166
P. greeni, 179
P. ignitus, 179
P. indicus, 166
P. macdeimotti, 179
P. obscurellus, 179
P. pyralis, 179
Pyractomena, 173
Robopus, 173
Photuns, 170, 173, 174, 181, 182
P. congener, 180
P. pennsylvanica, 179
P. versicolor, 47, 48
Phausis, 174
P. reticulata, Reticulate Firefly, 180
Pterotyx, 170, 171, 173, 174, 348
Luciola, 170, 179
L. huonensis, 179
L. obsoleta, Diamondback Luciola, 170, 171, 179
L. peculiaris, 179
Family Nitidulidae (Sap-feeding Beetles), 460
Amphotis, 460
A. marginata, 460, 461
Family Coccinellidae (Lady Beetles), 142
Family Tenebrionidae (Darkling Beetles):
Blaps sulcata, 146
Tribolium (Flour Beetles), 145
Family Scarabaeidae (Scarabs), 173
Family Scolytidae (Bark Beetles and Ambrosia or Timber Beetles), 144, 156, 157
ORDER HYMENOPTERA, 48, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145, 154, 156, 369, 418-61
Family Formicidae (Ants), 141, 142, 143, 153, 154, 156, 366, 428, 451, 454, 455
The Myremecioid Complex, 419
Subfamily Myrmicinae, 428, 433, 451, 453
Myrmica, 428, 455, 457, 459
M. laevinodis, 458, 459
Leptothorax, 435
L. acervorum, 434, 435
L. curvispinosus, 453
L. kutteri, 420
L. museorum, 435
L. nylanderi, 435
Monomorium, 439, 441
M. pharaonis, Pharaoh Ant, 419, 425, 439, 440, 441, 453
Solenopsis (Fire Ants), 52, 432, 433, 435, 439, 441
S. fugax, Thief Ant, 425, 439
S. geminata, 434, 439
S. invicta (=S. saevissima), Imported Fire Ant, 143, 432, 454
S. xyloni, Southern Fire Ant, 439
Cardiocondyla emeryi, 434
C. venestula, 433, 434
Tetramorium, 433
T. caespitum, Pavement Ant, 453
Pogonomyrmex badius, Florida Harvester Ant, 425, 426, 432, 440, 451
P. barbatus, Red (Texas) Harvester, 440
P. maricopa, 440
P. rugosus, 440
Xenomyrmex floridanus, 419
Crematogastor, 425, 431, 433, 435, 451
C. ashmeadi, 425, 428, 441
C. inflata, 428, 431
Acromyrmex octospinosus, 429
Atta (Leaf-cutter Ants), 439
A. cephalotes, 428, 429
A. sexdens, 425, 426, 431
A. texana, Texas Leaf-cutter Ant, 155, 428, 439, 440, 461
Harpagoxenus sublaevis, 419, 435
Subfamily Ponerinae, 428, 433, 451, 453
Amblyopone australis, 430
Termitopone, 433
Rhytidoponera metallica, 419
Ponera eduardi, 433
Bothroponera tesserinoda, 434
Neoponera, 428
Eciton (Army Ants), 143, 439, 440, 461
E. burchelli, 441
E. hamatum, 441
Neivamyrmex nigrescens, 533, 534
Leptogenys, 433
Subfamily Dolichoderinae, 425, 428, 433, 451
Dolichoderus, 430
Hypoclinea, 430
Tapinoma, 428
Iridomyrmex humilis, Argentine Ant, 426, 452
I. pruinosus, 427
Dorymyrmex pads, 420
Monachis, 433
Subfamily Formicinae, 426, 427, 428, 433, 435, 436, 453
Formica, 367, 425, 428, 431, 442, 451, 452, 453, 457, 459
F. fusca, Silky Ant, 153, 429, 438
F. montana, 419
F. pergandei, 419, 428, 429
F. polyctena, 425, 455, 457
F. sanguinea, Blood-red Ant, 143, 453, 454, 455, 459
F. subintegra, 428, 429
F. subsericea, 429
Lasius, 433
L. alienus, Cornfield Ant, 430
L. flavus, 439
L. fulginosus, European Jet Ant, 427, 432, 439, 440, 460, 461
L. niger, Garden Ant, 430
Polyergus, 428, 429, 441, 442
Acanthomyops, 426
A. claviger, 426, 427, 431
Camponotus (Carpenter Ants), 430, 459
C. beebei, 438
C. campressus, 438
C. herculeanus, 148, 418, 419, 430, 451, 452
C. ligniperda, 419, 430, 451, 452, 454
C. sericeus, 433, 436, 437, 438
C. socius, 432, 438
Polyrhachis, 430
Family Vespidae (Wasps), 142, 156, 303, 366, 418, 424, 428, 440, 441, 449, 450, 455
Protopolybia pumila, 441
Polybia atra, 441
P. scutellaris, 441
Polistes (Paper Wasps), 142, 424, 430, 449
Mischocyttaurus, 424
M. drewi, 425
Vespa, 428
V. crabo, Giant or European Hornet, 424, 453, 454
V. orientate, 424, 450, 453, 454
Vespula, 449, 450
V. (Paravespula) germanica (=Paravespula germanica), 441, 449, 450
V. vulgaris, 441, 449
Family Apidae (Bees), 47, 142, 242, 243, 244, 246, 366, 385, 1061
Bombus (Bumblebees), 148, 420, 424, 430, 441
B. confusus, 197, 420
B. edwardsii, 454
B. lucorum, 420
B. pratorum, 420
B. terrestris, 420
B. vosnesenskii, 454
Psithyrus, 420
Subfamily Apinae, 432, 440, 147, 148, 1063, 1064
Tribe Meliponini (Meliponinae) (Stingless Bees), 432, 441, 442, 448
Lestrimelitta limao, Robber Bee, 143, 442
Melipona, 143, 242, 442, 443
M. quadrifusciata, 442, 443, 448
M. seminigra, 443
Trigona, 143, 428, 442
T. aranjoi, 441
T. droryana, 441
T. jaty, 441
T. muelleri, 441
T. postica (=Scaptotrigona), 143, 441, 442
T. silvestris, 441
T. spinipes, 442
T. subterranea, 442
T. xanthotricha, 442
Tribe Apini (True Honeybees), 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 48, 49, 143, 147, 148, 153, 154, 155, 156, 234, 235, 372, 421, 422, 423, 424, 428, 430, 431, 443-48, 450, 451
Apis cerana, 421, 430, 431
A. dorsata, Giant Honeybee, 430, 448
A. florea, Dwarf Honeybee, 421, 430, 448
A. indica, 448
A. mellifera, Domestic Honeybee, 420, 421, 425, 426, 430, 431, 443, 444, 445, 448
A. m. carnica, 448
A. m. fasciata, 448
A. m. intermissa, 448
A. m. nigra, 448
Others:
Adrena flavipes, Solitary Bee, 148
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:
Class Echinoidea:
Diadema antillarum, Sea Urchin, 146
Class Ophiuroidea (Brittle-Stars), 165
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA:
Class Enteropneusta:
Balanoglossus, 165
PHYLUM CHORDATA, 147, 148, 1063, 1064
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA (TUNICATA), 165, 314
SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA, 153, 236, 237, 239, 240, 242, 244, 297, 300, 1064
Superclass Pisces (Fishes), 121, 127, 138, 139, 142, 146, 147, 148, 165, 167, 168, 169, 172, 175, 176, 180, 182, 184, 192, 236, 240, 263, 264, 294, 301, 302, 472-509, 601, 609, 1064
Class Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous Fishes), 297
ORDER SELACHII (SHARKS), 174, 264, 266, 474
Family Carcharhinidae (Grey Sharks), 474
Negapiion brevirostris, Atlantic Lemon Shark, 509
Spinax niger, Dogfish Shark, 179, 182
Carcharhinus menisorrah, Gray Reef Shark, 509
ORDER RAJIFORMES (RAYS AND SKATES), 264, 474
Family Rajidae, 265, 508
Family Torpedinidae (Electric Rays), 263, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 275, 508
Family Potamotrygonidae (Stingrays):
Potamotrygon circularis, Stingray, 265
Class Osteichthyes (Teleosts), 190, 191, 297, 473, 481
ORDER ANGUILLIFORMES (EELS), 264
Family Anguillidae (Freshwater Eels):
Anguilla rostrata, American Eel, 264
ORDER CLUPEIFORMES (HERRING):
Family Clupeidae (Herring):
Clupea pallasii, Pacific Herring, 488
ORDER MORMYRIFORMES (=OSTEOGLOSSOMORPHA), 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 286, 508
Family Mormyridae (Mormyrids), 274
Gnathonemus, 267, 275
G. petersii, 267, 271, 274, 275, 276, 277, 500, 508
Family Gymnarchidae (Gymnarchids), 26, 51, 265
Gymnarchus, 272, 279, 284
G. carapo, 508
G. niloticus, 277, 278, 279, 280, 508
ORDER SALMONIFORMES (SALMON):
Family Salmonidae (Salmon), 476, 783
Salmo gairdneri, Trout, 476
s. salar, Atlantic Salmon, 484
S. trutta, Trout, 476
ORDER CYPRINIFORMES (=OSTARIOPHYSI) (CARP), 264, 265, 473, 489
Family Characidae (Characins):
Subfamily Glandulocaudinae (Glandulocaudinc Fishes), 477
Glandulocauda, 488
G. inequalis, 500
Subfamily Cheirodontinae:
Pristella riddlei, Pristella, 479
Subfamily Tetragonopterinae (Tetras), 168
Subfamily Serrasalminae:
Serrasalmus nattereri, Piranha, 188
SUBORDER GYMNOTOIDEI (ELECTRIC EELS), 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 274, 275, 286, 508
Family Electrophoridae (Electric Eels), 263, 265, 275
Electrophorus electricus, Electric Eel, 265, 266, 284, 508, 509
Family Gymnotidae (Gymnotid Eels), 265
Gymnotus, 271, 274, 277, 279, 284
G. carapo, Gymnotid Eel, 270, 274, 275, 277, 279
Family Rhamphichthyidae (Rhamphichthyid Eels), 265
Sternopygus, 58, 269, 270, 273, 274, 281, 282, 283
S. macrurus, 271, 272, 273, 275, 281, 282, 283, 508
Eigenmanma, 58, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 273, 277, 279, 280, 282, 283, 284, 285
E. virescens, 268, 269, 271, 272, 273, 275, 277, 278, 282
Hypopomus artedi, 265, 271, 277, 279
H. beebei, 277, 279
H. brevirostris, 274, 275
H. lepturus, 285
Steatogenes elegans, 271
Family Apternotidae, 265, 266, 270
Apternotus albifrons, 265, 266, 267, 270, 271, 273, 274, 275, 285
Sternarchorhampus macrostomus, 270, 271
Rhamphichthys rostratus, 277
Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus, 271, 275, 277, 279
Adontosternarchus sachsii, 271
Family Cyprinidae (Carp), 481, 489, 490
Rutilus rutilus, European Roach, 479, 489
Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Rudd, 479, 489
Leuciscus rutilus, Roach, 479
Phoxinus phoxinus, Minnow, 146, 487
Pimephales promelas, Fathead Minnow, 474
Notropis analostanus, Satinfin Shiner, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 498, 499, 500, 507
N. leutrensis, 493, 496, 507
N. texanus, 489, 490
N. venustus, 489, 490, 493, 496, 507
Hybopsis aestivalis, Chub, 489, 490
Acheilognathus lanceolata, Japanese Bitterling, 488, 489
Carassius auratus, Goldfish, 499, 505
Family Catastomidae (Suckers), 489
Family Cobitidae (Loaches):
Botia (Hymenophysa) hymenophysa, Tiger Loach, 491
ORDER SILURIFORMES (CATFISHES), 265, 477
Family Ictaluridac (North American Freshwater Catfishes):
Ictalurus, 487
I. natalis, Yellow Bullhead, 153, 487
I. nebulosus, Brown Bullhead, 487
Family Bagridae (Bagrid Catfishes):
Bagre (Gafftopsail Catfishes), 505
B. marinus, Sea Catfish, 496, 500
Family Ariidae (Sea Catfishes):
Galeichthys, 505
G. (Hexanematichthys) felis, Sea Cat, 492, 494, 496, 500
Family Malapteruridae (Electric Catfishes), 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 271, 272, 275, 508
Malapterurus electncus, Electric Catfish, 284, 285, 508
Family Plotosidac (Plotosid Sea Catfishes), 86, 479
Plotosus, 264
P. anguillaris, 479
ORDER PERCOPSIFORMES (TROUT-PERCHES):
Family Leiognathidae:
Leiognathus equulus, Pony Fish, 174, 175, 182
ORDER BATRACHOIDIFORMES (TOADFISHES):
Family Batrachoididae (Toadfishes), 494, 496, 498, 499, 504, 505, 507, 509
Opsanus beta, 492, 493, 497, 498, 500, 504
0. phobetron, 493, 497, 498, 500
O. tau, Oyster Toadfish, 491, 492, 493, 495, 496, 497, 498, 500, 504, 506
Porichthys notatus, Northern Midshipman, 483, 491, 493, 496,'501, 506
ORDER LOPHIIFORMES (ANGLERFISHES), 171, 173, 180
ORDER GADIFORMES (CODFISHES):
Family Gadidae (Codfishes):
Gadus morhua, Atlantic Cod, 474, 492, 494, 501
Melanogrammus aeglefinus, Haddock, 492, 500
ORDER ATHERINIFORMES (SILVERSIDES), 479
Family Cyprinodontidae (Killifishes):
Fundulus, 489
F. olivaceus, 489, 490
Family Poeciliidae (Livebearers), 475
Poecilia reticulata, Guppy, 482
Xiphophorus hellen, Swordtail, 115, 189, 486
Gambusia (Gambusias), 489
G. affinis, 489, 490
Family Atherinidae (Silversides):
Menidia betyllina, Freshwater Silverside, 479
M. menidia, 479
Athennopsis affinis, Topsmelt, 478, 489
ORDER ZEIFORMES:
Family Anomalopidae (Lanterneye Fishes):
Photoblepharon, 483, 484
P. palpebratus, Lanterneye Fish, 483
Family Holocentridae (Squirrelfishes and Soldierfishes):
Holocentrus, 498
H. rufus, 491, 492, 495, 500, 507
Mynpristis, 492, 498
M. argyromus, 507
Myripristis berndti, 492, 494, 496, 500, 507
M. violaceus, 492, 500, 507
ORDER GASTEROSTEIFORMES:
Family Gasterosteidae (Sticklebacks), 196
Gasterosteus, 485
G. aculeatus, Three-spined Stickleback, 475, 476, 479, 482, 488
Pungitius pungitius, Non-spined Stickleback, 485
Family Syngnathidae (Pipefishes and Seahorses):
Hippocampus hudsonius, Seahorse, 493, 502
ORDER SCORPAENIFORMES (SCORPIONFISHES), 116
Family Triglidae (Sea Robins):
Prinotus carolinus, North American Sea Robin, 494, 505
P. evolans, 505
Family Cottidae (Sculpins and Bullheads):
Cottus scorpius, 505
ORDER PERCIFORMES (PERCHLIKE FISHES):
Family Theraponidae (Tigerfishes):
Therapon jarbua, Crescent Perch, 494, 496, 502, 504
Family Centrarchidae (Sunfishes), 475, 493, 497, 507, 508
Lepomis, 497
L. cyanellus, Green Sunfish, 476, 497
L. gibbosus, Pumpkinseed, 475
L. humilis, Orange-spotted Sunfish, 507
L. macrochirus, 497, 507, 508
L. megalotis, Large-eared Sunfish (Longears), 482, 485, 486, 507, 508
L. microlophus, Red-eared Sunfish, 497
Family Priacanthidae (Bigeyes):
Priacanthus cruentatus, Aveoweo, 498
P. meeki, 498
Family Percidae:
Etheostoma (Darters), 482
Family Carangidae (Jacks), 478, 479
Caranx hippos, 479
Trachurus symmetricus, Jack Mackerel, 479, 480
Family Sparidae (Porgies and Seabreams):
Lagodon, 509
L. rhomboides, Pinfish, 502, 505, 509
Family Gerridae (Mojarras), 480
Family Sciaenidae (Drums):
Corvina nigra, Sea Raven, 492, 494, 497, 498, 502
Cynoscion regalis, 498, 505
Aplodinotus, 497
A. grunniens, Freshwater Drum, 497, 498, 502
Family Mullidae (Goatfishes or Surmullets), 480
Family Kyphosidae (Sea Chubs or Rudderfishes):
Kyphosus elegans, 479
Family Chaetodontidae (Butterfly Fishes), 473, 478, 485
Chaetodon auriga, 478
Family Nandidae (Leaf Fishes):
Polycentrus schomburgkii, Guiana Leaf Fish, 482
Badis, 474
B. badis, Badis, 108, 109, 117, 474
Family Cichlidae (Cichlids), 110, 122, 186, 191, 198, 473, 474, 476, 480, 481, 484, 493
Tilapia mossambica, Mozambique Tilapia, 485, 493, 508
T. natalensis, 480, 481
Haplochromis, 482
H. burtoni, 482, 483, 502
Hemichromis bimaculatus, Jewel Fish, 485, 489, 491, 493, 498, 499, 504
Cichlasoma centrarchus, 493, 494, 502, 508
C. nigrofasciatum, Zebra or Convict Cichlid, 476, 489, 504
Pterophyllum scalare, Angel Fish, 488
Astronotus ocellatus, Oscar, 484
Nannacara anomala, Dwarf Cichlid, 489
Aequidens latifrons, Blue Cichlid, 481
Etroplus maculatus, Orange Chromide, 110, 124, 478, 485
E. suratensis, Green Chromide, 478
Family Pomacentridae, 473, 476, 478, 479
Pomacanthus arcuatus, Angelfish, 497, 503
Pomacentrus flavicauda, 477
P. jenkinsi, 482, 484, 485
Hypsypops rubicunda, Garibaldi, 475, 476, 477
Amphiprion (Anemone Fish), 491
A. bicinctus, 477
A. polymnus, 496, 503
A. xanthurus, Clown Fish, 494, 496, 503, 504
Dascyllus, 191
D. aruanus, Black-and-White Damselfish, 476, 477
D. marginatus, 108
Chromis chromis, 479
C. cyanea, 485
C. multilineata, 475, 476
C. punctipinnis, 478
Eupomacentrus, 506
E. leucostictus, Beau Gregory, 506
E. partitus, Bicolor Damselfish, 202, 497, 499, 503, 504, 505, 506
E. planifions, 477, 485, 506
SUBORDER MUGILOIDEI (MULLETS), 479
Family Mugilidae (Mullets), 479
Mugil cephalus, Striped Mullet, 479, 480
M. chelo, Thick-lipped Grey Mullet, 479
SUBORDER LABROIDEI (WRASSES):
Family Labridae (Wrasses), 476, 477, 478
Halichoeres garnoti, 477
Labroides, 477, 478
L. phthirophagus, 477, 478
L. dimidiatus, Cleaner Fish, 476
Oxyjulis, 478
O. californicus, Senorita, 478
Family Scaridae (Parrotfishes), 478
SUBORDER TRACHINOIDEI (WEEVERS):
Family Uranoscopidae (Stargazèrs), 265, 508
Astrocopus, 275
SUBORDER BLENNIOIDEI (BLENNIES):
Family Blenniidae (Blennies):
Chasmodes, 506
C. bosquianus, 499, 503
Hypsoblennius, 488
SUBORDER GOBIOIDEI (GOBIES):
Family Gobiidae (Gobies), 478
Gobius jozo, 503
Typhlogobius californiensis, Blind Goby, 153, 488
Bathygobius soporator, Frillfin Goby, 149, 243, 488, 499, 503, 505, 506
SUBORDER SCOMBROIDEI (MACKERELS):
Family Scombridae (Mackerels):
Euthynnus affinis, Tuna, 479, 482
Sarda chiliensis, Pacific Bonito, 473, 474, 482
SUBORDER ACANTHUROIDEI (SURGEONFISHES):
Family Acanthuridae (Surgeonfishes), 123, 485, 486
SUBORDER ANABANTOIDEI (LABYRINTHFISHES):
Family Belontiidae:
Betta splendens, Siamese Fighting Fish, 87, 88
Subfamily Trichogasterinae (Gouramis), 486
Trichogaster leeri, Mosaic or Pearl Gourami, 486
T. trichopterus, Blue Gourami, 486, 488
Cotisa lalia, Dwarf Gourami, 481, 482
Trichopsis vittatus, Croaking Gourami, 490, 492, 493, 499, 503, 504, 506
ORDER TETRAODONTIFORMES (PUFFERS):
Family Balistidae (Triggerfishes), 496
Others:
Chehdonichthys kumu, Japanese gurnard, 505
Inermia vittata, Bonnetmouth, 480
Micropogon undulatus, 495
Class Amphibia (Amphibians), 121, 147, 184, 236, 238, 240, 241, 243, 519-28, 536, 537, 538, 1064
ORDER CAECILIA (CAECILIANS), 519
Family Caeciliidae (Caecilians) (=Apoda), 521
ORDER CAUDATA (URODELES), 526-28
Family Cryptobranchidae (Giant Salamanders and Hellbenders):
Cryptobranchus (Hellbenders), 526, 528
Family Sirenidae (Mud Sirens):
Siren, 526
Family Proteidae (Olms or Proteids):
Necturus (Mudpuppies), 526
Family Salamandridae (True Salamanders):
Trituras, 527
T. vulgaris, Smooth Newt, 109
Notothalamus, 527
N. (=Triturus) virudescens, Red Eft, 528
Taricha (Western American Salamanders), 526, 527
Family Amphiumidae (Amphiumids or Congo Eels):
Amphiuma, Congo Eel, 526
Family Ambystomidae (Ambystomids):
Dicamptodon ensatus, Pacific Giant Salamander, 527
Ambystoma (Tiger and Spotted Salamanders), 527
A. maculatum, Spotted Salamander, 527
Family Plethodontidae (Plethodont Lungless Salamanders), 528
Eurycea bislineata, Two-lined Salamander, 528
Typhlomolge, 526
Hadieotnton, Blind Salamander, 526
Hemidactylium scutatum, Four-toed Salamander, 528
Plethodon jordani, Slimy Salamander, 527
Ensatina, 527
Aneides lugubris, Arboreal Salamander, 527, 528
Hydromantes shastae, Shasta Salamander, 527
Batrachoseps (Slender Salamanders), 527
ORDER ANURA OR SALIENTIA (ANURANS), 8, 119, 174, 197, 238, 521-26, 527, 528, 562
Family Pipidae (Pipids):
Pipa pipa, Surinam Toad, 522
Hymenochirus boettgen, 524
Family Ranidae (True Frogs), 83, 504, 521, 522, 532, 537, 538
Subfamily Dendrobatinae (Dendrobatids), 522
Dendrobates auratus, 522
D. pumilio, 522, 525
Subfamily Raninae (True Frogs):
Rana, 238, 525
R. catesbeiana, Bullfrog, 7, 8, 58, 59, 522, 525
R. clamitans, Green Frog, 522, 525
R. pipiens, Leopard Frog, 238, 522
Family Rhacophoridae (Rhacophorids):
Kassina senegalensis, Senegal Kassina, 525
Family Bufonidae (True Toads):
Bufo, 521
B. ameiicanus, American Toad, 522, 524
B. bu/o, European Toad, 523
B. regularis, Panther Toad, 525
Family Hylidae (Tree Frogs):
Hyla, 238, 526
H. regilla, Pacific Treefrog, 537
Phyllomedusa guttata, 524
Physalaemus pustulosus, 523, 526
Acris crepitans, Northern Cricket Frog, 522
Class Reptilia (Reptiles), 121, 184, 297, 519, 528, 538, 591, 592, 1064
ORDER RHYNCHOCEPHALIA, 528
Family Sphenodontidae:
Sphenodon punctatus, Tuatara, 528
ORDER SQUAMATA (SCALY REPTILES):
SUBORDER SAURIA (LIZARDS), 106, 107, 124, 189, 194, 528-33, 534, 537
Family Gekkonidae (Geckos), 528, 529, 530, 537
Phyllodactylus, 529
Ptenopus gatrulus, Barking Gecko, 530
Pytodactylus, 530
Family Iguanidae (Iguanids), 102, 519, 529, 530, 532, 536
Sceloporus (Spiny Lizards), 125, 530
S. graciosus, Sagebrush Lizard, 532
S. olivaceous, Rusty Lizard, 531
S. poinsetti, 531
S. torquatus, 531
S. undulatus, Southern Fence Lizard, 532
S. virgatus, Striped Plateau Lizard, 531
Uta (Side-blotched Lizards), 104, 115, 124, 125
U. stansburiana, Side-blotched Lizard, or Ground Uta, 531, 532
Phrynosoma (Horned Lizard), 536
Crotaphytus collaris, Collared Lizard, 531
Ctenosaura pectinata, Mexican Black Iguana, 538
Sauromalus, 529
S. obesus obesus, Chuckwalla, 125, 530
Anolis (Anoles), 115, 120, 125, 198, 528, 529, 530, 532, 533
A. aeneus, 103, 110, 111, 112, 530, 532
A. auratus, 531
A. carolinensis, Carolina Anole, 198, 530, 531, 532, 537
A. cybotes, 529
A. trinitatis, 532
A. trinitatis x aeneus, 530
A. nebulosus, 104, 530, 531
A. tropidogaster, 531
Family Teiidae (Whiptailed Lizards):
Cnemidophorus, 528
Family Agamidae (Agamid Lizards), 529, 530, 532
Family Chamaeleontidae (Chameleons), 529
Family Scincidae (Skinks), 528, 529
Tribolonotus, 530
Lamprolepis smaragdinum, 529
Oelofsea laevis, 529
SUBORDER SERPENTES (SNAKES), 142, 147, 431, 519, 533, 534, 1064
Family Leptotyphlopidae (Slender Blind Snakes):
Leptotyphlops, 533
L. dulcis, Texas Blind Snake, 533, 534
Family Colubridae (Colubrid Snakes), 74, 75, 534
Natrix (Water Snakes), 87
Storeria, 74, 87
S. dekayi, Common Brown Snake, 142
Thamnophis (Garter Snakes), 74, 87
Lampropeltis (King Snakes), 533, 534
Sonora, 534
Tantilla, 534
Leptodeira (Cat-eyed Snakes), 533
Thelotornis (African Bird Snakes), 533
Pituophis melanoleucus, Gopher Snake, 534
Family Elapidae (Cobras), 533, 534
Family Viperidae (Vipers), 534
Family Crotalidae (Pit Vipers), 534
Crotalus (Rattlesnakes), 236, 533, 534, 538
Others:
Diadophis, 534
Virginia, 534
ORDER CHELONIA (TURTLES), 116, 528, 534-36
Family Kinosternidae (Musk Turtles or Stinkpots), 535
Sternotherus (Musk Turtles), 535
Kinosternon (Mud Turtles), 534
Family Emydidae (Emydid Turtles):
Terrepene Carolina, Eastern Box Turtle, 535
T. ornata, Ornate Box Turtle, 535
Pseudemys (Painted Turtles), 535
Family Testudinidae (True Tortoises):
Geochelone, 149, 535
G. carbonaria, 535
G. denticulata, Yellow-footed Tortoise, 535
G. elegans, Star Tortoise, 535
G. elephantopus, Giant Galapagos Tortoise, 535
G. travancorica, 535
Gopherus, 535
G. agassizi, Desert Tortoise, 536
G. berlandieri, Gopher or Texas Tortoise, 535, 536
Family Cheloniidae (Marine Turtles):
Chelonia mydas, Green Turtle, 535
Lepidochelys kempii, Ridley, 535
ORDER PLEURODIRA (SIDE-NECKED TURTLES):
Family Chelidae, 534
Family Pelomedusidae, 534
ORDER CROCODILIA (CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS), 536
Family Alligatoridae (Alligators), 537
Alligator mississipiensis, American Alligator, 536
Class Aves (Birds), 26, 53, 54, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 83, 84, 85, 100, 122, 124, 125, 127, 164, 176, 184, 189, 200, 201, 203, 204, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 294, 343, 545-70, 591, 592, 805, 834, 849, 900, 908, 1012, 1013, 1016, 1019, 1021, 1058, 1064, 1066
ORDER STRUTHIONIFORMES:
Family Struthionidae (Ostriches), 236
ORDER PODICIPEDIFORMES:
Family Podicipedidae (Grebes), 546
Podiceps cristatus, Great Crested Grebe, 546
ORDER SPENISCIFORMES (PENGUINS), 116
Family Speniscidae:
Aptenodytes forsten, Emperor Penguin, 235
Pygoscelis adeliae, Adelie Penguin, 122, 123, 554
ORDER PELECANIFORMES (TOTIPALMATE SWIMMERS):
Family Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants), 834
Phalacrocorax harrisi (=Nannopterum harrisi), Flightless
Galapagos Cormorant, 104
Family Sulidae (Boobies and Gannets):
Morus bassanus, Northern Gannet, 105
ORDER CICONIIFORMES:
Family Ciconiidae (Storks), 236
Leptoptilos crumeniferus, Marabou, 201
ORDER ANSERIFORMES (LAMELLATE-BILLED SWIMMERS):
Family Anatidae (Swans, Géese, Ducks), 74, 546
Subfamily Anserinae (Geese), 116, 234, 555
Anser anser, Greylag, 107, 108, 109, 242, 558
Branta canadensis, Canada Goose, 199, 201, 549, 555
Subfamily Anatinae (Dabbling Ducks), 55, 77, 85, 87, 92, 101, 116, 120, 194, 197, 201, 234, 238
Anas, 198
A. acuta acuta, Pintail, 194
A. crecca carolinensis, Green-winged Teal, 190, 557, 558
A. crecca crecca, Common Teal, 190
A. platyrhynchos, Mallard, 80, 558, 698
A. platyrhynchos x acuta acuta, 194
Chloephaga melanoptera, Andean Goose, 203
Aix sponsa, Wood Duck, 80
Bucephala clangula, Common Goldeneyc, 103, 104, 190
B. islandica, Barrow's Goldeneye, 140
ORDER GALLIFORMES (GALLINACEOUS BIRDS), 124
Family Phasianidae:
Canachites canadensis, North American Spruce Grouse, 560
Centrocercus urophasianus, Sage Grouse, 55, 102, 105, 106, 122
Tympanuchus cupido, Greater Prairie Chicken, 235, 236
Tetrastes bonasia, Hazel Grouse, 236
Alectoris rufa, Red-legged Partridge, 554, 555
Coturnix coturnix japonica, Japanese Quail, 548
Subfamily Meleagridinae (Turkeys), 233, 234
Meleagris gallopavo, Turkey, 105, 1061
Subfamily Pavoninae (Peafowl), 102, 103
Subfamily Phasianinae (Pheasants):
Gallus gallus, Red Jungle Fowl, 79
Domestic Cock (Domestic form of Gallus gallus), 62, 77, 78, 80, 84, 87, 103, 106, 107, 109, 195, 233, 234, 238
G. gallus spadiceus, Burmese Red Jungle Fowl, 202
ORDER GRUIFORMES (CRANES):
Family Gruidae (Cranes), 236
Family Otididae (Bustards), 236
ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES (WADERS AND GULL-LIKE BIRDS), 124
Family Phalaropodidae (Phalaropes):
Phalaropus fulicarius, Red Phalarope, 559
Family Scolopacidae (Snipe-like Birds):
Scolopax (Woodcocks), 236
Gallinago (Common Snipe), 236
Family Charadriidae (Plovers):
Belonopterus chilensis, Lapwing, 238
Charadrius vociferus, Killdeer, 201
SUBORDER LARI (GULLS AND THEIR RELATIVES), 546, 547
Family Stercorariidae (Skuas):
Stercorarius skua, Great Skua, 554
Family Laridae (Gulls), 234, 242, 546, 547, 548, 550, 551, 552, 553, 557, 834
Larus (Gulls), 89, 200, 201, 548, 549
L. argentatus, Herring Gull, 560
L. atricilla, Laughing Gull, 114, 119, 120, 193, 195, 200, 201, 560
L. fuliginosus, Dusky or Lava Gull, 200, 201
L. glaucescens, Glaucous-winged Gull, 192> 560
L. glaucoides kumlieni, Kumlien's Gull, 190
L. ridibundus, Black-headed Gull, 100, 560
ORDER COLUMBIFORMES (PIGEONS):
Family Columbidae (Pigeons), 29, 87, 116, 192, 193
Columba livia, Rock Dove, 193, 238
C. palumbus, Wood Pigeon, 236
Streptopelia (Turtle Doves), 77, 108
S. risoria, Ring Dove, 62, 88, 203
S. roseogrisea, African Collared Dove or Barbary Dove, 103, 106, 194
S. roseogrisea x turtur, 194
S. turtur, Turtle Dove, 194
ORDER PSITTACI (PARROTS):
Family Psittacidae (Parrots), 77, 114, 1035
Brotogeris jugulans, Orange-chinned Parakeet, 569
ORDER STRIGIFORMES (OWLS), 236, 569
Family Tytonidae (Barn Owls), 52
ORDER CAPRIMULGIFORMES (GOATSUCKERS):
Family Steatornithidae (Oilbirds):
Steatornis, 255
Family Caprimulgidae (Nightjars):
Caprimulgus vociferus, Whip-poor-will, 191
ORDER TROCHILIFORMES (HUMMINGBIRDS), 47
Family Trochilidae (Hummingbirds), 108
Phaethornis longuemareus, Little Hermit, 559
Family Indicatoridae (Honey Guides):
Indicator, 242, 243
Family Picidae (Woodpeckers), 236, 1059
Colaptes auratus, Yellow-shafted Flicker or Common Flicker, 190
Dendrocopus major, Greater Spotted Woodpecker, 1068
D. villosus, Hairy Woodpecker, 567
ORDER PASSERIFORMES (PASSERINE BIRDS), 100, 123, 124, 546
Family Furnariidae (Ovenbirds):
Seiurus aurocopillus, Ovenbird, 243
Family Tyrannidae (Tyrants or New World Flycatchers), 237, 549, 554, 569
Sayornis, 564
S. phoebe, Eastern Phoebe, 554, 565
Tyrannus, 549, 563
Cantopus virens, Eastern Wood Peewee, 564
Family Pipridae (Manakins), 548
Pipra erythrocephala, Golden-bearded Manakin, 236
SUBORDER OSCINES (SONGBIRDS), 49, 52, 55, 57, 58, 62, 77, 85, 86, 87, 89, 123, 557, 845
Family Laniidae (Shrikes):
Laniarius, 242, 567, 568
L. aethiopicus, Bell Shrike, 569, 570
L. barbarus, 568
L. erythrogaster, 241
L. funebris, Slate-colored Bou-bou Shrike, 569
Family Troglodytidae (Wrens):
Troglodytes troglodytes, Winter Wren, 243
Family Mimidae (Mockingbirds and Thrashers), 85
Family Muscicapidae (Flycatcher-like Birds):
Cistieola (Sylviid or Old World Warblers), 568
Acrocephalus schoenebaenus, Sedge Warbler, 196, 197
A. scirpaceus, Reed Warbler, 197
Sylvia communis, White Throat, 77
Phylloscopus collybita, Chiffchaff, 563
Class Aves (cont.)
Erithacus rubecula, Robin, 243, 246, 560
Copsychus malabaricus, Schamama, 243
Turdus merula, Blackbird, 554
T. migratorius, American Robin, 77
T. viscivorus, Mistle Thrush, 563, 564
Hylocichla ustulata, Olive-backed Thrush, 564
Family Paridae (True Tits):
Parus, 563
P. atricristatus, Blackcrested Titmouse, 569, 570
P. caeruleus, Blue Tit, 561, 562
P. carolinensis, Carolina Chickadee, 554, 555, 565
P. major, Great Tit, 550
Family Emberizidae (Buntings and Related Birds):
Subfamily Emberizinae (Buntings), 200, 201, 241, 567
Zonotrichia (Crowned "Sparrows"), 200
Z. albicollis, White-Throated Sparrow, 561
Z. iliaca (=Passerella iliaca), Fox Sparrow, 199
Z. leucophrys, White-crowned Sparrow, 49, 62, 63, 64, 77, 89, 92, 566, 567
Junco oreganus, Oregon Junco, 62, 63
J. phaeonotus, Arizona Junco, 77
Melospiza (Song Sparrows), 564
M. melodia, Song Sparrow, 62, 63, 77, 92, 566
Arremonops conirostris, Green-backed Sparrow, 554, 555, 556
Spizella passerina, Chipping Sparrow, 563
S. pusilla, Field Sparrow, 554
Subfamily Cardinalinae (Cardinals), 564, 569, 570
Cardinalis (= Richmondena) cardinalis, Red Cardinal, 189, 191, 566
Pyrrhuloxia sinuata, Pyrrhuloxia, 569, 570
Pheucticus ludovicianus, Rose-breasted Grosbeak, 186, 564
P. melanocephalus, Black-headed Grosbeak, 77
Subfamily Thraupinae (Tanagers):
Chlorospingus, 555, 563
Family Parulidae (Wood Warblers), 565
Dendroica pennsylvanica, Chestnut-sided Warbler, 565
Wilsonia citrina, Hooded Warbler, 190
Geothlypsis trichas, Yellowthroat, 190
Family Vireonidae (Vireos):
Vireo jlavifrons, Yellow-throated Vireo, 564, 565, 566
V. solitarius, Solitary Vireo, 564
Family Icteridae (Icterids):
Icterus (American Orioles), 190
I. galbula, Baltimore Oriole, 190
I. parisorum, Scott's Oriole, 190
I. spurius, Russet Orchard Oriole, 190
Agelaius phoeniceus, Red-winged Blackbird, 238, 549
Sturnella magna, Eastern Meadowlark, 77
Family Fringillidae (Finches):
Subfamily Fringillidae (Chaffinches), 106, 107, 122
Fnngilla coelebs, Chaffinch, 77, 84, 92, 242, 243, 554, 560, 566, 567
Subfamily Carduelinae (Other Finches):
Carduelis tristis (=Spinus tristis), American Goldfinch, 559
Pyrrhula pynhula, Bullfinch, 246, 566
Family Ploceidae (Weavers and Weaver Finches):
Passer domesticus, House Sparrow, 202
P. montanus, European Tree Sparrow, 202
I'idua (Whydahs or Indigobirds), 565, 566
Quelea, 548
Family Estrildidae (Weaver Finches), 194, 566, 567
Spermestes bicolor, White Manakin, 201
Taeniopygia guttata castanotis, Zebra Finch, 77, 194
Estrilda (Waxbills), 203
Family Sturnidae (Starlings), 189, 190
Family Paradisaeidae (Birds of Paradise and Bowcrbirds):
Subfamily Ptilonorhynchinac (Bowerbirds), 185, 204, 548, 1059
Sericulus chrysocephalus, Regent Bowerbird, 186 Family Corvidae (Crow-like Birds), 241
Cyanocitta stellen, Steller's Jay, 191
Corvus brachyrhunchos, Common Crow, 569
Others:
Collocalia (Cave Swiftlets), 26, 252, 255
Trichophorus calurus, 911, 912
Class Mammalia (Mammals), 127, 139, 147, 148, 154, 155, 156, 184, 186, 191, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 237, 238, 239, 242, 243, 245, 255, 256, 294, 546, 548, 575, 585, 591, 596, 600, 601, 603, 604, 619, 643, 659, 699, 741, 742, 744, 751, 752, 759, 764, 794, 799, 801, 803, 812, 849, 862, 863, 877, 897, 928, 945, 966, 1061, 1064
ORDER PANTOTHERIA (EXTINCT), 575
ORDER BORHYAENIDAE (EXTINCT), 575
ORDER CAENOLESTIDAE (EXTINCT), 575
Subclass Metatheria (Marsupials), 575-98
ORDER MARSUPIALIA (MARSUPIALS), 575-98
Family Didelphidae (Opossums), 575, 576, 579, 593, 594, 595
Marmosa, 577, 584, 586, 594, 595
M. robinsoni, South American Mouse Opossum, 587, 589, 594, 595
Didelphis (Common Opossums), 576, 577, 578, 584, 586, 587
D. marsupialis, Virginia Opossum, 576, 577, 578, 589, 594, 595
Family Dasvuridae (Dasvures), 576, 590, 593, 594, 595, 596
Antechinus, 584, 586, 594, 595
A. flavipes, Yellow-footed Marsupial Mouse, 594, 595
Planigale (Flat-skulled Marsupial Mice), 576
Dasyuroides, 577, 578, 579, 582, 584, 586
D. byrnei, Crested-tailed Marsupial Rat, 589, 590
Dasycercus, 578, 584, 586
D. cristicaudata, Crested-tailed Marsupial Mouse, 578, 579
Smithopsis (Narrow-footed Marsupial Mice), 576, 577, 578, 579, 584, 585, 586, 596
S. crassicaudata. Fat-tailed Smithopsis, 579, 585, 587, 588, 589, 594, 595
Antechinomys (Jerboa Marsupials), 578, 584, 585, 586
Dasyurus, 576, 584, 586
D. viverinus, 587
Sarcophilus, 576, 578, 579, 580, 582, 584, 585, 586, 587, 588, 590, 592, 593, 596, 597
S. harrisii, Tasmanian Devil, 579, 580, 581, 582, 585, 587, 589, 594, 595, 596
Thylacinus, 576
Family Peramelidae (Australian Bandicoots), 576, 590, 594, 595
Perameles, 579, 586
P. nasuta, Long-nosed Bandicoot, 579, 594, 595
Superfamily Phalangeroidea, 576
Family Phalangeridae (Phalangers), 593, 594, 595
Trichosurus, 584, 586
T. vulpecula, Brush-tailed Phalanger, 579, 587, 589, 594, 595
Phalanger, 576, 579, 584
P. gymnotis, Cuscuses, 579, 585, 586, 587, 594, 595
Petaurus (Gliders), 584, 585, 586
P. breviceps, Suger Glider, 578, 585, 589
P. breviceps papuanua, Gliding Phalanger, 139
Phascolarctos (Koalas), 578
Family Vombatidae (Wombats), 594, 595
Vombatus, 585, 594, 595
V. ursinus, Common Wombat, 594, 595
Family Macropodidae (Kangaroos), 576, 577, 578, 579, 593, 594, 595, 647
Bettongia, 579, 586, 593
B. lesueur, Lesueur's Rat Kangaroo, 594, 595
Setonyx, 594, 595
S. brachyurus, Quokka, 594, 595
Macropus (Kangaroos), 576, 579, 587, 592
M. eugenii, Tamar or Scrub Wallaby, 578, 585
M. (Macropus) giganteus, Great Grey Kangaroo, 584, 586, 587
M. parryi, Whiptail Wallaby, 578, 585
Megaleia, 579, 587
M. rufa, Red Kangaroo, 578, 584, 585, 586, 587, 589, 592, 594, 595
Subclass Eutheria (Higher Mammals), 575, 576, 587, 591, 593, 596, 597
ORDER INSECTIVORA, 236, 591, 600-31
Superfamily Tenrecoidea (Tenrecs), 236
Family Solenodontidae (Solenodons), 600, 601, 620, 621-24, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630
Solenodon, 621
S. cubanus (=Atopogale cubana), Cuban Solenodon, 621
S. paradoxus, Haitian Solenodon, 606, 612, 621-22, 623
Family Tenrecidae (Tenrecs), 596, 600, 601, 602, 605, 611, 612, 613, 614-24, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630
Subfamily Tenrecinae, 620
Centetes, 615, 617
C. ecaudatus (=Tenrec ecaudatus), Tailless Tenrec, 236, 615, 616, 617, 627
Hemicentetes, 236, 604, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 627
H. semispinosus, Streaked Tenrec, 615, 616, 618, 619-20, 622
Setifer, 604, 615, 616, 617, 618, 619, 620, 627
S. setosus, Greater Hedgehog Tenrec, 615, 616, 618, 619-20, 622
Echinops, 604, 615, 618, 619, 620, 627
E. telfaiii, Lesser Hedgehog Tenrec, 614, 615, 616, 620
Subfamily Oryzorictinae (Rice Tenrecs), 618, 620
Microgale (Shrew-like Tenrecs), 604, 618, 619
M. dobsoni, 615, 616, 618, 620
M. talazaci, 615, 616, 618, 620
Limnogale, 601
L. mergulus, Marsh Tenrec, 615-16
Subfamily Potamogalidae (Otter Shrews), 600, 601, 621, 625, 626, 628, 629, 630
Potamogale velox, Giant African Otter Shrew, 621
Mesopotamogale ruwenzorii, Ruwenzori Otter Shrew, 621
Micropotamogale larnottei, Dwarf African Otter Shrew or Lesser Otter Shrew, 621
Family Chrysochloridae (Golden Moles), 600, 601, 624, 626, 628, 629, 630
Family Erinaceidae (Hedgehogs), 600, 601, 602, 603, 605, 606, 624, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630
Subfamily Erinaceinae (Spiny Hedgehogs, Eurasian and African Hedgehogs), 602-605, 606, 626
Erinaceus europaeus, Common European Hedgehog, 603, 604, 605
Aethechinus algirus, Algerian Hedgehog, 603
Hemiechinus, 602, 604
H. auritus, Eared Hedgehog, 603, 604
H. auritus aegypticus, Egyptian Long-eared Hedgehog, 603
H. auritus persicus, Persian Long-eared Hedgehog, 605
H. auritus syriacus, Syrian Long-eared Hedgehog, 603, 604
H. megalotis, Long-eared Hedgehog, 603, 604
Subfamily Galericinae, Tribe Echinosoricini (Hairy Hedgehogs), 600, 601, 605, 606, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630
Echinosorex gymnurus, Moon Rat, 606
Hylomys suillus, Lesser Gymnure, 606
Neohylomys hainanensis, Hainian Gymnure, 606
Podogymnurus truei, Mindanao Gymnure, 606
Neotetracus sinensis, Shrew Hedgehog, 606
Family Soricidae (Shrews), 256, 576, 591, 600, 601, 606, 610-14, 620, 622, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630
Sorex araneus (=Sorex vulgaris), Common Shrew, 611, 613
S. cinereus, Masked Shrew, 611, 612, 613
S. fumeus, Smoky Shrew, 611, 613
S. minutus, Lesser Shrew, 614
S. palustris, Northern Water Shrew, 611
S. vagrans, 612
Soricinae, 610
Neomys (Water Shrews), 601, 610
N. fodiens, European Water Shrew, 611
Blarina, 591, 612,-614, 627
Blarina brevicauda, Shoettail Shrew, 611, 612, 613-14
Cryptotis, 591
C. parva, Least Shrew, 610, 611, 612, 613
Notiosorex crawfordi, Gray Desert Shrew, 613
Crocidura bicolor, African Bicolor White-toothed Shrew, 611
C. coerulea (=Suncus caeruleus}), 611
C. flavescens herero, Herero Musk Shrew, 612, 613
C. leucodon, Bicolor White-toothed Shrew, 610, 614
C. olivieri, 611, 613
C. russula, Common European White-toothed Shrew, 610, 612, 614
C. suaveolens, Lesser White-toothed Shrew, 610
Praesorex gqliath (=Croddura giffardi), African Forest
Shrew, 614
Suncus, 591, 611, 612, 614, 627
S. etruscus, Savi's Pygmy Shrew, 613
S. murinus, Musk Shrew, 610, 612
Chimmarogale (Asiatic Water Shrews), 601
Nectogale elegans, Szechuan Water Shrew, 601
Family Talpidae (Moles), 600, 601, 606-10, 615, 625, 626, 627, 628, 629, 630
Subfamily Desmaninae (Desmans), 601, 608, 609, 610, 624-25, 628, 629, 630
Desmana, 609
D. moschata, Russian Desman, 608, 609, 615
Galemys, 609, 610
G. pyrenaicus, Pyrenean Desman, 609, 615
Talpa, 610
T. europaea, Common Eurasian Mole, 607, 608
Neurotrichus, 608
N. gibbsi, Shrew Mole, 607
Parascalops breweri, Hairytail Mole, 607, 608
Scapanus latimanus, California Mole, 608
S. orarius, Pacific Mole, 608
S. townsendi, Townsend's Mole, 608
Scalopus aquaticus, Eastern Mole, 608
Condylura cristata, Star-nosed Mole, 607, 608
ORDER CHIROPTERA (BATS), 26, 47, 172, 180, 182, 234, 235, 236, 240, 252-59, 371, 612, 613, 841
Family Pteropidae (Fruit Bats):
Rousettus (Rousette Bats), 255
SUBORDER MICROCHIROPTERA (INSECTIVOROUS BATS), 252, 254, 255, 256
Family Emballonuridae, 254
Family Noctilionidae (Bulldog Bats), 254
Family Rhinolophoidea (Horseshoe Bats), 253
Family Phyllostomidae (Leaf-nosed Bats), 254
Subfamily Chilonycterinae (=Mormoopidae) (Mustache Bats), 253
Pteronotus parnellii, 253, 254
Family Desmodontidae (Vampire Bats), 253, 254
Desmodus rotundus, Vampire Bat, 254
Family Natalidae (Funnel-eared Bats), 254
Family Vespertilionidae (Vespertilionid Bats), 254
Myotis lucifugus, 255, 256
Family Molossidae ("Free-tailed" Bats), 254
ORDER PRIMATES, 3, 5, 7, 8, 16, 20, 21, 22, 49, 56, 57, 100, 107, 114, 116, 122, 124, 127, 201, 202, 204, 211, 294, 648, 659, 735, 736, 751, 767, 801, 834, 845, 849, 851, 852, 856, 886, 890, 892, 897, 928, 929, 945, 966, 974, 1007, 1010, 1012, 1013, 1017, 1021, 1029, 1061, 1062
SUBORDER PROSIMII, 841-50, 904, 968
Family Tupaiidae (Tree Shrews), 252
Tupaia belangen, 139, 147
Family Lemuridae (Lemurs), 843, 847
Lemur, 843
L. catta, Ringtailed Lemur, 154, 843, 844, 846, 847, 848
L. fulvus, Brown Lemur, 845, 846, 847
L. macaco, Black Lemur, 843
L. mongoz, Mongoz Lemur, 843
L. rubriventer, 843
L. variegatus, Variegated Lemur, 843, 848
Hapalemur (Gentle Lemurs or Hapalemurs), 843
H. griseus, 843
H. simus, 843
Lepilemur (Sportive Lemurs or Lepilemurs), 843
L. mustelinus, 843
Family Cheirogaleinae (Small Nocturnal Lemurs), 843
Cheirogaleus (Dwarf Lemurs), 843
C. major, Greater Dwarf Lemur, 843
C. medius, Fattailed Dwarf Lemur, 843
C. trichotis, Hairyeared Dwarf Lemur, 843
Microcebus (Mouse Lemurs), 843
M. coquereli, Coquerel's Mouse Lemur, 843
M. murinus, Lesser Mouse Lemur, 843, 847, 848
Phatier (Forked Lemurs), 843
P. furcifer, 843
Family Indriidae, 843
Indri, 843
I. indri, Indri, 843
Avahi (Woolly Lemurs or Avahis), 843
A. laniger, 843
Propithecus (Sifakas), 843
P. diadema, Diademed Sifaka, 843
P. verreauxi, White Sifaka, 843
Family Daubentoniidae, 843
Daubentonia madagascariens is, Aye-aye, 843
Family Lorisidae, 843
Loris, 843
L. tardigradus, Slender Loris, 843
Nycticebus, 843
N. coucang, Slow Loris, 843
Arctocebus, 843
A. calabarensis, Golden Potto, 843
Perodicticus, 843
P. potto, Potto, 843
Galago (Galago) (Galagos and Bushbabies), 843, 847
G. (Galago) alleni, Allen's Bushbaby, 843
G. (Galago) crassicaudatus, Thicktailcd or Greater Bushbaby, 843
G. (Galago) senegalensis, Senegal or Lesser Bushbaby, 843
Galago (Euoticus) (Needleclawed Bushbabies), 844
G. (Euoticus) elegantulus, 844
G. (Euoticus) inustus, 844
Galago (Galagoides) (DemidofFs or Dwarf Bushbabies), 844
G. (Galagoides) demidovii, 844
Family Tarsidae, 844
Tarsius (Tarsiers), 844
T. bancanus, Horsfield's Tarsier, 844
T. spectrum, Spectral Tarsier, 844
T. syrichta, Philippine Tarsier, 844
SUBORDER SIMIAE (MONKEYS) 56, 57, 58, 61, 76, 90, 236, 238, 239, 658, 659, 815, 847, 852, 890, 891, 928, 930, 932, 936, 940, 952, 954-56, 1035
INFRAORDER PLATYRRHINA (NEW WORLD MONKEYS), 19, 851-86, 904, 915, 940, 968
Superfamily Ceboidea (New World Monkeys), 847
Family Cebidae (Capuchin-like Monkeys), 853, 854, 861, 862, 863, 866, 867, 873, 874, 875, 876, 885, 886
Aotus (Night Monkeys), 854, 857, 860, 863, 867, 868, 869, 874, 875, 886
A. trivirgatus, Night or Owl Monkev, 853, 854, 858, 864, 870, 872, 877, 878, 880, 882
Callicebus (Titi Monkeys), 853, 854, 857, 860, 867, 868, 875
C. moloch, Dusky Titi, 562, 854, 859, 864, 867, 871, 873, 878, 881, 883, 886
Pithecia (Sakis), 855, 860
P. monachus, Monk Saki, 855, 863, 865
Chiropotes (Bearded Sakis), 855
Cacajao (Uakaris), 855
C. ruhicundus, Red Uakari, 855, 860, 863, 865
Saimiri (Squirrel Monkeys), 851, 853, 855, 856, 857, 860, 861, 862, 866, 867, 868, 869, 873, 874, 875, 878, 884, 885, 886, 914, 945
S. sciureus, Common Squirrel Monkey, 6, 76, 203, 855, 859, 860
S. oerstedii, Red-backed Squirrel Monkey, 855, 859, 865, 871, 873, 881, 883
Cebus (Capuchins), 855, 856, 857, 860, 862, 869, 874, 875, 878, 879, 885, 886, 1059
C. albifrons, White-fronted Capuchin, 855, 860, 861, 865, 871, 873, 881, 883
C. apella, Brown or Tufted Capuchin, 855, 859, 865, 1635866, 867, 871, 873, 875, 876, 879, 881, 883
C. capucinus, White-faced Capuchin, 855, 857, 859, 861, 862, 865, 866, 867, 868, 869, 871, 873, 874, 875, 877, 878, 879, 881, 883, 884, 885, 886
C. nigrivittatus, Weeper Capuchin, 855, 862, 865, 866, 871, 873, 878, 881, 883, 886
Alouatta (Howler Monkeys), 22, 236, 855, 856, 857, 860, 862, 869, 886, 900
A. palliata, 126, 893
A. seniculus, Red Howler, 855, 856, 859, 860, 862, 865, 867, 871, 873, 874, 876, 881, 885
A. villosa {palliata), Guatemalan or Mantled Howler Monkey, 855, 856, 857, 859, 860, 865, 868, 869, 871, 873, 876, 877, 878, 879, 881, 886
Ateles (Spider Monkevs), 855, 856, 857, 860, 862, 867, 873, 874, 879, 886
A. belzebuth, Long-haired Spider Monkey, 855
A. fusciceps, Brown-headed Spider Monkey, 855, 865, 878, 881, 883
A. geoffroyi, Central American Black-handed Spider Monkey, 855, 856, 859, 861, 865, 867, 871, 873, 877, 878, 881, 883, 884, 885
Braehyteles, 855
B. arachnoïdes, Woolly Spider Monkev, 855
Lagothrix (Woolly Monkeys), 855, 867
L. lagothricha, Brown Woolly Monkey, 855, 859, 865, 871, 873, 881, 883
Family Callithrichidae (=Hapalidae) (Marmosets and Tamarins), 847, 851, 852, 853, 854, 857, 863, 866, 867, 873, 875, 876, 884, 886
Cebuella, 854
C. pygmaea, Pvgmv Marmoset, 854, 858, 860, 864, 866, 870, 872, 880, 882
Callithrix (=Callicebus) (Marmosets), 854, 874, 877
C. argentata, Silverv Marmoset, 854, 864, 866, 870, 872, 880, 882
C. geoffroyi, Geoffroy's Marmoset, 854, 858, 866
C. jaeehus, Common Marmoset, 854, 858, 864, 866, 869, 870, 872, 874, 875, 878, 880, 882
Leonopitheeus (Maned Tamarin), 854, 863, 867
L. rosalia, Golden Lion Tamarin, 853, 854, 858, 864, 870, 872, 880, 882
Saguinus (Tamarins), 854, 867, 879
S. (Oedipomidas) geoffroyi, Rufous-naped Tamarin, 854, 857, 858, 860, 864, 866, 867, 869, 870, 872, 873, 874, 875, 876, 877, 878, 879, 880, 882, 886
S. fuscieollis, Brown-headed Tamarin, 854, 858, 863, 864, 880, 882
S. midas, Golden-handed Tamarin, 853, 854, 870, 872, 878
S. oedipus, Cotton-top Tamarin, 854, 864
S. tamarin, Black Tamarin, 854, 870, 872
Callimico, 854, 857, 861
C. goeldii, Goeldi's Marmoset, 853, 854, 858, 864, 866, 868, 870, 872, 873, 878, 880, 882, 885
INFRAORDER CATARRHINA (OLD WORLD SIMIAN PRIMATES), 890-958, 968
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea (Old World Monkevs), 19, 851, 890, 928-58, 1010
Family Cercopithecidae (Cercopithecids), 892
Macaca, 891, 893, 895, 901, 902, 905, 909, 917, 922, 923, 927, 929, 930, 931, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 941, 943, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 958, 968
M. fuscata, Japanese Macaque, 56, 57, 195, 891, 893, 895, 897, 899, 900, 902, 903, 904, 905, 907, 908,
Class Mammalia (cont.) 909, 913, 917, 918, 923, 924, 926, 927, 931, 934, 946, 952, 955, 1021, 1024
M. irus or fascicularis, Crab-eating Macaque, 893, 900, 902, 909, 923, 927, 930, 934, 936, 937, 939, 940
M. mulatto, 8, 56, 83, 126, 127, 856, 893, 900, 902, 903, 904, 905, 907, 908, 910, 913, 923, 924, 926, 927, 928, 933, 934, 936, 940, 941, 942, 946, 947, 951, 954, 956
M nemestrina, Pig-tailed Macaque, 876, 893, 902, 910, 923, 924, 927, 934, 943, 948
M. radiata, Bonnet Macaque, 902, 903, 907, 926, 927, 934, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 946, 948, 949
M. silenus, Lion-tailed Macaque, 893, 895
M. sinica, Toque Monkey, 934, 935, 941
M speciosa, Stumptail Macaque, 902, 913, 918, 923, 924, 926, 927, 930, 937, 941, 942, 945, 947
M sylvana, Barbary Macaque, 902, 903, 909, 923, 926, 927, 931, 937, 942
Cynopithecus niger, Celebes Crested Macaque, 933, 941
Papio (Baboons), 49, 89, 196, 202, 891, 905, 907, 908, 909, 910, 913, 917, 918, 923, 924, 929, 930, 931, 932, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 946, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 957, 958, 1026, 1034
P. anubis, Olive or Anubis Baboon, 893, 905, 913, 934, 938, 946
P. cynocephalus, Yellow Baboon, 196
P. hamadryas, Hamadryas Baboon, 892, 893, 905, 930, 931, 937, 938, 942, 944, 945, 947, 948, 951
P. ursinus, Chacma Baboon, 893, 905, 931, 934, 938, 942, 943, 944, 946, 947
Mandrillus (Mandrills), 198, 928, 931
M. leucophaeus, Drill, 913, 922, 957, 958
M. sphinx, Mandrill, 913, 922, 933, 957, 958
Theropithecus gelada, Gelada Baboon, 893, 905, 930, 931, 933, 936, 937, 938, 941, 942, 943, 948
Cercocebus (Mangabeys), 50, 893, 895, 902, 909, 913, 917, 918, 922, 923, 924, 928, 929, 930, 931, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 941, 942, 943, 944, 946, 497, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 954, 957, 958, 1007, 1029
C. albigena, Grey-cheeked Mangabey, 893, 894, 895, 897, 902, 907, 908, 909, 910, 915, 918, 922, 924, 927, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 936, 938, 939, 941, 942, 943, 945, 947, 948, 953, 954, 1026
C. albigena albigena, 894, 957
C. atys, Sooty Mangabey, 941
C. galeritus, Agile Mangabey, 893, 894, 895, 902, 907, 909, 911, 915, 918, 919, 924, 927, 930, 934, 937, 939, 945, 946
C. galeritus agilis, 894, 897, 957
C. torquatus, White-collared Mangabey, 895, 902, 910, 924, 926, 927, 931, 936, 942
Cercopithecus (Guenons), 891, 893, 894, 895, 897, 901, 902, 903, 905, 908, 909, 910, 911, 912, 913, 915, 918, 923, 924, 928, 929, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 936, 937, 938, 939, 940, 941, 942, 943, 944, 947, 948, 949, 950, 951, 952, 957, 958, 968, 969, 1012, 1021
C. aethiops, Vervet Monkey, 51, 54, 55, 847, 900, 902, 903, 904, 908, 909, 910, 912, 915, 916, 917, 918, 923, 925, 928, 929, 942, 943, 945, 946, 947, 948, 1024
C. ascanius, Red-tailed Monkey, 893, 895, 899, 900, 908, 918, 924, 931, 932, 942, 948, 950, 951, 952, 953
C. ascanius whitesidei, 953
C. ascanius whitesidei x pongonias grayi, 951, 952, 953
C. albogularis, Syke's Monkey or White-throated Guenon, 942, 944, 947, 948
C. campbelli, Campbell's Guenon, 893, 897, 902, 903, 948
C. campbelli lowei, Lowe's Guenon, 902
C. cephus, Moustached Monkey, 893, 895, 899, 902, 908, 910, 911, 912, 915, 917, 918, 920, 921, 923, 924, 930, 931, 932, 933, 934, 936, 937, 941, 948, 950
C. diana, Diana Monkey, 937
C. erythrotes, Red-eared Guenon, 893, 911
C. I hoesti, L'Hoest's Monkey, 893
C. mitis, Blue Monkey, 56, 893, 895, 899, 900, 908, 918, 941, 948, 950
C. mona, Mona Monkey, 893, 895, 897, 900, 917, 924, 950, 958
C. neglectus, DeBrazza's Monkey, 892, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 900, 902, 903, 904, 910, 915, 917, 918, 923, 924, 929, 931, 932, 933, 934, 937, 938, 948, 950, 957, 958, 969
C. nictitans, Greater White-nosed Guenon, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 898, 899, 900, 902, 903, 908, 911, 915, 917, 918, 923, 924, 925, 932, 933, 934, 935, 936, 937, 938, 941, 943, 944, 946, 948, 950, 951
C. petaurista, Lesser White-nosed Guenon, 893, 915, 948
C. pogonias, Crowned Guenon, 893, 894, 895, 896, 897, 899, 900, 901, 902, 903, 913-915, 917, 918, 924, 932, 933, 934, 941, 948, 950, 953, 957, 958
C. pogonias grayi, 894, 896, 901, 936, 952, 953
Miopithecus, 908, 943
M. talapoin, Talapoin Monkey, 56, 57, 892, 906, 907, 908, 909, 913, 917, 922
Erythrocebus, 943
E. patas, Red Guenon or Patas Monkey, 892, 893, 900, 902, 907, 908, 910, 923, 930, 931, 934, 937, 938, 942, 946
Familv Colobinae (Leaf Monkeys), 957
Presbytis (Langurs), 895, 899, 902, 903, 908, 909, 913, 923, 924, 929, 930, 937, 938, 941, 943, 1002, 1013
P. aygula, Sunda Island Leaf Monkey, 1013, 1016
P. cristatus, Lutong, or Silvered Leaf Monkey, 893, 907
P. entellus, Common or Hanuman Langur, 893, 895, 897, 902, 903, 904, 909, 923
P. johnii, Nilgiri Langur, 893, 895, 902, 903, 907, 909, 910, 923, 924, 941, 943, 946, 947, 948
P. potenziani, Mentawi Leaf Monkey, 1013
P. senex, 903
Nasalis larvatus, Proboscis Monkey, 903
Colobus (Colobus Monkeys), 893, 895, 897, 899, 902, 913, 917,
C. angolensis, Angolan Colobus, 893
C. badius, Red Colobus, 56, 751, 897, 907, 932, 951, 957, 958
C. guereza, Abyssinian Black-and-white Colobus or Guereza, 56, 893, 897, 902, 903, 905, 924, 928, 929, 931, 942, 943, 944
C. satanas, Black Colobus, 893
C. verus (=Procolobus verus), Olive Colobus, 910, 911, 929
Superfamily Hominoidea (Apes and Men), 965-1030, 1034
Family Hylopatidae (Gibbons), 236, 965, 967, 968, 969, 970, 1001-1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1017, 1020, 1026, 1027, 1029
Symphalangy (Siamangs), 965
S. (=Hylobates) syndactylus, Siamang, 1001, 1002, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1013, 1016, 1024
Hylobates (Gibbons):
H. agilis, Dark-handed Gibbon, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1013, 1014, 1015
H. concolor, White-cheeked Gibbon, 1005, 1009
H. hoolock, Hoolock Gibbon, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1016
H. klossii, Kloss's Gibbon, 965, 970, 1001,1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1013, 1015, 1016, 1019, 1020, 1024, 1029, 1059, 1069
H. lar, White-handed Gibbon, 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1015, 1016
H. moloch, Javan or Grey Gibbon, 1005, 1007, 1008, 1015
H. muelleri, Bornean Gibbon, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1008, 1009
H. muelleri x lar, 1009
H. pileatus, Pileated Gibbon, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1015, 1016
Family Pongidae (Great Apes), 4, 19, 77, 847, 851, 965, 967, 968, 969, 1010
Pongo pygmaeus, Orang-utan, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970, 1000, 1001, 1018, 1024, 1034, 1039
Gorilla, 3, 20, 236, 965, 966, 967, 968, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1016, 1017, 1018, 1024, 1027, 1028, 1029, 1039
G. gorilla beringei, Mountain Gorilla, 966, 969, 970, 990, 993-1000, 1001
Pan troglodytes, 3, 5, 8, 12, 19, 20, 21, 26, 29, 30, 31, 56, 57, 59, 64, 65, 66, 81, 89, 114, 188, 203, 204, 302, 852, 892, 956, 966, 967, 968, 969, 970-95, 997, 999, 1000, 1001, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, 1014, 1017, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1021, 1022, 1023, 1024, 1025, 1027, 1028, 1034-52, 1057, 1061, 1062, 1068
Family Homididae, 3
Ramapithecus, 4
Australopithecus, 4, 19
A. africanus, 3, 16, 22
Homo, 8, 27, 57
H. sapiens neanderthalensis, Neanderthal Man, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19
H. sapiens sapiens, Modern Man, 3-23, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 50, 51, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 81, 87, 106, 107, 114, 120, 127, 170, 187, 188, 189, 203, 204, 211-30, 239, 240, 241, 252, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 264, 302, 494, 519, 554, 559, 564, 567, 603, 658, 659, 682, 698, 699, 711, 734, 738, 782, 795, 803, 815, 841, 842, 852, 891, 915, 968, 976, 1009, 1010, 1011, 1021, 1023, 1025, 1034-52, 1055-73
ORDER LAGOMORPHA (LAGOMORPHS), 634-37, 648
Family Ochotonidae (Pikas), 634, 635, 636, 637
Ochotona, 634, 635
O. hyperborea, Japanese Pika, 635
O. princeps, North American Pika, 635
Family Leporidae (Hares and Rabbits), 119, 139, 147, 153, 236, 634, 635, 636
Lepus (Hares or "Jack Rabbits"), 634, 635, 637
L. europaeus, European Hare, 636
Sylvilagus (Cottontail Rabbits), 634, 635, 637
S.aquaticus, Swamp Rabbit, 636, 637
S. floridanus, Eastern Cottontail Rabbit, 636, 637
Oryctolagus (European or Old World Rabbits), 634, 635, '637
O. cuniculus, Old World Rabbit, 139, 636
ORDER RODENTIA (RODENTS), 49, 117, 252, 256, 591, 622, 634, 635, 636, 637-49, 752
SUBORDER SCIUROMORPHA (SCIURID OR SQUIRREL-LIKE RODENTS), 637
Family Sciuridae (Tree Squirrels or Typical Squirrels), 647
Marmota (Marmots or Woodchucks), 635, 642, 648
M. caligata, Hoary Marmot, 648
M flaviventris, Yellow-bellied Marmot, 648
M olympus, 648
Cynomys (Prairie Dogs), 641, 642, 648
C. ludovicianus, Black-tailed Prairie Dog, 243, 648
Citellus ornatus, 641
Tamias (Tamias) striatus, Eastern Chipmunk, 642
Atlantoxerus getulus, North African Ground Squirrel, 644
Spermophilus, 642, 648
S. colombianus, 644
S. richardsonii, Richardson's Ground Squirrel, 187
S. undulatus, Arctic Ground Squirrel, 108
Tamiasciurus, North American Red Squirrels, 642
Sciurus (Red Squirrels), 186, 644
S. carolinensis, Gray Squirrel, 641
Family Heteromyidae (Heteromyid Rodents or Kangaroo Mice), 644, 645, 646
Perognathus (Pocket Mice), 641
Microdipodops (Pygmy Kangaroo Mice), 644
Dipodomys (Kangaroo Rats), 641, 644, 645, 646
D. merriami, Merriam Kangaroo Rat, 645, 646
D. nitratoides, 645, 646
Liomys (Spiny Pocket Mice), 641
Family Castoridae (Beavers):
Castor, 644
C. fiber canadensis, Canadian Beaver, 139
SUBORDER MYOMORPHA (MYOMORPHS OR MOUSE-LIKE RODENTS), 50, 110, 111, 146, 147, 148, 150, 153, 236, 637
Family Cricetidae (Cricetid Rodents):
Peromyscus, 638, 639, 640, 641, 643, 644
P. (Haplomylomys) californiens, 643
P. (Haplomylomys) eremicus, 643
P. (Peromyscus) leucopus, White-footed Mouse, 643
P. (Peromyscus) maniculatus, Deer Mouse, 640, 643
Neotoma (Wood Rats), 236
Cricetus (Hamster), 643
Mesocricetus, 639, 640, 641, 643, 644
M. auratus, Golden Hamster (Syrian Stock), 638, 644
Tribe Lemmini (Lemmings), 201
Dicrostonyx, 641, 642
Lemmus (True Lemmings, Brown Lemmings), 641
Clethrionomys (Red-backed Voles), 641, 643
Microtus (Voles), 638
Subfamily Gerbillinae (Gerbils), 641, 645, 646
Gerbillus (Gerbils), 646
Meriones (Jirds), 643, 645, 646
M. hurrianae, 646
M unguiculatus, Central Asian Clawed Jird, 638, 649
Tatera indica, Indian Gerbil, 646 Family Muridae (Murid Rodents):
Notomys (Australian Hopping Mice), 204, 644
Rattus (Rats), 29, 84, 86, 87, 89, 123, 148, 639, 640, 641, 642, 643, 644, 743, 769
R. norvégiens, Brown or Norway Rat, 638, 639, 649
R. rattus, Black or House Rat, 644, 649
Mus, 639, 641, 643, 644, 773
M. musculus, House Mouse, 49, 638, 642
Apodemus (Wood and Field Mice), 641
Family Gliridae (True Dormice):
Glis glis, Fat Dormouse, 644
Family Dipodidae (Jervoas), 646
Alactaga (Five-toed Jerboas), 644, 645
Euchoreutes, 644, 645
SUBORDER HYSTRICOMORPHA (PORCUPINES), 637
Family Hystricidae (Old World Porcupines):
Hystrix crassipinus, Bornean Rattle Porcupine, 236
SUBORDER CAVIOMORPHA (CAVIES), 638, 641, 643, 646, 647, 648
Family Octodontidae (Octodont Rodents):
Octodon (South American Bush Rats), 642, 643, 646, 647
Octodontomys, 642, 646, 647
Spalacopus, 648
Family Ctenomyidae (Tuco-tucos):
Ctenomys (Tuco-tucos), 648
Family Chinchillidae:
Lagostomus (Viscachas), 648
Lagidium (Mountain Chinchillas), 635, 642, 648
Chinchilla, 641, 646, 647
Family Caviidae:
Cavia (Guinea Pigs), 153, 641, 642, 643, 644, 649
C. a. porcellus, Guinea Pig, 642
Galea musteloides, 187
Dolichotis, 643, 647
Pediolagus, 646, 647
Family Dasyproctidae (Agoutis):
Cuniculus, 643, 647
Dasyprocta, 642, 647
Myoprocta (Acouchys), 642, 643, 644, 647
M. pratti, 647
Family Dinomyidae (Pacarans):
Dinomys (Pacaranas), 636, 642, 643
Family Erethiozontidae (New World Porcupines):
Erethizon (North American Porcupines), 636
ORDER CETACEA (WHALES), 52, 252, 253, 254, 257, 259, 794-806
SUBORDER MYSTICOCETI (BALEEN WHALES), 794, 795, 802, 803, 804, 1058
Family Balaenidae (Right Whales):
Eubalaena australis, Southern Right Whale, 803
Family Balaenopteridae (Finback Whales):
Megaptera novaeangliae, Humpback Whale, 52, 562, 798, 803, 834, 1058
Balaenoptera acutorostrata, Minke Whale, 795, 804
SUBORDER ODONTOCETI (TOOTHED WHALES), 114, 236, 794, 795, 796, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 805, 806, 816, 834
Family Physeteridae (Sperm Whales), 796
Physeter catodon, Sperm Whalc, 802
Family Ziphiidae (Beaked Whales), 796
Family Platanistidae (Gangetic Dolphins), 796
Platanista gangetica, Ganges River Dolphin, 800
Family Iniidae (Amazonian Dolphins):
Inia geoffrensis, Amazon River Dolphin, 804
Family Monodontidae (White Whales and Narwhals), 796
Superfamily Delphinoidea (Dolphins), 195
Familv Phocaenidae (Porpoises), 234, 235, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 245, 246, 253, 254, 794, 796
Phocaena, 234
P. phocoena, Harbor or Common Porpoise, 816, 834, 1068
Phocaenoides dalli, Dall's Harbor Porpoise, 802
Family Stenidae (Long-snouted Dolphins), 796
Steno bredanensis, Rough-toothed Dolphin, 240
Family Delphinidae (Dolphins), 195, 239, 258, 794, 795, 796, 797, 800, 802, 1069
Stenella plagiodon, 796, 802
Delphinus delphinus bairdi, Saddlcback Dolphin, 796
Delphinus delphis, Common Dolphin, 805
Tursiops, 234
T. aduncus, Indian Ocean Bottle-nosed Dolphin, 795
T. truncatus, Atlantic Bottlenosed Dolphin, 243, 794, 795, 796, 797, 798, 799, 800, 801, 802, 803, 804, 805
Subfamily Orcininae (Pilot and Killer Whales), 794, 796
Globicephala (Pilot Whales or Blackfish), 794
Pseudorca crassidens, False Killer Whale, 794
Orcinus orca, Common Killer Whale, 794, 802
ORDER CARNIVORA (CARNIVORES), 202, 596, 597, 648, 659, 750, 751, 752, 760, 761, 762, 767-89
Family Mustelidae (Mustelids), 762, 767-77, 783, 788, 789, 812
Subfamily Mustelinae (Weasels or Mustelins), 768
Mustela (Weasels), 767, 773, 775
M. (Lutreola) vision, American Mink, 768, 769, 771, 775, 776, 778
M. (Mustela) erminea, Stoat or Ermine, 769, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776
M. (Mustela) frenata, Long-tailed Weasel, 768
M. (Mustela) nivalis, Common Weasel, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776
M. (Mustela) rixosa, American Least Weasel, 771, 773, 774, 775, 776
M. (Putorius) furo, Ferret, 90, 769, 771
M. (Putorius) r^igripes, Black-footed Ferret, 774
M. (Putorius) putorius, European Polecat, 91, 769-71, 774, 776
Martes americana, American Marten, 768, 772, 774, 776
M. pennanti, Fisher, 775
M. zibellina, Sable, 769, 772
Eira (=Tayra) barbara, Tayra, 762, 772, 774, 775, 776
Grison vittatus, Common Grison, 768, 772, 774, 776, 778
Poecilogale albinucha, African Striped Weasel, 768, 772, 775, 776, 111, 778
Gulo gulo, Wolverine, 776
Subfamily Mellivorinae (Honey Badgers), 768
Mellivora capensis, Honey Badger or Ratel, 768, 772, 775, 777
Subfamily Melinae (Badgers), 768
Meies meles, European Badger, 772, 777
Taxidea taxus, American Badger, 777
Subfamily Mephitinae (Skunks), 768, 788
Mephitis mephitis, Striped Skunk, 768, 773, 775, 777
Spilogale putorius, Spotted Skunk, 768, 772, 773, 775, 777
Subfamily Lutrinae (Otters), 252, 768, 769, 809
Lontra (=Lutra ) felina, 809
Enhydra lutris, Sea Otter, 809, 810, 811-13, 834
Family Procyanidae (Procyonids), 767, 768, 769, 777-82, 783, 788, 789
Bassaricus astutus, North American Ring-tailed Cat or Cocomistle, 778, 780
Bassaricyon gabbii, Olingo, 779, 780, 781
Procyon, 767, 777, 779
P. lotor, North American Raccoon, 778, 779, 780, 788, 789
Nasua (Coatimundis), 777, 779
N. narica, White-nosed Coati, 778-79, 780, 781, 782, 788
N. nasua, Ring-tailed or Red Coati, 778
Polos, 777, 779
P.flavus, Kinkajou, 780, 781
Subfamily Ailurinae (Pandas), 767, 777
Ailurus fulgens, Lesser or Red Panda, 777 779, 780, 781
Ailuropoda melanoleuca, Giant Panda, 767, 111, 779, 781, 782, 788
Family Ursidae (Bears), 431, 767, 768, 769, 782-88, 789
Ursus (Brown and Black Bears), 767
U. (Ursus) arctos, Brown Bear, 782, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 789
U. (Ursus) arctos horribilis, Grizzly Bear, 783, 786, 789
U (Euarctos) americanus, American Black Bear, 783, 784, 785, 786, 787, 788, 789
Thalarctos maritinius, Polar Bear, 762, 782, 785, 786, 787, 789
Selenarctos thibetanus, Asiatic Black Bear, 783
Melursus ursinus, Sloth Bear, 783, 787
Helarctos malayanus, Malayan Sun Bear, 783, 785
Tremarctos ornatus, Spectacled Bear, 782, 783, 787, 788
Family Viverridae (Viverrids), 756, 761, 762
Viverra (Civets), 762
V. (Civettictis) civetta, African Civet, 764
Genetta tigrina, Large-spotted Genet, 764
Suricata suricata, Suricate or Meerkat, 90, 760, 764
Family Hyaenidae (Hyenas):
Crocuta crocuta, Spotted Hyena, 762
Superfamily Canoidea, 767
Family Canidae (Canids), 5, 79, 90, 122, 141, 191, 195, 728-47, 761, 762, 789, 801, 930, 1068
Cains (Wolves and Jackals), 596, 597, 730, 731, 732, 733, 740
C. aureus, Golden Jackal, 107, 186, 596, 597, 729, 731, 739, 740, 746, 849
C. latrans, Coyote, 729, 730, 731, 732, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 746
C. latrans x Beagle, 738
C. lupus, Wolf, 160, 728, 729, 730, 731, 732, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 739, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745, 746, 879
C. lupus familiaris, Domestic Dog, 76, 80, 241, 731, 733, 734, 735, 736, 737, 738, 741, 742, 746; Beagle, 743; Chihuahua, 740, 741; Doberman Pinscher, 740, 741; Husky, 741; Irish Setter, 740, 741; Lap Dog, 734; Malemute, 741
Alopex lagopus, Arctic Fox, 733, 734, 735, 738, 739, 741, 743, 744, 745
Vulpes (True Foxes), 730, 731, 732, 734, 735, 736, 737, 740, 742
V. macrotis, Kit Fox, 733
V. vulpes, Red Fox, 728, 729, 732, 734, 735, 737, 738, 740, 741, 743, 744, 745, 746
Fennecus zerda, Fennec Fox, 745
Lycaon pictus, Cape Hunting Dog, 729
Cuon alpinus, Dhole or Asiatic Wild Dog, 729, 737, 739
Urocyon cinereoargenteus, Grey Fox, 729, 731, 734, 735, 738, 739, 743, 744, 745
Dusicyon culpeolus, Culpeo, 731, 733, 741
Chrysocyon brachyurus, Maned Wolf, 738
Superfamily Feloidea, 767
Family Felidae (Felids), 118, 119, 204, 749-64, 783, 789, 801
Generic Group Felini (Small Felids):
Felis, 752, 754, 762
F. catus, Domestic cat, 76, 238, 239, 241, 337, 732, 751, 752, 754, 756, 757, 758-60, 761, 762, 764, 769, 778; Siamese Cat, 83
F. manul, Pallas Cat, 749, 754, 757, 760, 761, 762-64
F. margarita, Sand Cat, 749, 754, 760, 761, 762-64
F. silvestris, European Wildcat, 749, 752, 754
Lynx, 754
L. lynx canadensis, Canada Lynx, 749, 752, 754
L. rufus, Bobcat, 754
Caracal caracal (=Felis caracal), Caracal, 189
Profelis temmincki, Temminck's Golden Cat, 749, 754
Prionailurus, 754
P. bengalensis, Leopard Cat, 749, 752, 754, 760, 761, 762-64
P. viverinna, Fishing Cat, 749, 754
Pardofelis wiedii, Margay, 749, 754
Herpailurus yagouaroundi (=Felis yagouaroundi), Jaguarundi, 749, 754, 756
Puma concolor, Puma, 749, 754
Neofelis nebulosa, Clouded Leopard, 749, 754
Generic Group Pantherini (Big Felids), 752, 762
Panthera, 752
P leo, Lion, 116, 749, 751, 752, 754, 756, 757
P. onca, Jaguar, 749, 754
P pardus, Leopard, 746, 749, 754, 757
P tigris, Indian Tiger, 749, 752, 754, 755, 756, 1068
P. uncia, Snow Leopard, 749, 752, 753, 754, 755, 756, 757, 759
Acinonyx jubatus, Cheetah, 749, 754, 762
SUBORDER PINNIPEDIA (PINNIPEDS), 252, 794, 809, 813-36
Superfamily Otarioidea (Sea Lions and Walruses), 90
Family Otariidae (Eared Seals), 809, 813-17, 820, 822, 823, 825, 829, 830, 832, 834, 835
Eumatopias jubatus, Stellar or Northern Sea Lion, 814, 815, 817, 819, 821, 823, 827, 828, 829, 830, 833, 834
Zalophus californianus, California Sea Lion, 76, 814, 815, 816, 817, 819, 823, 827, 829, 830, 833
Otaria byronia, Southern Sea Lion, 814, 817, 819
Neophoca cinerea, Australian Sea Lion, 814, 819
Phocarctos hookeri, Hooker's Sea Lion, 814, 825
Arctocephalus, 817, 820, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 830
A. australis, South American Fur Seal, 814, 817
A. doriferus, Australian Fur Seal, 814
A. forsten, New Zealand Fur Seal, 814, 817, 819, 823, 824, 826, 829, 830, 833
A. philippii, Guadalupe Fur Seal, 814
A. pusillus, South African Fur Seal, 814, 817, 819, 820, 821, 824, 825, 833
A. tasmanicus, Tasmanian Fur Seal, 814
A. tropicalis, Kerguelen Fur Seal, 814, 833
Callorhinus, 825, 830
C. ursinus, Northern Fur Seal, 817, 819, 820-22, 823, 824, 825, 826, 828, 833
Mirounga, 815, 820, 821, 822, 823, 825, 830, 832, 833, 834
M. angustirostris, Northern Elephant Seal, 89, 814, 817, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 828, 829, 830, 831, 832, 833
M. leonina, Southern Elephant Seal, 814, 817, 832, 833
Cystophora cnstata, Hooded Seal, 814, 816, 818, 820, 822
Pusa, 814
Engnathus barbatus, Bearded Seal, 814, 818, 820, 822, 827, 830
Pagophilus (Harp Seals), 814, 818, 825, 828, 832, 834
Histnophoca (Ribbon Seals), 814
Halichoerus, 820
H. grypus, Grey Seal, 814, 815, 816, 817, 821, 822, 823, 824, 825, 829, 830, 832, 833, 835
Phoca caspica (=Pusa caspica), Caspian Seal, 814, 818
P. fasciata, Ribbon Seal, 814, 818, 822
P. groenlandicus, Harp Seal, 814, 815, 816, 820, 822, 823, 824
P. hispida (=Pusa hispida), Ringed Seal, 814, 815, 817, 818, 820, 822, 823, 827, 832, 833
P. sibinca, Baikal Seal, 814, 818
P vitulina, Harbor Seal, 814, 815, 816, 820, 822, 823, 824, 825, 827, 830, 833
ORDER SIRENIA (SIRENIANS), 809, 810-11, 834
Family Hydrodamalidae (Extinct species), 809
Family Trichechidae (Manatees), 810-11
Trichechus inunguis, Brazilian Manatee, 811
T. manatus, Northern Manatee, 811
Family Dugongidae (Dugongs):
Dugong dugong, Dugong, 810
ORDER PERISSODACTYLA (ODD-TOED UNGULATES), 635, 647, 648, 688-89, 715-24, 745
Family Equidae (Equines), 202, 203, 660, 715-21, 724
Equus africanus (=E. asinus), African Wild Ass, 715, 717, 719, 720, 721
E. africanus f. asinus, 715, 718, 721
E. africanus somaliensis, 721
E. grevyi, Grevy's Zebra, 715, 716, 717, 718, 721
E. hemionus, Asiatic Wild Ass, 715, 719, 721
E. przewalskii, Przewalski's Wild Horse, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720, 721
E. przewalskii f caballus, Domestic Horse, 716, 717, 719, 1068, 1069
E. quagga (burchelli), Plains Zebra, 715, 716, 717, 718, 719, 720
E. zebra, Mountain Zebra, 189, 715, 716, 719, 720
Family Rhinocerotidae (Rhinoceroses), 715, 722-24
Rhinoceros sondiacus, Javan Rhinoceros, 722, 723, 724
R. unicornis, Great Indian Rhinoceros, 722, 723, 724
Didermocerus sumatrensis, Asiatic Two-horned Rhinoceros, 722, 723, 724
Diceros bicornis, African Black Rhinoceros, 155, 722, 723, 724
Ceratotherium simum, Square-lipped or White Rhinoceros, 722, 723
Family Tapiridae (Tapirs), 715, 724, 725
Tapirus bairdi, Central American Tapir, 724
T. indicus, Malayan Tapir, 724, 725
T. pinchaque, Mountain Tapir, 724
T. terrestris, Lowland Tapir, 724, 725
ORDER ARTIODACTYLA (EVEN-TOED UNGULATES), 635, 647, 648, 655-711, 745
SUBORDER NONRUMINANTIA (NONRUMINANTS), 655, 682
Family Suidae (Old World Pigs), 234, 655, 659, 660, 669, 678, 680, 681, 692, 694, 706, 707, 708, 709
Potamochoerus porcus, Bush Pig, 694, 701
Sus (Wild Boars), 149, 150
S. scrofa, Wild Boar, 680, 694, 701, 702
S. scrofa domestica, Domestic Pig, 1068
Phacechoerus, 189
P. aethiopicus, Warthog, 668, 673, 679, 693, 694, 702, 703
Family Tayassuidae (Peccaries), 655, 659, 664, 678
Tayassu tajacu (=Dicotyles tajucu), Collared Peccary, 187, 670, 679, 680, 682
Family Hippopotamidae (Hippopotamuses), 655, 659, 678, 708, 709
Choeropsis liberiensis, Pigmy Hippopotamus, 665
Hippopotamus amphibius, Hippopotamus, 662, 665, 679, 680, 682, 692
SUBORDER TYLOPODA (TYLOPODES), 655, 665, 680, 681, 682, 683, 684, 692, 693, 694, 697, 700, 701, 705, 707
Family Camelidae (Camels), 655, 670, 678, 680
Cametus (Camels), 670, 698
Lama (Llamas), 670, 684
L. guanicoë, Guanaco, 681, 683, 704, 710
L. guanicoë glama, 684
L. vicuna, Vicuna, 665, 694
SUBORDER RUMINANTIA (RUMINANTS), 655, 665, 671, 682, 707
Archeomeryx optatus (Prehistoric ungulate species), 692, 693
Family Tragulidae (Chevrotains), 655
Family Cervidae (Deer), 655, 659, 664, 667, 668, 678, 680, 681, 682, 684, 685, 686, 692, 693, 697, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707, 897
Moschus, 697
M. moschiferus, Musk Deer, 662
Hydropotes, 697
Muntiac, 697
Dama dama, Fallow Deer, 667, 669, 670, 680, 705, 711
Axis axis, Axis Deer, 664, 669, 680, 686, 705
Cervus (Cervus) elaphus, Central European Red Deer, 660, 661, 662, 663, 669, 680, 681, 693, 697, 704
C. (Cervus) elaphus hippelaphus, 662
C. (Cervus) elaphus nelsoni, Rocky Mountain Elk, 662, 693
C. (=Sika) nippon dybowskii, Manchurian Sika, 694, 697
C. (Rucervus) duvauceli, Barasingha, 697
Capreolus capreolus, Roe Deer, 664, 701
Odocoileus, 663, 668
O. (Odocoileus) hemionus, Mule Deer, 661, 663, 667, 678, 704
O. (Odocoileus) hemionus columbianus, Black-tailed Deer, 147
O. (Odocoileus) virginianus, White-tailed Deer, 202, 668, 680, 683, 705
Alces (Moose), 683
A. alces, Moose, 663
Rangifer (Reindeer), 669, 671, 699
R. tarandus, Reindeer, 663, 671
R. tarandus arcticus, Caribou, 699
Family Giraffidae (Giraffes), 655, 678, 680, 694, 697
Okapia johnstoni, Okapi, 683, 684, 704, 709, 711
Giraffa camelopardalis, Giraffe, 668, 672, 673, 683, 684, 701, 704
Family Antilocapridae (Pronghorn), 655, 662, 665, 667
Antilocapra americana, Pronghorn, 199, 661, 663, 664, 685, 686, 688, 701, 705, 709
Family Bovidae (Horned Ungulates), 189, 647, 655, 656, 658, 659, 660, 662, 664, 668, 678, 680, 682, 683, 685, 686, 690, 692, 693, 694, 697, 700, 701, 702, 703, 704, 705, 706, 707
Subfamily Cephalophinae (Duikers), 671, 680, 706
Sylvicapra grimmia, Grey Duiker, 199
Cephalophus monticola, Blue Duiker, 669
Subfamily Neotraginae (Dwarf Antelopes), 706, 707
Rhynchotragus kirki, Kirk's Dik-dik, 665, 668
Oreotragus oreotragus, Klipspringer, 199, 664
Subfamily Tragelaphinae:
Tragelaphus (Spiral-horned Antelopes), 668, 680, 681, 697, 699, 703, 706, 707
T. angasi, Nyala, 693
T. imberbis, Lesser Kudu, 673, 693, 698, 702
T. scriptus, Bushbuck, 693
T. spekei, Sitatunga, 673, 679, 680, 681, 690
T. strepsiceros, Greater Kudu, 673, 681, 690, 693, 694, 698, 699, 701, 702, 703
Taurotragus, 703, 706
T. oryx, Eland Antelope, 680, 705
Boselaphus, 706
B. tragocamelus, Nilgai, 665, 681, 682, 683, 684, 693, 695, 696, 703
Subfamily Bovinae (Oxen), 697, 701
Bos (Bibos) gaurus, Gaur, 693
B. (Bos) primigenius, Cattle, 660, 669, 670, 673, 793
Camargue Cattle, 710
Indian Cattle, 659
Bison, 669, 701
bonasus, European Bison, 663
Subfamily Alcelaphinae (Hartebeests), 659
Alcelaphus, 706
A. buselaphus, Hartebeest, 199, 673, 682, 703, 711
Damaliscus (Sassabies), 665, 706
D. dorcas dorcas, Bontebok, 689, 690, 707
D. dorcas phillipsi, Blesbok, 663, 664, 671, 688
D. lunatus, 661
D. lunatus lunatus, Tsessebe, 673, 698
D. lunatus topi, Topi, 665, 668, 679, 682, 695, 698, 705, 706, 711
Connochaetes (Gnus), 659, 669, 670, 706
C. gnou, Black Wildebeest, 662, 709, 710
C. taurinus, Brindled Wildebeest or Wildebeest, 187, 662, 668, 679, 682, 686, 689, 690, 693, 698
Subfamily Hippotraginae, 659, 706
Hippotragus, 706
H. equinus, Roan Antelope, 682, 686, 693, 701, 703, 706
H. niger, Sable Antelope, 682, 686, 701, 703, 706
Oryx, 665, 683, 686
0. gazella, Oryx, 682, 688, 693, 698, 699, 701, 702, 703, 705, 706, 710
0. gazella beisa, East African Oryx, 673, 675, 682, 686
O. gazella tao, Scimitar-horned Oryx, 706
Addax, 665, 682, 701
A. nasomaculatus, Addax Antelope, 706
Subfamily Reduncinae (Reedbucks and Waterhucks), 706
Kobus, 680, 706
K. defassa, Waterhuck, 686
Adenota kob, Uganda Kob, 647, 656, 662, 695
Onotragus megaceros, Gray's Waterhuck, 663, 670
Redunca redunca, Reedbuck, 668
Subfamily Antilopinae, 659, 664, 667, 699, 704, 706, 707, 708
Gazella, 659, 660, 665, 668, 669, 679, 682, 683, 686, 703
G. (Gazella) benetti, 664
G. (Gazella) dorcas, Dorcas Gazelle, 664, 667, 670, 686, 703, 706, 708, 709, 710
G. (Gazella) gazella, Mountain Gazelle, 664, 668, 673, 693, 695, 701, 708, 710
G. (Gazella) rufifrons, Red-fronted Gazelle, 664
G. (Gazella) thomsoni, Thomson's Gazelle, 188, 662, 663, 664, 665, 668, 669, 673, 676, 677, 685, 688, 689, 690, 702, 704, 706, 707, 708
G. {Nanger) grand, Grant's Gazelle, 661, 662, 664, 668, 673, 674, 678, 679, 681, 682, 685, 686, 688, 689, 690, 691, 692, 693, 694, 695, 696, 698, 699, 700, 703, 704, 706, 707, 708
G. (Nanger) Soemmering, Soemmering's Gazelle, 664, 681, 708
G. (Trachelochele) subgutturosa, Goitered Gazelle, 664, 688, 708
Antilope, 189
A. cervicapra, Indian Blackbuck, 186, 659, 663, 664, 670, 682, 688, 693, 698, 700, 704, 706, 708
Litocranius walleri, Gerenuk, 664, 670, 708
Ammodorcas clarkei, Divatag, 664, 668, 670
Antidorcas, 669
A. marsupialis, Springbuck, 667, 668
Aepyceros, 706
A. melampus, Impala, 661, 679, 695, 698, 703, 743, 745
Subfamily Caprinae, 681, 703, 706, 1068
Rupicapra, 706
R. rupicapra, Chamois, 191, 192, 201, 662, 664, 668, 671, 681, 687, 704
Oreamnos, 706
O. americanus, Rocky Mountain Goat, 199, 664, 672, 673, 687, 692, 696, 703
Capra, 663, 703
Ammotragus, 706
Ammotragus lervia, Barbary Sheep, 672, 673
Ovis (Sheep), 697, 699, 703, 706
O. ammon poli, Marco Polo Sheep, 684
O. canadensis, Bighorn Sheep, 686, 699
O. canadensis dalli, Dall Sheep, 189
O. orientalis cycloceros, Punjab Urial, 705