“INDEX” in “International Statebuilding in West Africa”
INDEX
A
Abubakar, Abdulsalami, 105
Abuja Ceasefire Agreements, 81, 98, 99
accord, 60, 61, 63, 80, 88, 95–96, 100, 103, 106, 110, 113, 187; Abidjan Accord, 66, 80, 81, 95, 96, 97; Ouagadougou Accord/Agreement, 23, 71, 73, 74, 92, 109, 110, 113–14, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 143, 150–51, 154, 187, 224
Africa, 1, 3, 5, 13, 16, 18, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35–36, 37, 38, 40, 55, 56, 58, 59–60, 76, 93, 94, 126, 127, 132, 133, 134–35, 136, 137–38, 139, 141, 142, 143, 162, 189, 193, 210, 211, 213–14, 216, 220, 223
Africa Growth and Opportunities Act (AGOA), 135, 136, 158
African Development Bank (AfDB), 160, 161, 168–69, 196–97, 199, 201, 203, 218
African Peer Review Mechanism, 133
African Union (AU), 10, 25, 76, 80, 82, 88, 90, 105, 106, 107, 109, 112, 113, 119, 122, 132, 133, 139, 140, 141–42, 189,
agriculture, 22, 144, 145, 146, 150, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161
aid, 4, 17, 18, 27, 28, 37, 58–59, 76, 126, 128, 131, 133–35, 136, 138, 192, 198, 217, 219; Action Aid, 76; US Agency for International Development (USAID), 194, 201–2
All People’s Congress (APC), 37, 56, 64, 65, 66, 92, 123, 173, 259n30
Americo-Liberian, 15, 16, 35, 57
amnesty, 95, 97, 101, 106, 110, 114, 183–84, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192
Angola, 110
Armed Forces of Liberia (AFL), 61, 62, 86, 89, 100, 102, 103, 107, 167, 168, 263n122, 281n15
Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC), 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 79–83, 96, 97, 99, 189, 190
armed group, 91, 103, 105, 109, 169–70
B
bad governance, 14, 16, 29, 31, 134, 138, 143–44, 179–80, 193, 252n95
Bédié, Henri Konan, 56, 58, 68, 70, 113, 116, 117, 119, 121,
belligerent
Berlin Conference, 18
Brazil, 21
British, 14, 35, 37, 67, 68, 80, 81, 82, 83, 98, 99, 134, 165, 166, 170, 209; British Commonwealth, 36
Burkina Faso, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73, 76, 83–84, 99, 110, 114, 122, 157, 254n123, 272n40
C
ceasefire, 86, 95, 97, 105, 106–7; Cease-Fire Monitoring Committee, 97
chairman, 64, 97, 101, 102, 103, 108, 190
China, 21, 59, 136–37, 138, 167
citizens, 4, 6, 10–11, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26–27, 30, 35, 47, 49, 54, 55, 63, 69, 78, 111, 112, 115, 116, 130, 142, 151, 159, 173, 176, 193, 198, 199, 212
citizenship, 15, 17–18, 19, 20, 28, 30, 58, 60, 68, 69–70, 71, 72–73, 73–74, 92, 93, 94, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114–15, 116–17, 118, 119, 143, 220, 223, 267n176, 267n178
civilian, 119, 151, 154–55, 164, 165, 166, 167, 178, 191; civilian control, 151, 164, 165
Civil Defence Forces (CDF), 64, 65, 95, 97, 98, 99, 165, 189, 190
civil society, 10, 11, 35, 98, 103, 105, 107, 108, 142, 147, 148, 157, 158, 164, 172, 181, 193, 194, 199, 200, 201, 203, 207–8
civil war, 1, 2, 3–5, 6, 8, 9, 11–12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 25–26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35–36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 87, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 100, 104, 118, 123, 125, 131, 132, 142, 143, 144–45, 151, 155, 162, 164, 165, 170, 173, 176, 178, 179, 180, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 193, 194, 195, 207, 209, 210, 211–12, 213–14, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220–21, 223, 263n120
Cold War, 22, 30, 31, 36, 37, 58–59, 126, 136, 210, 216
collapsed state, 23, 26, 28, 34, 77
colonial, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 25, 27, 30, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38, 58, 69, 76, 111, 112, 209, 214, 215, 235n100
colonialism, 13, 15, 18, 30, 36, 40, 58, 59, 78, 112, 235n100
combatant, 26, 64, 73, 77, 80, 82, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88–89, 91, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 107, 117, 118, 123, 147, 165, 166, 168, 169, 189, 190; ex-combatants, 80, 89, 179
Commission Dialogue Vérité et Réconciliation (CDVR), 184–85, 187
Commonwealth Community Safety and Security Project (CCSSP), 170, 171
Compaoré, Blaise, 114, 117, 122, 269n209
comparative historical methods, 6
commission, 9, 10, 33, 64, 77, 78, 80, 87, 95–96, 97–98, 100, 108, 109, 113, 119, 127, 129, 134–35, 139, 155, 160, 170, 173, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 188, 196–97, 200–1, 202, 203, 222, 263n121
Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA), 106, 107, 166, 182, 186, 263n120
conflict, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31, 33, 55, 62, 66, 68, 69, 72–73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 84, 85, 90, 91–92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102, 103, 109, 110, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 118, 119, 123–24, 125, 143, 148, 158, 161, 162, 169, 173, 178, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 204, 209–10, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 252n95; violent
consolidate, 3, 18, 33, 37, 39, 58–59, 68, 96, 104, 109, 160, 163, 164, 170, 190, 194, 207, 212
constitution, 14, 34, 37, 47, 68–69, 92–93, 97–98, 111, 112, 115, 117, 120, 133, 140, 142, 151, 182, 222, 223, 224, 265n138
Contract and Monopolies Commission, 109
corruption, 3, 30, 35, 38, 55, 56–57, 65, 67, 124, 128, 144, 145, 155, 162, 166, 172, 173, 176–77, 179, 180, 193, 194, 195, 201, 202, 204, 209, 210, 213, 221, 222, 252n95
Côte d’Ivoire, 1, 5, 10–11, 14, 15, 16, 17–18, 20, 21, 23, 28, 31, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 47, 54–55, 58, 60, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 79, 83–84, 85, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 99, 109, 110, 112, 114, 115, 116–17, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 141, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 163, 164, 165, 168, 170, 177, 178, 184, 185, 187, 188–89, 194, 195, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 215, 219, 222, 223, 268–69n200, 269n209; rebirth of, 146, 149; stalemate in, 92, 112, 149, 150, 151, 164
Côte d’Ivoire Transition Initiative (CITI), 194, 195
Country Assistance Strategy (CAS), 160, 161
coup, 16, 37, 56, 66, 70, 71, 79, 80, 82, 177, 258n28
court, 72, 115, 116, 118, 119, 155, 182, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190–93; special court, 10, 88, 89, 179, 184, 186, 190, 191; Supreme Court, 87, 100, 184, 203, 263n121, 265n139
Creole, 14
crimes, 82, 97, 106, 155, 172, 175, 176, 178, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188–89, 189–90; war crimes, 4, 82, 88, 97, 99, 105, 106, 122, 155, 178, 183, 184, 186, 187, 189–90, 192, 207
D
debt, 30, 37, 134, 135, 144, 145, 146, 147, 156, 158–59, 160, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206; debt burden, 131, 134; debt forgiveness, 132
defense, 90, 91, 112, 165, 167, 168
democracy, 2, 3–4, 5, 7, 13, 16, 17, 18–19, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30–31, 32, 34, 37, 38, 47, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 71, 76, 78, 79, 82, 87–88, 92, 94, 104–5, 109, 120, 121–22, 123, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 133, 135, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 151, 152, 154–55, 157, 161, 162, 163, 164, 177, 180, 185, 193, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215, 217, 220, 222–24
Democracy and Elections Assistance Unit (DEAU), 141
Democratic Republic of Congo, 25–26, 76, 132
democratization, 3, 22, 25, 57, 58, 75, 123, 139, 140, 141, 193, 212, 213
destabilization, 31, 75, 76, 123
development, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 35–36, 37, 38, 39–40, 47, 56, 60, 98, 99, 125–27, 128, 129, 130–31, 132, 133, 139, 142, 143, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157–58, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 171–72, 181, 184, 191, 192, 194, 195, 195, 204, 205, 209, 212, 213–14, 215, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222–23, 230n51, 240n152; economic development, 2, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 21–22, 24, 25, 26, 32, 39, 42, 44, 47, 58, 60, 65, 67, 79, 95, 125, 126–27, 130–31, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 146, 147, 148, 156, 209, 213, 217, 220; human development, 4, 32, 48, 126, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142, 144, 145, 149, 150, 152, 153, 160–61, 162, 163, 165, 181, 183, 192, 193, 207, 223; national development, 181; political development, 135, 138, 160, 168, 211; socioeconomic development, 148, 150, 197, 221; social development, 24, 25, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 129, 139, 142, 143, 213; sustainable human development, 126, 128, 129, 130–31, 132, 134, 135, 138, 139, 142, 144, 149, 152, 153, 163, 207
diamond, 61, 66, 75–76, 82–83, 97, 123, 169–70, 179–80, 195–96, 221
dictatorship, 9, 13, 14, 16, 19, 20, 21, 25, 30–31, 35, 37, 38, 56, 57, 65, 76, 105, 123, 126, 138, 215
disarmament, 80, 81, 82, 85, 86, 87, 88–89, 90, 91, 92, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106, 107, 110, 113, 118, 151, 166, 167; disarmament, demobilization, rehabilitation, and reintegration program (DDRR), 88–89, 107
Doctors without Borders, 76
Doe, Samuel Kanyon, 16, 37, 38, 56, 57, 61, 62, 63, 83, 99, 100, 123
E
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 25, 28, 64, 67, 72, 76, 79–80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90–91, 93, 96, 97, 98–99, 100, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106–7, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 119, 122, 136, 137, 153, 155–56, 209, 218, 263n125
Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Groups (ECOMOG), 28, 63, 64, 65, 66–67, 68, 79–80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85–87, 97, 99, 100–101, 102, 252n95
Economic Governance and Institutional Reform Project (EGIR), 200–1, 221
Economic Governance and Recovery Grant (EGRG), 203, 204, 205, 206, 222
Economic Governance Reform Program (EGRP), 196, 197
elected government, 55, 66, 67, 79, 80, 81–82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 95, 96, 103, 109, 166, 170
elections, 18, 19, 21, 22, 32, 37, 38, 47, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 67–68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 81, 82–83, 84, 85, 87–88, 89, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101–2, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121–22, 123, 126–27, 128, 133, 139–42, 143, 146, 149, 150, 151, 154, 163, 164, 166, 169, 170, 173, 174, 177, 184, 185, 187, 188, 193, 194, 195, 204, 207, 209, 214, 215, 219, 258n28, 267n178, 267n182, 276n88, 276n89
emancipation, 30
energy, 144, 146, 152, 153, 154, 157, 159, 160, 196, 197, 200, 203, 204–5, 206
ethnicity, 3, 14, 58, 94, 123, 213, 215
European Union, 10, 135, 136, 158, 159, 161, 168, 169, 196, 199, 263n125
Everything But Arms (EBA), 136, 158
F
fighting, 1, 21, 28, 61, 62, 65, 71, 73, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96, 98, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104–5, 106, 110, 118, 119, 164, 173, 180, 209, 210, 211, 219, 220, 223
finance, 41, 43, 46, 160, 167, 169–70, 183, 198, 199, 201, 204, 221; public finance management, 152, 155, 164, 193, 195, 196, 197, 198–99, 200, 203, 204, 205, 207–8, 221
Forces Armées de Côte d’Ivoire (FANCI), 92, 112, 113, 117
Forces Armées des Forces Nouvelles (FAFN), 92, 112, 113, 117
Forces Nouvelles (FN), 71, 72, 73, 74, 91–92, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 120, 168, 169, 254n135
Forces Républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI), 168, 169
France, 5, 15, 18, 35, 36, 58, 71, 72, 76, 90, 93, 109, 110, 177, 210, 218, 263n125; French, 14, 15, 35, 36, 69, 71, 72, 90–91, 110, 112, 113, 117
Front Populaire Ivoirien (FPI), 68, 69, 70, 72, 117, 119, 168, 170, 188, 265n146
funding, 10, 32, 131–32, 144, 145, 146, 159, 160, 162, 174, 185, 196–97, 200, 201,
G
Gbagbo, Laurent, 17, 18, 21, 60, 68, 70, 71, 73, 79, 91, 92, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117–18, 119, 120, 121, 122, 151, 164, 168, 169–70, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 193, 210, 219
gender, 151, 161, 165, 172; gender equality/equity, 144, 145, 146, 148, 152, 158, 240n152
genocide, 19–20, 76, 97, 189–90
Ghana, 13, 25, 63, 67, 72, 76, 83, 84, 100, 102, 103, 105, 110, 122, 132, 169–70, 175, 263n125, 272n40
good governance, 4, 13, 19, 27, 30–31, 32, 60, 62, 109, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130–31, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 144, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 162, 163, 164, 165, 176, 178, 180, 181, 193, 194, 195, 196, 203, 204, 206–8, 217, 221, 222
Goude, Charles Blé, 187
Governance Reform Commission, 109
Government of Liberia (GOL), 105, 106, 107, 108, 264n129
Government of National Reconciliation (GNR), 110, 112, 113
grant, 10, 181, 197, 203, 204, 206, 222,
Guinea, 14, 25, 63, 64–65, 67, 72, 75, 76, 83, 84, 85, 100, 104, 177, 263n118, 272n40
H
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative (HIPC Initiative), 131, 132, 144, 145, 146, 159, 160, 204, 206
Houphouët-Boigny, Félix, 14, 15, 16, 17, 34, 36, 37, 38, 56, 57, 58, 68, 69, 70, 115–16, 193
humanitarian intervention, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 18, 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 76, 77, 78, 79, 210, 211, 217, 218, 219
human rights, 4, 26, 27, 32, 37, 59, 65, 72, 73, 74–75, 76, 77, 78, 88, 95–96, 97–98, 110, 127, 130, 133, 135, 136, 138, 141, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 170, 172, 173, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 193, 194, 207–8, 217, 218, 252n95
Human Rights Commission of Sierra Leone (HRCSL), 182
human security, 4, 26, 32, 78, 125–26, 139, 143, 151, 155, 162, 163, 172, 206–7, 217, 223
I
identification, 69, 91, 92, 111, 114, 115, 116–17, 118, 148–49, 151, 154, 196
ideology, 7
independence, 13, 14, 19, 25, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 50, 52, 55–56, 57, 58, 78, 143
Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia (INPFL), 61
infrastructure, 13, 15, 24, 25, 26, 28, 35, 49, 54, 64, 126, 135, 138, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149–50, 152, 153–54, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 167, 175, 209, 210–11
index, 23, 133; Failed States Index, 23; Human Development Index (HDI), 22, 25, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 143, 209, 210; Ibrahim Index, 128, 133
indigenous, 13, 14, 15, 27, 29, 68, 69, 70, 112, 116–17
Information Communication Technology (ICT), 153, 156
insecurity, 31, 75, 88, 123, 160
institutional design, 4, 5, 13, 32, 111, 124, 125, 210, 211–12, 215, 216, 220, 221, 222, 223
Integrated Financial Management and Information System (IFMIS), 197, 198, 199, 201
Integrated Public Financial Management Reform (IPFMR), 201
interfaith, 193
interim government, 64, 84, 99; Interim Government of National Unity (IGNU), 63–64, 84, 85, 100, 101, 103
Interim PRSP (IPRSP), 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 160, 161
internally displaced persons (IDPs), 101, 123
International Commissions on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), 27, 77
international community, 1, 2, 3, 5, 17, 18, 21, 24, 26–27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 36, 60, 61, 63, 64, 72–73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 101, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 117, 119, 122, 123–24, 125, 139, 140, 149, 162, 209, 210, 211, 213, 216, 217, 218–19, 221, 222, 223, 258n28
International Contact Group on Liberia (ICGL), 104, 105, 106, 107, 263n125
International Criminal Court (ICC), 122, 178, 186, 188–89
International Development Association (IDA), 131, 132, 160, 161
international intervention, 2, 3, 4–5, 7, 9, 11–12, 17–18, 21, 26, 28, 31, 32, 60, 63, 73, 74, 83, 87, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 105, 110, 122, 123, 124, 162, 211–12, 218, 222–23
International Military Assistance Training Team (IMATT), 165–66
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 59, 126–27, 128, 131–32, 139, 142–43, 146, 155, 158–59, 161
international security, 27, 32, 77, 93, 125, 166, 223
International Stabilisation Force (ISF), 105–6, 107
Ivoirité, 68, 69, 70, 71, 115, 118, 254n136
J
Joint Assistance Strategy (JAS), 160, 161
Joint Monitoring Committee (JMC), 97, 106
Joint Verification Team (JVT), 105–6
Justice Sector Development Program (JSDP), 171–72
K
Kabbah, Ahmed Tejan, 64, 65, 82, 95, 97, 170, 258n30
L
La Majorité Presidentielle (LMP), 92
law, 18, 20–21, 23, 25, 26, 67, 68–69, 70, 77, 84, 100, 111, 115, 116, 118, 140, 147, 165, 172, 173, 174, 175, 180, 182, 183, 184, 186, 187, 190, 195, 200; humanitarian law, 81, 84; international law, 20, 78, 187; rule of law, 3, 22, 24, 35, 79, 82, 92, 127, 128, 133, 135, 139, 145, 148, 151, 156, 164, 174, 175, 178, 180, 186, 191, 203, 204, 212
leadership, 55, 56, 57, 58, 61, 66, 71, 81, 82, 94, 98, 99, 101–2, 126, 133, 151, 155, 163–64, 171, 174, 175, 183, 194, 207, 220; political leadership, 35, 55, 56, 57, 126
least developed countries (LDCs), 22, 136
liberalism, 3, 7, 124, 126, 128, 130–31, 142; neoliberal, 2, 3, 24, 25, 32, 79, 94, 119, 120, 121–22, 126, 128, 130, 131, 153, 155, 162, 213; people-centered liberalism, 13, 31, 32, 126, 130–31, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 142, 162, 163, 207, 211–12, 217, 218, 219, 223
Liberia, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10–11, 15–16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25–26, 28, 29, 31, 33–34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 47, 50–51, 54–55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62–63, 64, 67, 72, 73, 74, 75–76, 78, 79–80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88–90, 93, 94, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 123, 124, 132, 139, 140–41, 142, 143, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157–58, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167–68, 170, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179–80, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188–89, 190–91, 193, 194, 195, 200, 201–2, 207, 209, 210, 211, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221–22, 223, 224
Liberia Media Center (LMC), 194
Liberia National Transitional Government (LNTG), 102, 103
Liberian National Conference (LNC), 99, 102, 103, 263n123
Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy (LURD), 62, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
Linas-Marcoussis Agreement, 72, 90–91, 110, 111, 112–13, 115, 265n141
loan, 126, 138, 159, 200, 201, 203
Lomé Peace Agreement, 66–67, 81, 97, 98, 99, 165, 178, 179, 182, 189, 190, 193, 223
M
Mali, 13, 67, 75, 84, 110, 168, 272n40
military, 2, 4–5, 11, 17, 19, 22, 25, 26, 27, 31, 34, 36, 37, 38, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 70, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84–85, 88–89, 90, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 107, 112, 113, 114, 117, 118, 119, 122, 149, 151, 164–65, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 172, 186, 193, 207, 210, 217, 218, 219,
Military Reintegration Plan (MRP), 165–66
Millennium Development Goals (MDG), 127, 128, 132, 138, 143, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 161, 277n97
mining, 38, 59, 144, 145, 146, 153, 154, 155, 156, 158, 195, 196, 197, 200, 221–22,
Momoh, Joseph Saidu, 57, 64, 252n95, 258n30
monitor, 22, 28, 67, 81, 84, 85, 86, 88–89, 90, 91, 97, 98, 100, 101, 102, 103, 106, 109, 117, 141, 194, 196, 199
Movement for Democracy in Liberia (MODEL), 62, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108
Movement Patriotique de Côte d’Ivoire (MPCI), 71, 72, 265n146
multiethnic, 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12–13, 20, 22, 210, 211, 214, 215, 216, 223,
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI), 131, 159
N
nation/national, 13, 14–15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 32, 42, 44, 69, 79, 87–88, 89, 97, 98, 108, 109, 111, 114, 115, 134, 140, 141, 143, 146, 149, 151, 152, 154, 157, 165, 166, 167, 170, 172, 173, 174, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 185, 187, 190, 193, 195, 198–99, 201, 204, 214, 215, 220, 223, 239n135
National Commission for Disarmament, Demobilization, Rehabilitation and Reintegration (NCDDRR), 107, 109
National Commission on Human Rights, 109
National Congress of British West Africa (NCBW), 14
National Good Governance and Capacity Building Programme (PNBGRC), 203
National Identification Commission, 111
nationalist movement, 13, 14, 37
National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL), 61–62, 64, 82, 84, 86, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 123, 263n122, 264n129
National Patriotic Front of Liberia–Central Revolutionary Council, 61, 102, 103
National Patriotic Party (NPP), 61, 62, 87, 104, 105, 264n129
National Power Authority (NPA), 197
National Provisional Reformation Council (NPRC), 37, 64, 66, 258n30
National Transitional Government of Liberia (NTGL), 88–89, 107–8, 174, 186, 265n139
National Transitional Legislative Assembly (NTLA), 107–8, 109, 265n139
naturalization, 115
need, 20, 30, 31, 60, 77, 78, 90, 105, 113, 122, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 139, 143, 156, 157, 158, 162, 165, 171, 174, 176, 177, 194–95, 205, 207, 212, 214, 215, 219, 220, 223, 224
neocolonial, 2, 15–16, 30, 31, 36, 37; neocolonialism, 36–37
new humanitarianism, 13, 27, 30–31, 310, 2, 73, 78–79, 88, 92, 123, 125–26, 162, 163, 207, 211–12, 214, 217, 218, 219, 223, 258n28
New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), 25, 132–33
New York, 9, 10, 11, 229n47, 230n51
Nigeria, 2, 21, 25, 64–65, 66–67, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 88, 96, 100, 103, 105, 110, 167, 175, 209, 218
nondemocratic, 19, 22, 55, 239n135
nongovernmental organization (NGO), 86, 133, 179, 181
northerners, 68, 69, 70, 71, 111, 112, 114–15, 116, 117, 118, 119–21, 121–22, 151, 185, 254n136
no war, no peace, 73, 92, 93, 109, 154, 170, 185, 187
O
Odinga, Rail, 122
Office of Transition Initiatives (OTI), 194
opportunities, 2, 5, 13, 18, 24, 30–31, 32, 38, 47, 57, 110, 125–26, 130, 135, 137, 147, 149, 150, 160, 161, 210, 211–12, 213, 216, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 95, 97, 103, 140
Ouattara, Alassane, 47, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 79, 91, 92–93, 109, 111, 113, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120–21, 122, 151, 164, 168, 169, 170, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 223, 254n123, 267n178, 267n182
P
Paris Club, 160
Paris Conference, 110
Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire (PDCI), 37, 56, 68, 70, 265n146
patrimonialism, 3
peace, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 47, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 71, 72, 73, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82–83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 112, 114, 118, 119, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 132, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150–51, 154, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 168, 170, 173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193, 195, 204, 207–8, 209, 210, 211, 212, 214, 216, 217, 218–19, 220, 221, 222, 223; peace agreement, 9, 10, 17, 23, 26, 32, 60, 72, 79, 81, 84, 85, 86, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 105, 106, 107, 108, 110, 113, 143, 151, 163, 166, 193, 207, 219, 222; peacebuilding, 1, 3, 4, 5, 27, 29, 31, 63, 74, 77, 78, 93, 123, 132, 146, 148, 157, 162, 174, 194, 207–8, 210, 211–12, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 223; peace consolidation, 142, 145, 148, 150, 151, 154, 155, 191; peacekeeping, 4, 21, 27, 31, 32, 63, 67, 74, 77, 78, 79–80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 91, 92, 97, 110, 124, 140–41, 163, 165, 166, 211, 214, 223; peacemaking, 1; peace mediation, 4, 21, 32, 72, 77, 79, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 104, 109, 110, 122, 211, 223; peace processes, 2, 11, 17, 20, 73, 74, 79, 85, 88, 89, 91–92, 94, 96, 100, 102, 104–5, 109, 114, 122, 149, 164, 193, 204, 206, 210, 218; peace talks, 72, 90, 95, 97, 100, 105, 106, 110, 189
police, 89, 107, 112, 164–65, 166, 170–72, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 207,
politics 7, 15, 30, 36, 37, 38, 56, 58, 65, 68, 69, 71, 120, 123, 124, 131, 222; ethnic politics, 14, 20, 60, 220
postcolonial, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12–13, 15, 20, 21, 22, 25, 29, 32, 36–37, 57, 179–80, 210, 212, 214, 215, 223
postwar reconstruction, 1, 2, 4, 9, 10–12, 17, 26, 28, 30, 32, 60, 63, 77, 79, 85, 89, 98, 105, 109, 142, 163–164, 192, 193, 200, 207, 210, 211, 214, 217, 219, 221, 222, 223, 224; postwar reform, 4, 32, 212
poverty (reduction), 127, 131, 132, 134, 135, 147, 148, 149, 150, 152, 155, 156, 161, 163, 181, 184; Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), 131–32, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155–56, 157–58, 159, 160, 161, 181, 199, 202, 204, 205
power 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 23–24,25, 26, 30, 31, 34, 35, 36–37, 38, 47, 56, 57, 58–59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 78, 80, 83, 84, 87, 88–89, 89–90, 91, 92, 94, 95, 97, 101, 102, 103, 104, 106, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114–15, 115–16, 117, 118, 119–20, 122, 126, 128, 136, 140, 143, 146, 149, 151–52, 158, 172, 176, 179, 182, 186, 187, 193, 197, 205, 209–10, 214–15, 220, 224, 235n100, 265n138; legitimate power, 23, 24, 28; power-sharing, 73, 92, 95, 110, 114, 117, 118, 119–20, 122, 215, 224
precolonial, 112; precolonial empires, 13
Programme for Building African Capacity for Trade (PACT), 137
prosecution, 89, 172, 178, 179, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192
Public Financial Management Improvement and Consolidation (PFMIC), 199, 201
Public Financial Management Reform Project (PFMRP), 197, 198–99
Public Sector Modernization Project (PSMP), 201–2
Q
qualitative research, 6
R
Rassemblement Des Républicains (RDR), 68, 70, 92, 265n146
rebel, 17, 61, 63, 64–65, 66, 71, 90, 91, 98, 104, 112, 113, 114, 118, 119, 122, 123, 168, 170, 171, 180–81, 191, 252n95, 265n146; rebellion, 35, 56, 65, 71, 83, 123, 252n95
rebuild, 27–28, 29, 66, 73, 77, 81, 102, 161, 165, 166, 167, 168, 173–74, 175–76, 177, 178, 201, 203, 206, 207, 213, 216, 222
reconciliation, 10, 33, 96, 97–98, 108, 147, 150, 151, 155, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 190, 192, 194, 195, 197, 222
refugee, 63, 64, 72, 75, 101, 123, 177
regime, 16, 19, 22, 27, 29, 30, 36, 55, 56, 57–58, 61, 65, 66, 82, 83, 120, 123, 128, 131, 134, 153, 155–56, 162, 169, 202, 213; colonial regime, 19, 27; one-party regime, 19, 22, 25, 34, 38, 55, 65; military regime, 19, 25, 55, 56, 65, 258n30; sultanistic regime, 19, 22
regionalism, 14
religious leaders, 11, 98, 195
report, 9, 10, 33, 47, 71, 72, 84, 85, 98–99, 129, 130, 134–35, 137, 141, 156, 164, 170, 172, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 184, 185, 187, 188, 190, 193, 194, 197, 199, 200, 206, 222; Brundtland Report, 129
Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces (RSLAF) 166
Responsibility to Protect (R2P), 4, 32, 93, 223
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 61, 62, 64, 65, 66–67, 68, 80, 81, 82–83, 95–96, 97, 98, 99, 104, 123, 165, 170, 189, 190, 191, 209, 252n95
S
sanctions, 26, 64, 80, 82, 92, 99, 104, 119, 122, 169–70
Sankoh, Foday, 64, 81, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 189, 190, 288n135
security, 3, 4, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21–22, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30–31, 32, 34, 59, 70, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 88–89, 89–90, 90–91, 93, 99, 104, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 113, 114, 117, 118, 120, 123–24, 125–26, 139, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151, 154–55, 156, 158, 160, 164–65, 166, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, 207–8, 212, 215, 218, 219, 222, 230n51, 269n209; food security, 144, 148, 150, 152, 160; human security, 4–5, 26, 32, 78, 125–26, 139, 143, 151, 155, 162, 163, 172, 206–7, 217, 223; international security, 3, 11, 20, 27, 32, 77, 93, 125, 166, 223; national security, 87–88, 114, 165, 172, 173, 174, 187, 223; regional security, 3, 27, 29, 31, 75, 82, 109, 123–24, 223; state security, 26, 78, 165, 188, 223
security sector, 4, 166, 178; security sector reform, 32, 145, 151, 164–65, 166, 167, 168, 170, 176, 207, 208
Senegal, 9, 10, 11, 76, 84, 110, 272n40
Sierra Leone, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10–11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 21, 23, 25–26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 48, 49, 54–55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64–65, 66–67, 67–68, 72, 73, 74, 75–76, 78, 79–80, 81, 82–83, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 98, 99, 100, 104, 105, 122, 123, 124, 132, 139, 140–41, 142, 143–45, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189, 190, 191–93, 194, 195–96, 197, 199, 201, 207, 209, 211, 215, 217, 219, 220, 221, 223, 224
Sierra Leone Army (SLA), 64, 97, 99, 189
Sierra Leone People’s Party (SLPP), 64, 65, 66, 67, 92, 173
Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 89, 176–77, 183, 184, 186
Small and Medium Enterprises (SME), 156
Somalia, 26, 76, 166, 218, 246n33
Soro, Guillaume, 71, 73, 113, 114, 117–18, 119–20, 267n182
South Africa, 21, 25, 67, 76, 110, 122, 169–70, 178, 181, 192
southerners, 71, 73, 111–12, 114–15, 116, 117, 119–20, 121–22, 151, 223
sovereignty, 20, 21, 26–27, 36, 37, 77, 78, 125, 245n21
Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), 88, 89, 179, 184, 186, 190, 191, 192, 193
special representative, 189–90
Special Representative of the Secretary General (SRSG), 90, 118, 119
state, 2–3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19–20, 21, 22, 23–24, 25, 26–27, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 33–34, 34–35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 44, 47, 55, 56–57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 67, 70, 74, 75–76, 77, 78, 88, 91, 92, 93, 94, 101, 102, 103, 104, 109, 110, 112, 113, 119, 121–22, 129, 133, 139, 142, 149, 151, 154, 155, 161, 163, 164, 165, 170, 172, 173, 179, 180, 182, 185, 186, 188, 194, 198, 203, 204, 205, 207, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 223, 224; democratic state, 2–3, 5, 107, 141–42, 209, 211, 214, 239n135; modern state, 6, 13, 18, 19, 20, 21, 30, 47; postcolonial state, 5, 15, 20, 21, 22, 29, 210, 215, 223; state authority, 74, 91, 110, 144, 146, 150; state decay, 2, 9, 12, 13, 23, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 38, 54–55, 56–57, 58, 60, 62–63, 65, 72, 74, 94, 123, 126, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 217, 219, 220, 223; state failure/failed state, 4, 13, 23, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 35, 55, 56, 212, 223; state sovereignty, 4, 26, 78; weak state, 23, 239n135
statebuilding/international statebuilding, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10–11, 12–13, 15, 16, 17–18, 19, 21, 23–24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 60, 73, 74, 77, 93, 125–26, 139, 142, 162, 163, 164–54, 181, 207–8, 210, 211–15, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 223
Strasser, Valentine, 64, 258n30
Swedish International Development Cooperation, 201–2
T
Taylor, Charles, 61, 62, 63, 64, 82, 83–84, 87–88, 89, 94, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 123, 155, 179–80, 183–84, 186, 190–91, 209–10, 252n95, 258n28, 264n129, 288n136
term limit, 151, 164, 188, 223
Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD), 159
trade, 13, 20, 30–31, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 59, 61, 62, 66, 75–76, 128, 134, 135, 136, 137–38, 150, 153, 155, 158
training, 137, 141, 145, 146, 147, 157, 158, 159, 165–66, 167–68, 171–72,175, 176, 177, 194, 198, 199, 200–1, 202, 203; police training, 89, 175,
transition, 22, 26, 56, 75, 105, 108, 123, 164, 194–95, 200, 207; transitional government, 61, 63, 101–2, 103, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109; transitional justice, 4, 155
Transitional Support Strategy (TSP), 160
troops, 63, 64–65, 67, 68, 72, 77, 80, 82–83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 99, 100–1, 105, 165, 168, 176, 209
True Whig Party (TWP), 16, 37, 56, 57
truth, 10, 97–98, 155, 178, 179, 180, 181, 183, 184, 185, 187, 192, 222
Truth and Reconciliation Committee (TRC), 33, 64, 106, 109, 155, 178, 179, 180–81, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 191, 192, 193, 207, 252n95
U
UN Chapter VII Mandate, 21, 63, 89, 91, 107
UN Development Assistance Frameworks (UNDAF), 132, 139, 142, 143, 146, 147, 150, 151, 158, 159
UN Electoral Assistance Unit (UNEAU), 127, 270n13
United Kingdom, 165, 171, 191, 218, 263n125
United Nations, 3, 36, 76, 78, 84, 85, 97, 165, 189–90, 209
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 47, 166, 195, 125, 127, 129, 221
United Nations Police (UNPOL), 174, 175
United States, 15–16, 18, 21, 27–28, 36, 76, 88, 97, 105, 119, 135, 160, 173–74, 175–76, 194, 218, 263n125
UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL), 63, 88, 89–90, 107, 166, 167, 168, 174, 176
UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL), 67, 68, 80, 81, 82, 83, 88, 98, 99
UN Observer Mission in Sierra Leone (UNOMSIL), 67, 81, 84, 97
US State Department, 11
V
victory, 66–67, 68, 73, 79, 92, 100, 114, 170, 185
violation, 86, 101, 105; human rights violation, 72, 75–76, 77, 138, 163, 165, 175, 176, 178, 182, 183, 194, 217,
violence, 1, 4, 5, 14, 16–17, 19, 25, 26–27, 40, 56, 58, 66, 71, 72, 73, 75, 77, 81, 91, 92, 109, 110, 113, 119, 120, 125, 128, 163, 169, 170, 173, 175, 179, 180, 181, 194, 203, 207, 210, 211, 212, 283n50
W
warlord, 61, 64, 73, 78, 94, 103, 104, 105, 114, 155, 186, 191
war-torn countries, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12–13, 27, 28, 31, 125, 139, 142, 164–65, 210, 211, 216, 218–19, 220
well-being, 5, 24, 30, 35, 47, 49, 54, 125–26, 129, 130, 135, 148, 163, 207, 212
West Africa, 72, 75, 76, 78–79, 88, 93, 100–1, 103, 123–24, 157, 165, 194, 210, 211, 212, 213, 218, 219, 222, 223, 229n47, 230n51
women, 4, 63, 137, 151, 152, 167, 168, 169, 180, 183–84, 185, 193, 195, 240n152; women’s groups/organizations, 105, 171, 193
World Bank, 10, 22, 59, 72, 126–27, 128, 131–32, 139, 142, 146, 155, 158–59, 160, 161, 195, 196–97, 199, 200, 201–2, 203, 204, 205, 206, 218, 221, 222
World Trade Organization (WTO), 134
Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI), 128
Y
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