“INDEX” in “Jewish Odesa”
INDEX
Abbas, Ackbar, 16
acculturation, 29, 30, 37, 42–43, 68
Ahad, Ha’am (Asher Ginsberg), 44
Akhmetchetka concentration camp, 51
Aleichem, Sholem (Solomon Naumovich Rabinovitch), 43, 67
Alexander I, Tsar, 36
aliyah (Jewish migration to Israel), 47, 81, 150–51, 162; “failed cases” of, 189; Law of Return and, 105, 106; Litvak Orthodox movement and, 186; “repatriates” and, 193, 273n66; Russian invasion of Ukraine and, 198, 234
And Quiet Flows the Don (Sholokhov), 67
anthropology, 18, 22, 110–11, 216
Anti-Imperial Choice: The Making of the Ukrainian Jews (Petrovsky-Shtern), 250
antisemitism, 13, 154, 244, 248, 292n18; in Crimea, 247; “Jewish” as synonym for being different, 72, 266n39; Jewish identity hidden in response to, 68, 72, 83; Jewish visibility and, 290n75; Nazi versus Soviet, 264n26; in postwar Soviet Union, 62; quotas for Jews in universities and workplaces, 49, 52, 63, 85–86, 119, 181; religious revival and, 90; right-wing Ukrainian nationalist groups and, 235; sanctioned by the Soviet state, 56, 119, 175, 229; of Stalin, 52; zhid/zhidovka epithet, 71, 81, 109, 154, 190, 191. See also Holocaust; pogroms
Anuch, Olga, 249
Argentina, Jewish emigration to, 46
Art of Living in Odesa, The (film, dir. Yungvald-Khilkevich, 1989), 206
assimilation, to Russian/Soviet culture, 19, 32, 43, 56–57, 85, 181, 256n16; religious Jews’ rejection of, 66; religious observance and family relations in context of, 131; return migrants from Israel and, 192
Association of Jewish Organizations and Communities of Ukraine, 118, 249
Austria-Hungary, 30
“Autoemancipation” (Pinsker), 47
Aviv, Caryn, 18, 146, 149, 164, 172, 278n32
Baal Shem Tov, Israel (the Besht), 270n28
ba’al teshuvah (“master of return”) movement, 120, 121, 275n22
Babel, Isaac, 7, 203–4, 206, 211, 287n2
Baksht, Rabbi Shlomo, ix, 93, 95, 96
bar/bat mitzvah ceremony, 121, 275n24, 279n49
Beitar (Zionist youth movement), 124, 127, 133, 185–86, 246, 275n29, 293n8
Beit Grand (Jewish Community Campus [JCC]), 106, 107, 108, 273n67; local Jewish population’s ambivalence toward, 164–66; on map of Odesa, 2; mission delegation at, 165
Beit Knesset Ha-Gadol synagogue, 45, 268n23
Belarus, 22, 37, 95, 177, 256n35, 258n53
Belarusians, 10
Belensky, Misha, 179, 283n31, 285n57
belonging, Jewish, 3, 5, 18, 27, 57, 241; binary definition (ethnicity or religion), 141–42; Jewish–Ukrainian relations and, 235; observance of traditions and, 116; philanthropic missions and, 147; place as frame of, 197; refinements of, 228; religious revival and, 91; subjective feelings and, 198
Ben-Ami, Mordechai (Mark Rabinovitch), 43
Bender, Ostap (fictional character), 226
Berdichev, 48
Berish ben Yisrael Usher of Nemirov, Rabbi, 259n85
Beseda literary club, 111
Biale, David, 269n28
Bialik, Chaim-Nahman, 44
Birkat hakhama (celebration of the sun), 119
Bogdanovka concentration camp, 51
Bolshevik Revolution, 59, 64, 204
Borges, Jorge Luis, 15
Borovoi, S. Y., 262n162
Boyarin, Daniel, 196
Boyarin, Jonathan, 196
Brandon, Ray, 171
Brauch, Julia, 212
Brezhnev, Leonid, 52
Brodsky, Iosif, 38
Brody (Brodskaya) Synagogue, 12, 41, 42, 45, 97, 111; handed over to Chabad Lubavitch, 87, 233, 267n3; on map of Odesa, 2; as model for Jewish prayer in Odesa, 45; Progressive Jewish claim to, 97
brothels, Jewish-owned, 46, 260n125
Buckser, Andrew, 271n49
Bukharan Jews, 19, 103, 112, 251n4
burial societies (hevrah Kadishah), 91, 119
Catastrophe of 1648–49 (Khmelnitskyi uprising), 35
Catherine II (the Great), Empress, 6, 14, 256n36; founding of Odesa and, 38; Jews in early history of Odesa and, 38–39; partitions of Poland and, 35; policies toward Jews, 35; statue removed (2022), xiii, 225, 225–26
cemeteries, 12–13, 25, 62, 185; on map of Odesa, 2; Third Jewish Cemetery, 77
Central Synagogue (Moscow), 19
Chabad Lubavitch, 87, 93, 112, 117, 251n6, 253n30; halakha taught by, 103; headquarters in United States, 268n21; Shomrei Shabbos aligned with, 95
Chabad movement, ix–x, 136, 240, 267n1
Chabad schools, x, 2, 3, 129, 166
Chabad Shomrei Shabbos: cemetery run by, 12; orphanages, 17, 231; Russia–Ukraine conflict and, 246; synagogue, 13, 95, 96, 97
Chekhov, Anton, 204
Chernobyl catastrophe, 121, 126
Chervyakov, Valery, 173
Christianity, 21, 37, 116, 270n41, 276n36; Greek Catholic, 230, 277n45, 288n10; Jewish and Christian identity combined, 129, 276n35; Jews converted to, 36, 78, 266n46; post-socialist conversion to, 113; Protestant, 117, 277n45, 288n8; revival in FSU, 233; Roman Catholic, 277n44, 288n8; Russian Orthodox, 117, 187, 191, 276n35, 286n61, 288n10; Ukrainian Orthodox, 230, 277n45, 288n8; vykresty (baptized Jews), 191
circumcision (bris), 21, 25, 78, 272n54, 272n56, 275n21; as a “basic” tradition, 127; Jewish burial and, 119–20
citizenship: dual, 286n62; European, 101, 105, 271n44; residency-based, 252n24; Soviet, 46
citizenship, Israeli, 69, 74, 81, 101, 266n54; Law of Return and, 104, 273n60; return migrants and, 284n48; transmigrants and, 194
Cold War, 92
Committee for the Organization of Jewish Life, 36
Communist Party, 48, 71, 83, 92; “cosmopolitans” purged from, 263n190; Jewish section (evsektsiia), 48; party membership and career advancement, 69, 265n36
community, “folklorization” of, 158, 159–62
Community in Spite of Itself, A (Markowitz, 1993), 267n67
Conversion after Socialism (Pelkman), 113
Cooper, Alanna, 19, 103, 214, 251n4, 272n52
cosmopolitanism, xiii, 8, 84, 132, 242; as contested notion, 14, 234–38; “critical cosmopolitanism,” 205; definitions of, 15; discrepant, 16; downplaying of national identity and, 11; founding of Odesa and, 14; globalization and, 13; nationalism contrasted with, 15; port cities as privileged sites for, 15; secular Soviet ideals and, 17
“Cosmopolitanism in Urban Spaces: The Case of Odesa” (conference, 2021), 253n34
Cossacks, Zaporizhian, 34, 225
Council of Jewish Federations, 282n22
Crimea, 34, 50, 169, 249; Crimean Tatars, 34; Khanate of, 33; Russian annexation of, 10, 11, 205, 243, 245
cuisine/food, 8, 21, 22, 28, 214, 262n171; advertisement for Jewish food, 88; Haman’s Ears pastries, 73; Israeli, 194, 197; matzo at Passover, 154; multicultural diversity of, 208, 276n30; Odesa as Jewish city and, 214–15; Shabbat meals, 136, 159. See also kashrut; kosher dietary practices
cultural capital, 16, 197, 205, 228
“cultural intimacy,” 227, 291n112
Czechoslovak Republic, 30
Deribasovskaya Street, 9
Deutsch Kornblatt, Judith, 266n46
diaspora, 4–5, 17, 18, 27–28, 143, 237; Holocaust memory and, 171–72; “Jewish revival” and, 234; Jews as “ideal type” of, 196–97, 287n79; languages and, 198; within Odesa, 216; Odesan diaspora larger than population at home, 184; philanthropic “diaspora business,” 149, 278n32
Dihovnii, Rabbi Oleksandr, 117
Dunaway, David, 55
dissidents, 32, 55, 56–57, 250
Dizengoff, Meir, 253n31
Domanevka concentration camp, 51
Donbas region, war in (2014–), ix, 28, 198, 243
Donetsk region, 10
Douglas, Mary, 144
Draitser, Emil, 264n11
Dubnow, Simon, 35
Duhovnii, Oleksandr, 250
Dusman, Leonid, 171
education, as Jewish value, 85, 86
elderly Jews, narratives of, 22, 25, 26, 79, 82–86, 228; on antisemitism, 62, 63, 70–72, 264n26; distaste at having to prove halakhic status, 101–2; on emigration to Israel, 75–76; historians, 58; on housing conditions, 70; on Jewish cuisine and customs, 73; relation to languages, 24, 59; on religious expression in Soviet period, 92; religious “revival” seen by, 17, 65, 73–74; research methods and, 55–56; on revival of Orthodox Judaism, 59; Russian invasion (2022) and, xi; science valued in, 61; self-identified with intelligentsia, 57; on Soviet atheism, 61–62; on Ukrainian politicians, 58–59; work history in, 53; on World War II and the Holocaust, 62, 70, 78–80, 168; on Zionism, 67
Elman, Mischa, 41
Emanu-El (Shirat Ha Yam), 12
emigration, 27, 273n65, 282n12, 284n39, 286n58; “chain migration,” 176–77; changing character of, 177–78; decision to leave, 182–84; decision to stay in Odesa, 180–81; historical picture of, 176–78; Odesan Jews’ perspectives on, 179–82; “perestroika migrants,” 178–79; pogroms and, 46, 175, 176; refusal of exit visas, 177, 282n17
engagement ceremony (erusin), 25
English language, 23, 24, 68, 160
Enlightenment, European, 35
Ephrussi banking family, 37
Ephrussi family, 7–8
Est’ gorod kotoryi vizhu vo sne [There Is a City I See in My Dreams] (Shehter), 219–20
ethnic categories, post-Soviet, 10
European Union, 152
everyday life, 56, 91, 201, 239; home–diaspora relation and, 198–99; public opinion and, 220; sociality among different ethnic groups, 109
Eugene Onegin (Pushkin), 203
evrei [“Hebrew”/“Jew”] (Russian term), 9, 115, 141
evreikosti (“Jewish bones”), 214
exile, diaspora as, 196
Faibishenko, Yakov, 38
Federation of Jewish Communities of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 146, 278n23
Feldman, Jackie, 146
Feuchtwang, Stephan, 164, 199, 261n159
Fialkova, Larisa, 86, 273n64, 283n28
Fichman, Baruch, 247
Fiddler on the Roof (musical), 67, 159
Finkel, Evgenyi, 284n45
Finkelstein, Norman, 169
Fitzpatrick, Sheila, 80, 264n14, 265n36
Five, The [Piatero] (Jabotinsky, 1935), 67, 133
“flexible interview approach,” 55–56
Forgotten Fall (film, dir. Maryanovska-Davidzon), 57
French language, 42, 68, 259n106
French Odesans, 14
French Revolution, 36
Fridman, Mikhail, 280n68, 292n5
Friedberg, Maurice, 53
FSU (former Soviet Union), xii, 18, 56, 97, 254n66, 278n31; ethnic Greeks and Germans in, 271n44; Jewish emigration from, 175, 176; Jewish “heritage tourism” in, 143; Jewishness as ethnic versus religious identity in, 115–16; Jewish repatriation to, 188, 189; philanthropic missions in, 150; religious resurgence in, 19, 104, 268n21; Western researchers working in, 23; Western stereotypes of Jews in, 154, 175
Fuks, Pavel, 280n68
Galperin banking family, 37
gangsters (underworld), 8, 45, 203, 204, 288n24
Gans, Herbert, 85
Gansova, Emma, 23
Genesis Philanthropy Group (GPG), 231, 292n5
Georgia, 177
Gerasimov, Ilya, 46
German language, 36, 44, 59, 283n31
Germany, 140, 180, 211; hidden Jewish ancestry in, 261n159; Jewish emigration to, 1, 152, 179, 283n31; Jewish refugees from Russia–Ukraine war in, ix, x, xi, 234; klezmer music revival in, 153; transmigrants in, 285n57
Gisser, Rabbi Ishaya, 92–93, 95, 123, 140
Gitelman, Zvi, 37, 173, 265n32, 271n47, 279nn42–43; on emigration of Jews from Russia and FSU, 176; on Jewishness as ethnic versus religious identity, 115; on Soviet downplaying of the Holocaust, 171, 281n77; on “thin culture” of Soviet Jews, 85
Glavnaya (Main) Synagogue, 87, 93, 111; history of, 268n23; used as sports hall in Soviet period, 230
Glogojanu, General Ion, 50
Gmilus Hesed (welfare center for elderly Jews), 66, 82, 84; UJC mission and, 162, 163, 164
Golbert, Rebecca, 92, 109, 120, 167–68, 169, 281n84, 282n12, 285n57
Golden Age Shtetl, The (Petrovsky-Shtern), 32
Gorky, Maxim, 204
Great Dictionary of the Yiddish Language (1961), 290n69
Greeks/Greekness, in Russia, 14, 28, 38, 40, 46, 105, 212; citizenship rights in Greece, 105; Greek colonies around Black Sea, 33; Greek diaspora, 236; merchants, 41
Gris (Grishenko), Rabbi Yulia, ix, 97, 98, 117, 140, 267n3
Grounded Theory, 55
Gruber, Ruth Ellen, 90, 159, 161, 209–11, 278n30
Guenzburg banking family, 37
Gurvitz, Eduard, 11, 214, 275n21, 290n75
hair coverings, women’s, 20, 130, 233
halakha (Jewish religious law), 64, 101–4, 139–40, 266n40, 271nn48–49, 273n64; as authority on Jewishness, 134; burial customs and, 119–20; dress requirements, 118, 130
Hale, Henry E., 249
Halkowsky, Henryk, 153
Ha-Melits (Hebrew-language journal), 43
Hann, Chris, 268n15
Hare with Amber Eyes, The (de Waal), 8
Hasidism, 38, 93, 98, 111, 124, 268n21; history of, 269n28; Litvak opponents of, 269n27; success in modern Ukraine, 112. See also Chabad Lubavitch; Orthodox Judaism
Haskalah (Jewish enlightenment), 30, 36–37, 41, 67
Hebrew language, 59, 67, 83, 123; adoption of religious practices and, 124; classes in, 73, 75; difficulty of learning, 284n39; failure to gain fluency in, 192; Jewish press in, 43; Modern Hebrew, 38; philanthropic missions and, 156; return migrants and, 193
Hegner, Victoria, 283n35
Henkel, Heiko, 144
Herlihy, Patricia, 231, 288n11
Herzfeld, Michael, 201, 227, 291n112
Higgins, Andrew, 246–47
Hillel (international Jewish youth organization), 2, 74, 166
Hobsbawm, Eric, 21–22
Holocaust, 12, 64, 147, 152, 237, 292n7; Babyn Yar massacre, 49, 168–69, 250, 280n63, 280n67; Jewish tragedy downplayed in Soviet Union, 52, 167–68, 170, 280n72, 281n77; memory and, 166–72, 167, 279n58, 281nn83–84; number of Odesan Jewish victims, 50–51; survivors, 160, 166, 171; Ukrainian collaborators in, 168, 250
home, concept of, 5, 27, 234; diaspora and, 172, 175–76; distinguished from homeland, 176; multiple homelands, 197, 198; return migrants and, 188, 192; transmigrants and, 194. See also belonging, Jewish; nostalgia
Horowitz, Brian, 14, 133, 202, 209
Horowitz, Martin, 112–13
Hovevei Zion (Loving Zion) movement, 253n31
How It Was Done in Odesa (Babel), 8
“How It Was Sung in Odesa” (Rothstein), 212
humor, Jewish, 28, 53, 203, 215, 227, 288n24; in media, 205; Odesa Literature Museum and, 211
Humphrey, Caroline, 15–16, 33; on pogroms, 46, 261n136; on (post) cosmopolitanism, 235, 236
identity formation, xiii, 3, 4, 13, 29, 229; careers and, 53; in childhood and family context, 74; deterritorialized identities, 197; end of Soviet nationality categories and, 9; evolving nature of, xii; former Soviet Union as laboratory of identity construction, 91; halakha and definition of Jewish identity, 101–4, 271n48–49; hidden Jewish ancestry and, 49, 261n159; Jewish and Christian identity combined, 129, 151, 237, 276n35; Jewish appearance and body language, 71, 266n38; Jewishness as ethnic versus religious identity, 115, 160; Jews as part of different communities simultaneously, 17; legacies of Soviet ideology and, 237; nastoyashi Odesit (“real Odesan”), 53, 217, 222, 244, 245; Nazi definition of Jewishness, 262n162; “negative Jewish identity,” 56; “Odesan nationality” as supra-ethnic identity, 11; overlapping of Jewish and Russian identities, 65, 267n67; postsocialist, 17–18; pride in Jewish identity, 64; from religious to ethnic in early Soviet period, 60; rise of Ukrainian identity, xii, xiii; romanticization of traditional Jewish identity, 31–32; silenced Jewish identity, 82; Soviet Jewish identity as empty category, 84–85
imagined community, 6, 162–64, 204, 230, 252n9
Institute of Judaica (Kyiv), 267n62
intelligentsia, Russian-speaking, 21, 54, 56, 61, 71; assimilated, 56–57; cosmopolitanism and, 14–15, 52, 66; elderly Jews’ pride in membership, 84; imagined community of, 204; Jewish life expressed in secular culture, 138; Jews as part of, 47, 49, 57, 68, 85; professional classes among, 65; resistance to Soviet regime by members of, 265n34; secular Jewish identity and, 119, 132; Ukrainization and, 223
intermarriage, 78, 272n54; halakhic definition of Jewish identity and, 101, 103, 271nn47–49; high rates of, 47, 131
International World Odessit Club, 211, 289n45
Intourist (Soviet travel agency), 69, 71, 265n35
“Inventing Traditions” (Hobsbawm), 21
Islam and Muslims, 19, 113, 116, 213, 239, 257n42, 277n45; modernity and, 240–41; Muslim population of Odesa, 288n10; revival in FSU, 233; Sunni, 117
Israel, 53, 90, 147, 182; cities preferred by Odesan immigrants, 179; decline in immigration from Odesa, 105, 273n65; emissaries from, 100, 136, 137, 191; influence on US immigration laws, 283n28; Jewish emigration to, 1, 73, 74, 75, 177; Jewish renaissance in Odesa as theme of media in, 207–8; Na’ale study-abroad youth program in, 156; negative stereotypes of Russian Jews, 273n64; Odesa as foundation of, 7; Odesan immigrants’ visions of, 184–88; Odesan Jews in, x, 24, 184, 284n36; Russian-speaking population of, 180, 197; service in Israeli army, 191, 194. See also aliyah; Law of Return; return migration; Zionism
Israeli Cultural Center, x, 75, 108, 184, 216, 266n43, 272n57; Law of Return and, 104; on map of Odesa, 2
Israel Institute for Advanced Studies, 14, 253n34
Italian language, 68
iudei [“religious Jew”] (Russian term), 60, 115, 141
Jabotinsky, Vladimir, 46, 45, 90; “cosmopolitan outlook” and, 133; “revisionist Zionism” of, 47
Jasimov, Deputy Imam Askar Olegovich, 229–30
JCC (Jewish community center). See Beit Grand
JDC (Jewish Distribution Committee; the Joint), x, 251n6, 270n43; Beit Grand (Jewish community center) projects and, 106; “folklorization” of community and, 158, 159–62; Law of Return and, 104; philanthropic missions and, 147, 278n27
Jewish Agency (Sokhnut), x, 81, 156–57, 251n6, 266n53, 272n59; balloon ceremony in Odesa, 172, 172; critics of, 279n38; emigrants’ tickets to Israel paid by, 182, 187; Holocaust memory and, 166, 167, 172; Law of Return and, 104, 105–6; on map of Odesa, 2; philanthropic missions and, 147, 149, 150; rehearsed stories of Odesan Jews and, 150–52; return migrants and, 193; summer camp of, 105, 153, 171, 185, 186; transmigrants and, 285n56
Jewish Community Development Fund in Russia and Ukraine, 112
Jewish Federation of Ukraine, 247
Jewish Film Festival, 207
Jewish holidays, x, 25, 87, 99, 214; elderly Jews’ views of, 66; newly observant Jews and, 125; partial observance of, 128; return migrants and, 193
Jewishness, xii, 20, 37, 83; as “brand” in tourist economy, 209; communist beliefs and, 65; contested cosmopolitanism and, 234–38; everyday life and, 56; fluidity of, 72; as inherited identification, 84; as metonym for cosmopolitan Odesa, 8, 14, 236; modes introduced by foreign activists, 19; multiple and recombined meanings of, 1, 91, 228, 242; Odesa myth and, 204, 206; performed for foreign philanthropists, 144; pride in, 181; religious revival and, 110; restoration of “lost” Jewishness, 90; shaped by patterns of migration, 27; in Soviet period, 48, 154; tourism and, 209–10
Jewish organizations, international, 12, 26, 165, 270n43. See also JDC; Jewish Agency (Sokhnut); UJC/JFNA
Jewish Research Center, 279n43
“Jewish revival,” xii, 4, 19, 23, 141, 202, 221; complexities of, 232–34, 292n7; as “cultural imperialism,” 173–74; emigration and, 140; international projects of, 3, 20, 26; non-Jews and, 153; Odesa as Jewish city and, 221; philanthropy and, 144; as restoration of “lost” Jewishness, 89–90; revival as questionable concept, 116. See also religious revival, post-Soviet
Jewish studies, 17, 98, 117, 141, 175, 230; on relation between tradition and modernity, 21; Soviet and post-Soviet research, 18
Jewish Theater Migdal Or, 138, 159
Jewish Topographies: Visions of Space, Tradition of Place, 212
Jewish–Ukrainian relations, xi, 11–12, 207, 293n22; cosmopolitanism and, 234–35, 237, 238; formalization of, 249–50; old paradigms of conflict and hostility, 31
Jews: American, 13, 32, 157, 163, 164; Ashkenazi, 143, 144, 147, 163, 269n27; commercial culture and, 39; connections to global Judaism, 5; “core” Jewish population, 10, 253n20; in early Soviet period, 46–49; identification with Russian-speaking culture, 11; internal displacement of, xi; local politics and, 214, 290n65; in military ranks of Russian Empire, 257n52; as percentage of Odesa population, 10, 39, 45, 46–47; in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 34–35; in poverty, 45, 173; privilege of admission to guilds, 35, 257n39; in professions, 43; Soviet war veterans, 62, 70, 264n25; Ukrainian names adopted by, 52, 80
Jews, newly observant, 54, 120, 277n48; adoption of religious names, 132; compared to new language learners, 110; doubts about sincerity of, 84, 114; evolving attitude toward Judaism, 126; motivated by “miraculous” events, 123–24; negotiation of tradition as challenge to Orthodoxy, 127–31; politics of Jewish observance and, 136–39; relations with secular family members, 114, 131–39, 276n34; self-image as pioneers, 121; younger Jews’ experimentation with observance, 127. See also religious revival, post-Soviet
Jews of Silence: A Personal Report on Soviet Jewry (Wiesel, 1966), 264n11
JFNA. See UJC/JFNA
Joint, the. See JDC (Jewish Distribution Committee; the Joint)
Judaism, xii, 5, 20, 27, 86; as defining feature of Jewish identity, 116; first post-Soviet encounters with, 93; giur (formal conversion) to, 103, 272n56; global, 18; international, 231; motivations and paths from secularism to, 120–27; redefined relationship to, 114. See also Orthodox Judaism; Reform (Progressive) Judaism
Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism), 269n28
kaddish (prayer for the dead), 166, 170
kapparah ceremony, 136
Karaism/Karaits, 33–34, 62, 63, 257n42
Karakina, Elena, 291n92
kashrut (Jewish dietary laws), 60, 65, 116, 119, 240
Kataev, Valentin, 203
Kehillat Tiferet congregation, 12
kehilot (Jewish self-governing councils), 36
Kessel, Barbara, 104
KGB (Soviet secret police), 177, 265n35
Khan, German, 280n68
Khanin, Vladimir (Ze’ev), 286n67
Khazaria, 34
Khersonsky, Boris, 205
Khmelnitskyi, Bohdan, 34
Khrushchev, Nikita, 52
Kievan Rus, 34
King, Charles, 16, 51, 223, 262n171
kippah, wearing of, 1, 4, 130, 231, 251n2, 275n28
klezmer music, 153, 207, 210, 279n50
Kol mevaser (Hebrew-language journal), 43
Kolomoisky, Igor, 248
kommunalka (communal apartment), 76
Komsomol (Communist youth league), 61, 62, 65, 81, 83, 125
Koposov, Nikolay, 168
kosher dietary practices, 91, 118, 122, 126, 137, 138, 231; newly observant Jews’ relations with secular family members and, 135; restaurants, x, 2, 12, 87; stores, 12, 140
Kotkin, Stephen, 32
Kozak, Anatolii, 213
Krik, Benya, 8
Krupnik, Igor, 84
Kugelmass, Jack, 145
Kyrgyzstan: “folklorization” of community in, 159; post-Soviet Muslim revival in, 116
Langeron, Count de, 39
Last Days of Stalin, The (Rubenstein), 52
Law of Return, Israeli, 20, 104–5, 139–40, 266n46, 272n60, 273n64; free travel to Israel as benefit of, 107; Israeli organizations in Odesa and, 104–6; “Law of Return population,” 252n20; qualification for, 187
Lazar, Rabbi Berel, 278n23
Leite, Naomi, ix, 145, 148, 162, 163, 279n45
Lenin, Vladimir, 48, 63, 265n33
Levin, Zeev, 112
life cycle rituals, 21, 99, 102, 116, 214
Likvidatsiia [Liquidation] (TV series, 2007), 206
Lipphards, Anna, 212
Lithuania, Grand Duchy of, 34, 256n35, 269n27
Litvak Orthodox congregation, ix, 87, 93, 117, 186, 233, 238, 269n27. See also Tikva Or Sameach
Lomsky-Feder, Edna, 56, 65, 266n38
Long, Lynellyn, 193
Lower, Wendy, 171
Luehrmann, Sonja, 240
Maccabi (Jewish sports community), 111
Maidan (Euromaidan) protests (2013–14), ix, 11, 12, 25, 235; street fighting and deadly fire, ix, 243, 244, 245; Ukrainians’ sense of agency transformed by, 245
Maksymiuk, Taras, 202
Mandelstam, Osip, 44
Manley, Rebecca, 80
Mann, Barbara, 230
Margulis, Menashe, 259n106
Markowitz, Fran, 86, 256n16, 267n67, 272n54, 282n13, 282n22
marriage customs: civil ceremonies, 68, 70, 78, 152; Jewish and non-Jewish customs combined, 275n28; joke about difference among Jewish congregations, 98; newly observant Jews’ relations with secular family members and, 134–35; wedding ceremony with chuppah, 122, 127, 128, 240, 275n25. See also intermarriage
Martin, Terry, 265n33
Marxism, 268n15
Maryanovska-Davidzon, Regina, 57, 207
maskilim (supporters of Haskalah), 36, 40, 41, 42–43, 45, 259n85
Mauss, Marcel, 144
May Laws [Temporary or Ignat’ev Laws] (1882), 46, 176
Mazl Tov (early childhood development center), x, 23, 87, 113, 290n77
medical professions, 43
Mendele Mocher-Sforim (Sholom Abramovitch), 44
Migdal (Jewish community center), x, 23, 108, 251n6, 255n80, 272n57; as authentic piece of city history, 166; “folklorization” of community and, 58, 159–62; Holocaust memory and, 171; housed in butcher’s synagogue, 87, 159; Law of Return and, 104; on map of Odesa, 2; Rainbow of Jewish Diaspora Festival (2006), 207; return migrants and, 193; tourism and, 210
Migdal Times magazine, 89
Mignolo, Walter, 205
mikvah (ritual baths), 12, 100, 118, 240
minyan (quorum of ten men for public prayer), 119, 275n20
“missions” (visits of foreign donors), 27, 145–49, 281n84
Mitnagdim (opponents of Hasidism), 38, 269n27
modernization, Soviet narrative of, 33, 42, 92, 115, 240; nostalgia for, 216; as residual force in post-Soviet period, 121; secular identity and, 29
Morandi, Francesco, 41, 268n23
Moriah publishing house, 111
Murav, Harriet, 85
Museum of the History of Odesa Jews, 10, 87, 108, 159–60, 210, 251n6, 272n57; chuppah on display in, 122; Holocaust memory and, 171, 281n83; Jews of Odesa: Is It Only the Past? exhibition (2007), 220–21; online collection of oral histories, 241
music, 41, 53, 200, 227; blatnaia pesnia (songs of the underworld), 204; classical, 77; popular songs, 212
Nadkarni, Maya, 216–17
Nathans, Benjamin, 38
nationalism, 3, 5, 133, 225; Russian, 11; Ukrainian, 58, 225, 237, 246
Neidhardt, Dmitri, 260n135
Netrebsky, Valerii, 76
New Russia (Novorosiya), 37, 38, 258n63
New Year celebration, 128–29
Nisilevich, Svetlana, 217–19
Nocke, Alexandera, 212
nostalgia, 32, 53, 82, 185, 191; of non-Jews for Jewish Odesa, 217–19; in Odessa...Odessa! film, 223; as social displacement, 216–17. See also home, concept of
Nuremberg Laws (1935), 261n162
obshchina (communal group or community), 124–125, 213
Odesa: diaspora relations of, 4; ethnic composition (2001), 10; Israeli Cultural Center, 75; “Jewish tours” of, 13; map, 2; Molodovanka neighborhood, 39, 59, 204, 287n2; multiethnic character, 6, 29; naming and renaming of streets, 6–7; perceived as “distinct place,” 26, 83, 288n7; Peresyp district, 40; as a place, 229–32; port of, 5–6, 6; pride in being citizens of, 58, 162; Russian and Ukrainian spellings of, 251n1; as Russian-speaking city, xii
Odesa (film, 2017), 206
Odesa, as cosmopolitan city, 3, 4, 13–18, 133, 227; “post-cosmopolitan city,” 16; Russia–Ukraine conflict and, 249
Odesa, as Jewish city, 3, 4, 5–13, 112, 200–201, 226–27, 291n92; culture, media, and tourism in relation to, 13, 205–12; individual reflections on Jewishness of Odesa, 213–22; non-Jews’ participation in Jewish culture, 214; Odesa myth, 14, 27, 201–5, 279n50, 288n24, 289n26; politics and the Jewish stereotype, 222–26
“Odesa, Cosmopolitanism and Modernism” (conference, 2021), 14
Odesa, history of, 26, 29–31; commerce and, 29; decline of the city, 46, 260n126; early Soviet period, 47–49; Jews evacuated from during World War II, 50; Jews in, 37–46; Odessika (Odesan history and culture), 109; “Old Odesa” walking tour, 76; postwar period, 51–53; recasting of, 32–33; Romanian occupation in World War II, 49–51, 64; Ukrainian strain in, 204–5
Odesa, names for: Gateway to Zion, 47; “Little Paris,” 42; Odesa Mama, 5, 231
Odesa Committee, 44
Odesa Literature Museum, 58, 84, 92, 138, 211, 222
Odesan language/dialect (Ukrainian-Russian-Yiddish vinegret medley), 8, 47–48, 53, 212–13, 215
Odesa.Odesa! (film, dir. Boganim, 2005), 206, 222–23
Odesa Review, The (English-language magazine), 207
Odesa Stories (Babel), 204, 287n2
Odesa University, 43, 52, 61; Glavnaya (Main) Synagogue and, 93; library of, 58, 62
Ohr Avner Foundation, 93, 270n28
Oistrakh, David, 41
Olesha, Yury, 203
oral histories, 55, 57, 85, 241
Oral Law, 34
“oral memoirs” method, 55
Orobets, Father Teodor, 230
Orshanskii, Il’ia, 259n106
Orthodox Judaism, 12, 17, 19, 23, 24; claim to authenticity, 117; development in Pale of Settlement, 38; different meanings in context, 117; dominance in Jewish Odesa, 233; gender distinctions in congregations, 119; negotiation of tradition and, 127–31; sex-segregated settings of, 24, 255n81, 276n37. See also Chabad movement; Hasidism
Ottoman Empire, 8
Oxfeld, Ellen, 193
Pale of Settlement (1835–1917), 15, 37–38, 41, 90, 258n53; decision to confine Jews to, 36; history of Hasidism in, 111; “Jewish cities” in, 30
Palestine, 38, 47, 46, 208, 253n31, 292n5
Palestine Committee, 47
Passover (Pesach), x, 45, 73, 92, 154, 207–8; hametz products prohibited during, 128, 276n31; at Mazl Tov center, 113; in recollections of elderly Jews, 60
passports: false passports during World War II, 79; forged, 101–2; internal, 9, 10, 286n62; Israeli, 189, 191, 192; Jewish “nationality” in, 49, 63, 119; for Pale of Settlement, 32; surrender of, 177; Ukrainian, 191, 285n48. See also citizenship
Patico, Jennifer, 265n31
Paxson, Margaret, 125
Pelkmans, Mathijs, 113, 116, 117, 159, 270n41
Petrovsky-Shtern, Yohanan, 12, 32, 33, 34, 36, 240, 250, 257n42,
philanthropy, 14, 20, 24, 27, 111, 173–74, 229; asymmetries of encounter and, 164–66; cosmopolitanism and, 234; cultural encounter of foreigners and local Jews, 144; as cultural imperialism, 173–74; Genesis Philanthropy Group (GPG), 231, 292n5; imagined community of Jewish kin and, 163–64, 172; “inappropriate” narratives of Jewish life and, 153–56; Limmud FSU, 292n5, 231; missions, 145–49, 278n27; as new concept to Odesans, 161; Odesan Jews praised and humiliated by donors, 156–57; Odesa viewed as a place in need, 149, 161; rehearsed performances of “professional Jews,” 151–53, 279n39; religious revival and, 92; Tikva Odesa Children’s Home and, 269n24; tzedakah commandment and, 143; U.S. philanthropic organizations, 106
Pinchuk, Victor, 280n68
Pinkham, Sophie, 204–5
Pinsker, Simhah, 259n106
Pinto, Diane, 211
Place, Identity and Urban Culture: Odesa and New Orleans (Ramer and Ruble, 2008), 236–37
pogroms, 11, 15, 16, 32, 292n18; Jewish emigration and, 175, 176; Jewish nationalist movement and, 46, 47; Revolution of 1905 and, 46, 260n135, 261n136; rumors of (1989), 190, 286n59. See also antisemitism; Holocaust
Poland, ix, 30, 33, 34, 45, 211; Galicia formerly ruled by, 171; Holocaust memory and, 167–68; Israeli youth tours to, 146; Jewish refugees from Russia–Ukraine war in, 234; klezmer music revival in, 153; memorial tours in, 145; partitions of, 35, 36, 256n33
Polenchuk, Archpriest Pavlo, 230
Polese, Abel, 11, 212, 213, 224
Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, 34, 269n28
Polonsky, Antony, 36, 44, 257n42, 257n50, 257nn51–52
Polyakovs, Samuel, 38
Poppendieck, Janet, 147
Poroshenko, Petro, 168, 250, 252n22
Portelli, Alessandro, 55
Pravyi Sektor (Right Sector) Party, 247
Progressive Jewish congregation, ix, 117, 250
propiska document, 191, 252n24, 286n62
Pushkin, Aleksandr, xii, 43, 203, 223, 259n106
Putin, Vladimir, xi, 226, 227, 235, 246–47, 249
rabbinic courts, 91
Rabinovich (character in Soviet-era jokes), 211, 212
Rabinovitch, Osip, 259n106
Rapoport, Tamar, 56, 65, 266n38
Rashkovetsky, Mikhail, 220–21, 291n89
Rav Za’ir (Rabbi Chaim Tchernowitz), 44
Rawnitzki, Yehoshua Hana (pseudonym Eldad), 44
Razsvet [Dawn] (Russian-language journal), 43, 45
redemption of first-born son ceremony (pidyon haben), 25
Reform (Progressive) Judaism, 12, 23, 24, 106, 117; conversion classes and, 272n56; departure from halakah, 271n48; education and, 42; German-style practices, 98; lack of success in Russia, 97–98, 112; original Brody Reform Synagogue, 233; as “simplified Judaism,” 98
refuseniks, 32, 55, 180, 256n15
Regional Association of Jewish Ghetto Survivors, 171
religious revival, post-Soviet, 1, 27, 56, 141, 202; agendas of foreign personnel and, 140; American model of community building, 106–13; analogy with learning a new language, 109–10; borders of religious “community,” 116–20; cosmopolitanism and, 17; cultural imperialism of foreign philanthropy and, 174; end of Soviet restrictions on public displays of religiosity, 89; important position of Hasidism, 112; investments in Jewish revival, 92–98; new challenges to Jewish identification, 101–4; possible end of, 139–41; range of organizational activity, 89–90; role of religious organizations, 99–101. See also Jews, newly observant
Remenick, Larissa, 254n65
return migration (remigration), from Israel, 5, 18, 76, 81–82, 182, 196; cosmopolitanism and, 18; of disenchanted young people, 106; further migration to third countries, 188, 284n45; home-diaspora relation and, 27, 77; Jewish organizations and, 192–94; journey from secularism to religious observance, 124; narratives of returnees, 190–94, 286n58; number of returnees, 188, 284n44; religious revival and, 124; as unexpected development, 22. See also transmigrants
Ribas, Don Joseph de, 38
Richardson, Tanya, 7, 76, 111–12, 202–3, 280n72, 287n76; on Odesan nostalgia, 216, 219
Richelieu, Duc de, 38; statue of, 7, 13
Romania, ix, 30; Holocaust in Transnistria, 171; as Nazi ally in World War II, 50–52
Romanians, 40
Roma people, 168
Rosaldo, Renato, 255n78
Rosh Hashana, x
Rothstein, Robert, 212–13, 290n69
Rubenstein, Joshua, 52, 263n190
Rubinstein, Anat, 41
Ruslan, SS (ship bound for Palestine, 1919), 47, 292n5
Russian Empire, tsarist, xii, 4, 6, 11, 23, 201, 229; history of Odesa and, 30; Jewish emigration from, 46, 175; Jews as religious community in, 84–85; Jews in, 35–37, 256n36, 257n52; partitions of Poland and, 34, 256n35; “selective integration” of Jews into Russian society, 37. See also Pale of Settlement
Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022–), ix–xi, 10, 22, 28, 198, 243; families divided by, 244–45; interpretations of historical past and, 30–31; Jewishness of Odesa and, 202, 220, 226; Jewish self-identification and, 11–12; Odesa myth and, 204–5; religious leaders’ response to, 229–30; removal of Catherine II statue and, 225; status of Russian language in Ukraine and, 226; Ukrainization process and, 224, 226
Russian Jews on Three Continents (Remenick, 2012), 254n65
Russian language/culture, 20, 21–22, 36, 195, 238; distinguished from Russian state, 28; ex-Soviet Jewish population connected by, xii; Hebrew-accented, 195; as “Hebrew of the secular world,” 43; Jewish press in, 42; Jewish traders and, 39; “Odesan dialect” (vinegret), 8, 47–48, 53, 212–13, 215; Odesa’s historical links to Russian-speaking culture, 5; as primary language of Ukrainian Jews, 66–67, 252n21, 265n32; Russia–Ukraine conflict and status of, 244, 245–46; spoken in private, 10, 11; on street signs, 7, 8; Yiddish-accented, 61
Russian literature, nineteenth-century, Odesa and, 203
Russians, 37, 39, 212; as percentage of Odesa population, 10, 38, 47; Romanian occupiers assisted by, 79
Russification, 43, 66, 67; modernization and, 244; name changes and, 80; tsarist, 49
Russo-Japanese War, 260n126
Ryvkina, Rozalina, 283n29, 284n39
Saker, Maria, 259n106
Satanovsky, Evgeny, 189
Schneerson, Rabbi Menachem Mendel, 96, 103, 268n21
Schwabacher, Rabbi Aryeh, 90
Schwabacher, Rabbi Simeon Leon, 41
secularism, 4, 19, 84, 233–34, 239; modernization and, 18; secularization policies of Soviet state, 90, 238–39
self-reliance model, 165
Semrechinsky, Father Oleksandr, 230
Senderovitch, Sasha, 85
Severnyi, Arkadii, 204
Shabbat (day of rest), 13, 23, 25, 75, 231, 253n33; children’s performance of rituals for foreign visitors, 148, 149; dress for, 270n29; musical prayers conducted on, 41; religious observance of, 116, 119, 122; secularized culture and, 43; Shabbat candles, 69, 127, 154; Shabbat meals, 136, 159; Shabbatons (communal Shabbat ceremonies), 99; travel suspended during, 233
Shapiro, Vladimir, 173
Sharansky, Natan, 264n11
Shayduk, Olesya, 153
Shehter, David, 219–20
Shevchenko, Olga, 216
Shirat ha-Yam Progressive Jewish Congregation of Odesa, 2, 97, 267n3. See also Temple Emanu-El
Shneer, David, 18, 98, 146, 149, 164, 172, 278n32
Sholokhov, Mikhail, 67
Shomrei Shabbos congregation, 93, 95
Shomrei Shabbos newspaper, 118
Shternshis, Anna, 61
shtetl, Jewish life in, 32, 238; abandonment of shtetl ways, 32; backwardness associated with, 115; Hasidism and, 98, 111; Holocaust survivors, 56; imagined, 159; Jewish humor and, 288n24; Odesa as anti-shtetl, 15; religiosity and, 61. See also Pale of Settlement
Sicher, Efraim, 202
Sifneos, Evrydiki, 15
Simhat Torah, 66
Sion and Den’ (Russian-language journal), 43
Skal’kovskii, A. A., 29
Skolnik, Joshua, 179, 283n31, 285n57
Skvirskaja, Vera, 15, 208, 216, 223, 235, 236
Slezkine, Yuri, 33, 44, 264n14
Slobodka ghetto, 50, 79, 262n171
Smolenskin, Perets, 259n106
socialism, 37, 47, 48, 113, 216
social media, 11, 213, 245, 247
Society for the Support of Jewish Farmers and Artisans in Syria and Palestine, 44
Sokol, Sam, 168
Solovyo: The Story of Memory in a Russian Village (Paxson), 125
Sorkina, Tatiana, 247
South Africa, Jewish emigration to, 46
Soviet and Post-Soviet Identities (Bassin and Kelly, eds.), 91
Soviet Union (USSR), 15, 18, 22, 30, 201; atheism promoted by, 61–62; burial practices in, 129; civil war, 46; claim to brotherhood of nations, 133; confiscation of private property, 78; decline of Jewish tradition in, 238; dissolution of, xi, xii, 1, 21, 154, 216, 249; ethnic categories in, 9; homogenizing influence of Soviet regime, 226; Jewish emigration and policies of, 177; Jewish identity in, 31, 32; Jewishness based on biological descent, 154; Jewish “tradition” and, 21; Jews as “rootless cosmopolitans,” 49; “Let My People Go” campaign of Western Jewry directed at, 98, 164; Nazi attack on, 171; Odesa as “distinct place” in, 26; public religious display suppressed in, 268n15; Russian language and literature promoted by, 67, 265n33; secularization policies of, 90, 139, 238; Stalin’s postwar campaign against Jews, 51–52, 263n190; “subconscious observance” of religious rituals in, 72–73; Yiddish-language schools, 61. See also FSU (former Soviet Union)
Stalin, Joseph, 32, 63, 265n33; death of, 52, 170, 240; Great Turn (1929–1932), 48–49; postwar anticosmopolitan campaign, 52, 263n190
Steinberg, Mark, 33
stereotypes, 8, 56, 273n64; about return migrants, 189; anti-Soviet, 26; double-edged role in power struggles, 227, 291n112; of Odesa as Jewish city, 227, 288n7; in Odessa...Odessa! film, 223; tourism and, 209–10; of Ukrainians as antisemites and Nazi collaborators, 237–38; Western stereotypes of Jews in FSU, 154, 175
Stirrat, Roderick, 144
Student Union of Torah for Russian Speakers, 23, 100
subjectivity, (post) Soviet, 55
Suddenly Jewish (Kessel), 104
synagogues, x, 12, 41, 59, 114, 134, 215; Beit Knesset Ha-Gadol, 44, 45; Brodsky Synagogue, 97; Chabad Shomrei Shabbos, 95, 96, 140; closed during Soviet period, 62, 260n115; Glavnaya (Main) Synagogue, 87, 93, 111, 230, 268n23; Litvak (Tikva Or Sameach), 87, 94, 102, 207, 215; in recollections of elderly Jews, 60; Soviet campaigns against, 48; used for social and educational activities, 118. See also Brody (Brodskaya) Synagogue
Taglit (Birthright Israel), 149, 186, 187, 278n33
Tanny, Jarrod, 200–201, 203, 279n50, 287n3, 288n24, 288n26; on Judeo-Russian culture, 53; on Odesa as Jewish city without Jews, 205–6
Tarnopol, Joachim, 259n106
Tel Aviv street names, Odesa restaurants named after, 12
Temple Emanu-El, 12, 97, 99, 271n49. See also Shirat ha-Yam Progressive Jewish Congregation of Odesa
“thick dialogue,” 55
“thin culture,” 85
Tikva Odesa Children’s Home, 2, 93, 269n24
Tikva Or Sameach (Litvak congregation), 12, 87, 117, 253n30; cemetery run by, 12; number of members, 93, 269n25; orphanages, 17, 231; philanthropic missions and, 148, 149; schools of, 2, 123; synagogue, 94, 102. See also Litvak Orthodox congregation
Todorovsky, Valery, 206
tolerance, xiii, 4, 8, 14, 133, 227; as a core value of Odesa, 17; idealized vision of Odesa and, 236; Odesa myth and, 292n18
Tolts, Mark, 177, 252n20, 273n65, 286n58
tourism, 13, 14, 20, 145–49, 162, 207–12, 232; City Guide of Jewish Odesa, 208, 210; cosmopolitanism and, 234; “heritage tourism,” 143, 145; Odesa Tours, 209
tradition: definition of, 114–15; inheritance from ancestors, 115; “invented tradition,” 239; modernity versus, 20–21, 32, 239; reversal of generational roles and, 115; transformation of, 238–42
Transcarpathia, 50
transmigrants, 10, 188, 189–90, 194–96, 198, 285nn56–57. See also return migration
Trestioreanu, General Constantin, 50
“Twelfth Chair” (Ilf and Petrov), 211
Twersky, Dovid, 45
tzaddikim (righteous religious leaders), 45, 111, 269n28, 274n77
tzedakah (righteousness), 143, 146, 156, 164, 277n2
Uganda, proposal for Jewish homeland in, 47
UJC/JFNA (United Jewish Committee/Jewish Federation of North America), 144, 147, 172, 278n31, 281n89; background and structure of operation, 149–50; disappointed stereotypes of Jewish life in FSU and, 154; Holocaust memory and, 166, 169, 171; rehearsed stories of Odesan Jews and, 150–51, 152
Ukraine, 18, 22; citizenship based on residency, 252n24; civil society of, xi; depicted in Russian propaganda, 237–38, 244, 246–47; divided among empires, 30, 170–71; emergence as nation-state, 202; first independence (1918–1921), 47; first Jews of, 33–35; Holocaust memory in, 167; independence of, 5, 87, 241; Jewish emigration from, 178, 282n12; liberated from Nazi occupation, 62; Maidan (Euromaidan) protests (2013–14), 205; nationalistic turn, 225; nation-building of, 237; Odesa as “distinct place” in, 26; Pale of Settlement in, 37; state-building in, 18, 21–22
Ukraine–Russia relations, xi, 3–4, 202, 205, 235
Ukrainian Jewish Encounter, 250, 293n22
Ukrainian language/culture, 205, 235, 238, 246; as language of school instruction, 10, 24, 195, 288n11; language politics in Odesa and, 223–25, 237; Russia–Ukraine conflict and status of, 244; special status for, 252n21; spoken in public, 10, 11; on street signs, 7, 8; under suspicion by Soviet state, 67, 265n33
Ukrainian League Against Anti-Semitism, 247
Ukrainians, 9, 38, 39, 105, 138, 202, 212; as percentage of Odesa population, 10, 39, 48; Romanian occupiers assisted by, 79; stereotypes of, 237–38
Ukrainization, 28, 65, 223–24, 227, 237; cosmopolitanism and, 249; pro-Russian stance against, 245
United States, x, 53, 90, 140, 192, 216, 278n31; Chabad Lubavitch in, 268n21; as first choice for Odesan emigrants, 180; immigration laws tightened in, 179, 283nn28–29; intermarriage rates in, 271n48; Jewish community center (JCC) projects in, 106; Jewish emigration to, 1, 22, 46, 66, 69, 78, 178, 254n66; philanthropic missions from, 143, 147; Soviet Jews in Brighton Beach, New York (“Little Odesa”), 178, 223, 272n54; “symbolic ethnicity” of immigrant communities, 85
Unorthodox Kin: Portuguese Marranos and the Global Search for Belonging (Leite), ix
upsherin (ritual of the first haircut for boys at the age three), 127, 275n28
Ursuliak, Sergei, 206
Utesov, Leonid, 161, 204, 211, 279n50
Uzbekistan, 103
Valentine’s Day, popularity in Ukraine, 129
Varshavsky, Abram, 38
Vilnius, Jewish population of, 201, 287n3
Vorontsov, Michael, 39
Voskhod (Jewish newspaper), 260n135
Waal, Edmund de, 8
Wahltuch, Mark, 259n106
Waligorska, Magdalena, 19, 153, 210, 211
Webber, Jonathan, 117
Weinberg, Robert, 261n136
Werbel, Eliyah, 259n106
Wirth, Louis, 290n75
Wolf, Rabbi Avraham, ix–x, 89, 95–96, 208; critics of, 97, 170, 270n29; Holocaust memory and, 166; on Odesa as Jewish city, 215; on right-wing Ukrainian organizations, 247; on the Russia–Ukraine war, 229–30; Zelensky and, 248
Wolf, Rabbi Chaya, 240, 293n32
World Council for Conservative/Masorti Synagogues, 12
World ORT (Association for the Promotion of Skilled Trades), 104, 147, 149, 278n25
World Union for Progressive Judaism, 97
World War I (the Great War), 48
World War II (“Great Patriotic War”), 32, 49–51, 62; Jews evacuated from Odesa, 49, 78, 101, 153; Romanian/German occupation of Odesa, 49–51, 64, 78, 168, 221; Soviet Jewish war veterans, 62, 70, 153, 170, 265n26. See also Holocaust
Wylegala, Anna, 11
Yad Vashem, 170
Yanukovych, Viktor F., 247
Yelenevskaya, Nina, 86, 254n66, 273n64, 283n28
yerida (emigration from Israel), 197, 287n79
Yiddish language/culture, 7, 24, 37, 43, 59; Jewish press in, 43; as literary language, 38; in Odessa...Odessa! film, 222; schools in USSR, 61; status in postwar Soviet Union, 53; unique Odesan variant of, 290n69; Yiddishisms, 206, 213; Yiddish seen as dialect, 68
Yom Kippur, 136
Young Pioneers, 81
Yungvald-Khilkevich, Georgi, 206
Yurchak, Alexei, 33
Yushenko, Viktor, 11
Zalman, Rabbi Elijah ben Shlomo (Vilna Gaon), 269n27
Zelenina, Galina, 22, 72–73, 98, 116, 239
Zelensky, Volodymyr, 248–49, 248
Zelensky Effect, The (Anuch and Hale), 249
Zhurzhenko, Tatiana, 245
Zhvanetsky, Mikhail, 205, 289n45
Zionism, 4, 11, 19, 45, 233, 292n5; dream of assimilation and, 133; Israeli-sponsored programs and, 89; Jewish emigration from, 178–79; Jewishness connected to Eretz Israel (Land of Israel), 104–5; Law of Return and, 105; Odesa as a center of activity, 45–46, 67; Odesa as birthplace of Zionist leaders, 7; in Pale of Settlement, 38; philanthropic missions and, 150; return migration and, 189; revisionist, 47
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