INDEX

Abalkin, Leonid, xii, 18, 63, 90, 123

advertising for workers, 30 31

All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, 61, 113, 117

alternative economy, xv

Andropov, Yuri, xiii

ANT, 87 91

anti-alcohol campaign, xiii

anti-cooperative sentiments, 46

Armenia, 17, 49, 103, 122

associations of cooperatives, 110 18

Azerbaijan, 73, 122

Baku, 27, 60

bank credit, 48 49

Belorussia, 17, 73

Biriukova, A. P, iii

bonds, 13

Brezhnev, Leonid, 95, 98 years of stagnation, xi

bribery, 9, 79, 82 83, 84, 125

Bunich, Pavel, 43, 70, 115

bureaucracy, xii involvement with crime, 80, 82

bureaucratic interference, 64 70 closing down cooperatives, 66 68, 119 20

Butenko, Anatoly, 1

central planning, xi, xii, xv, 42

charity, 118 19

Chazov, Evgenii, 60

Cheliabinsk, 18

Children’s Fund, 118

cooperative banks, 8, 49, 69, 110

cooperative enterprises

Alst, 86

ANT, 87 91

Beriozka, 43

Energiia, 47

Fakt, 23

Feniks, 110

Filatovets, 60

Gigiena, 46

Ideal, 47

Infeks, 31

Informatika, 84

Instrument, 81

Iskra, 79

Kaissa, 24

Kalinin, 43

Komfort, 38, 66

Kropotkinskaia- 36, 23

Kvarts, 82

Liana, 40

Lik, 60

Liublino, 65

Merkurii, 68

Monolil, 118

Nigiar, 118

Podriad, 42

Polimer, 28

Pomoshchnik, 65

Prognoz, 81

Sokol, 86

Sputnik, 68

Stroitel’, 24, 45

Stroitel'-2, 66

Tekhnika, 24, 81 82

TseliteV, 60

Vizir, 42

Zvezda, 28

cooperatives

associations, 110 18

closing of, 26, 59 60, 66 70, 119 20

costs of production, 24 25

crime rate, 93

declining numbers in early 1990, 19

difficulty receiving financing, 19

diversification of business activity, 23 24

early versions, xv

earnings of, 24, 26, 28 29, 38, 43, 58

economic efficiency, 42 44

economic performance in 1990, 121 122

employment, 15 16

geographic distribution, 17, 20

growth of, 15

involvement with coal miners, 116

labor force, 11

medical, 52, 56, 57 61

models of, 34 36

number of, 15 17

pogroms against, 105 106

political activities, xvi

prices of goods, 49 53

production, 17 18, 19

public hostility toward, 10

and public relations efforts, 118 19

regional differences, 16

replacing former state enterprises, 11

self-protection against criminals, 92

supply problems, 10, 36 38, 47

types of, xv, 19 23, 24 26, 34 36

underreporting of income, 18

cooperators

distinction between employers and employees, 28 29

profile of, 27 28

corruption, xiii

CPSU Centra] Committee, 8 9, 117

CPSU Party Plenum of June 1987, xiii CPSU Politburo, 2

CPSU 27th Party Congress (1986), xiii, xiv, 2

crime, 78 93

cooperative self-protection against criminals, 92

Democratic Russia, 127 28

Dovgan, General V. K., 89

earnings, 25 26, 28 29, 38

in medical cooperatives, 58

economic crimes, 78 93

in foreign trade, 86 91

involvement of the bureaucracy, 80, 82

manipulating the banking system, 79

middleman activities, 80

speculation, 91 92

state versus cooperatives, 79

tax evasion, 83

economic growth

rate of, xi

economic stagnation, xi

economy, condition of, 121 22

egalitarianism, 95

entrepreneurism, xv, 6, 27, 130

environmental organizations, 118

Estonia, 17, 103

Fedorov, Valentin, 123

Five Hundred Day Plan, 129

foreign trade operations, 31 33

criticisms of, 32 33

Georgia, 17, 122

Gladky, I. I., 3, 6

glasnost, xvi

Gorbachev, Mikhail, xi, xiii, xiv, xv, 2, 22, 33, 54, 96, 114, 117, 120, 128, 130, 132

Gosbank, 8, 47, 48, 69, 82, 84

Gostev, Boris, 71

Gusev, V, 89, 90

hired labor, 11, 13, 64

hostility of bureaucracy toward cooperatives, 66, 67, 68

income differentials attitudes toward, 3

incomes, 25 26, 28 29, 38, 96

hostility toward high incomes, 96

individual labor activity prior to 1986, 3

Interregional Group of People’s Deputies, 114

Karelia, 24

Kazakhstan, 9, 20

KGB, xiii, 33, 92

Khabarovsk, 2

Kharkov, 25, 27

khozraschet, xiii

Khrushchev, Nikita, xii

Kiev, 25, 28, 42, 128

Kirgizia, 17

Korchagin, V, 79, 110

Kosolapov, Richard, 2

Kosygin reform, xii

Krasnodar, 29, 68, 119

Latvia, 9, 17, 73, 103

laundering money, 85

Law on Cooperatives

provisions, 12 14

Law on Individual Labor Activity, xv, 3 12

discussion preceding its introduction, 1 3

legal provisions, 4

Law on Ownership, 124 25

leasing, 35, 44 46

legal restrictions, 56 64

in Moscow, 63

on medical cooperatives, 57 61

on trading cooperatives, 61 64

Lenin, Vladimir, xiii

on cooperatives, xiv-xv

Leningrad, 20, 25, 27, 79, 98, 110, 126, 128

Liberman reform, xii

licensing cooperatives, 7, 40, 64 66

Lithuania, 49, 73

mafia, 85 87

Maikop Affair, 119 20

market economy

debate on, 1, 2, 122 23

Marx, Karl, xiii

medical cooperatives, 57 61

official assault on, 58 59

middlemen, 61, 77, 81

Minsk, 25, 124

Moldavia, 17, 20, 42, 103

moonlighting, 78

Moscow, 9, 20, 25, 27, 29, 30, 37, 38, 47, 48, 63, 80, 81, 83, 92, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114, 126, 128

Moscow City Executive Committee, 65

Moscow Union of Cooperatives, 82, 109, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115

Naberezhnye Chelny, 27, 69, 110

Nepmen, xiv, 10

New Economic Policy, xiii-xiv, 1, 8

Nizhnii Tagil, 22

Noginsk, 88

Novosibirsk, 102

organized crime, 85

Pavlov, V. S., 115

People's Republic of China, 32

perestroika, xii

Petrakov, Nikolai, 49

pogroms against cooperatives, 105 106

political involvement of cooperatives, 113 16

Popov, Gavril, 113

prices charged by cooperatives, 49 52

prices charged in medical cooperatives, 57, 59 60

prices paid for supplies and equipment, 37, 38 40

private income

antagonism toward, 2

private sector of economy, xii

private trade unions, 116 18

property rights, 14

Prostiakov, I,, 57

public opinion polls on cooperatives, 98 109

public relations efforts, 118 19

racketeering, 36, 78, 85 86, 112

registration of cooperatives, 64 70

Rekunkov, A., 3

Riga, 38, 85

Rossiia cooperative association, 79, 110, 114

RSFSR, 20, 22, 29, 49, 73, 105

Rutgaizer, Valerii, 45

Ryashentsev, Vladimir, 88 89

Ryzhkov, Nikolai, 31, 33, 52, 54, 70, 71, 88 89, 123, 129, 131

second economy, xii-xiii

Shatalin plan, 129

Shchekino experiment, xiii

Shmelev, Nikolai, 75

Sobchak, Anatoly, 115

social justice, 94 98, 132

Soviet economic performance pre-Gorbachev, xi

speculation, 9, 80 81, 91 92, 101, 125, 127

Stalinism, xiv, 98

standard of living, xi

State Committee for Material and Technical Supplies, 37

State Committee on Prices, 38, 75

state-cooperative relations, 40 42, 46 48

State Customs Control, 74

state-private sector relations, xv, 13, 23, 35, 46

State Statistical Committee, 24, 51

stock market, 124

Stroiev, F., 117

supplies

problems with, 9, 36

Sverdlovsk, 32

Systsov, A. S., 89

Tadzhikistan, 17, 49

Tallinn, 27, 81, 98

"tank affair,” 89 90

taxation, 5, 13, 18, 29, 70 77, 118

tax evasion, 83, 84

tax policies toward cooperatives, 70 77

tax rates on individual income, 76

Tbilisi, 27

Tekhnika, 81 82

Tikhonov, Vladimir, 17, 63, 111, 112, 113, 115

transition to the market, 125 27

Turkmenistan, 17, 103

Ukraine, 61

underground economy, xii, 77 78, 95

unearned incomes

campaign against, 95 96

unemployment, 126 27

Union of Amalgamated Cooperatives, 17, 19, 63, 69, 112, 113, 120, 129

Union of Leaseholders and Entrepreneurs, 116

Union of Managers of the USSR, 114

uskorenie, xiii, 6

USSR Council of Ministers, 2, 31, 44, 51, 56, 71, 72, 90, 111, 115, 122

USSR Ministry of Energy, 41

USSR Ministry of Finance, 67, 71, 82, 115

USSR Ministry of Public Health, 56 61

USSR State Committee on Labor and Social Questions, 3, 7

USSR State Supply Committee, 2

USSR Supreme Soviet, 3, 71, 72, 73, 122

USSR Union of Amalgamated Cooperatives, 112

Uzbekistan, 9, 19, 60, 61, 69 70, 103, 127

Veterans’ Fund, 118

Vitebsk, 48

War Communism, xiv

Yeltsin, Boris, 96, 113, 121, 128

Zaslavskaia, Tatiana, 96, 97