Index of Topics

Adequacy, theoretical, 46-47, 55, 133

Aesthetic factors: role in stylistics explored, 14, 62, 66, 73, 76, 80, 85-86, 94, 98, 130; defined, 62-66

—pattern: symmetry, 14, 79, 81, 83, 85, 92; defined, 65-66; parallelism, 66-74, 76-77, 83, 87, 90, 116, 119–122, 124; chiasmus, 66, 124-125; concentricity, 66, 77, 79, 81-86, 87, 113-114; mentioned, 67, 77, 81, 84, 85, 86, 87–89, 91, 92, 94, 127

—proportion: distance, 14, 61-62, 64, 65, 91, 92; delay, 59–62, 64, 65, 91, 130; suspension, 60–64, 91; defined, 65; proximity, 91; mentioned, 92, 94

—scale: defined, 65; mentioned, 87-89, 91, 94

Aesthetics, theory of, 63-66, 94, 130

Alliteration, 68, 122

Ambiguity, 7, 31, 40, 73

Anaphoric pronouns: substituting for, 30-31; mentioned, 71

Argument: traditional methods of, 116; stylistic, 116-125 Passim, 128; levels of, 121. See also Interpretive strategies, rhetorical; Propositional argument/ force

Augustanism, 66-67, 73, 86-89, 90, 94, 118, 122, 126-127, 135-136, 147

Author, the, 3, 5, 58. See also Poet, the

Biographical criticism, relation to stylistics of, 14, 100, 131

Case grammar, 17

Center-embedding: defined, 39; in poetic texts, 40, 43, 102-103; mentioned, 60

Characterized reader. See Reader, characterized

Chiasmus. See Aesthetic factors, pattern

Cognitive factors: role in linguistic theory of, 10; as possible basis for syntactic conditions, 39, 43-44, 105

Competence, linguistic, 10-13, 22, 34-35, 60, 76, 77, 86

Competence, literary, 12

Competence, syntactic. See Competence, linguistic

Complementizer, 37

Composition, poetic, 131

Compression. See Aesthetic factors, proportion

Concentricity. See Aesthetic factors, pattern

Conditions on transformations: role in linguistic theory, 24, 44; relaxed by stylists in analyzing poetic language, 28, 34; as evidence of need for currency of syntactic theory in stylistics, 42. See also Index of Syntactic Rules and Constraints

—violation of, 27, 38, 40, 42, 43-45, 47, 102-105, 107-109

Congruence, structural, 52, 74, 81-82, 86, 119-120, 122

Constraints, syntactic. See Conditions on transformations

Convention, poetic, 87-89, 107-108

Coordinate structure deletions. See Index of Syntactic Rules and Constraints

Couplet, 87. See also Heroic couplet, the

Critical theory, goals and standards applicable to stylistics, 3, 76, 100, 101, 108, 131

Cycle. See Transformational rules, cycle

Deconstruction, 3-4, 5, 10

Deep structure: defined, 22; proposed for deviant structures in poetic texts, 48, 53-54, 104; mentioned, 23, 24, 52, 54, 59, 81, 89-90, 112, 114

Delay, 118. See also Aesthetic factors, proportion

Derivation, syntactic: defined, 23

Descriptive adequacy. See Adequacy, theoretical

Deviance, syntactic, 17-18, 19, 25, 27-30, 32, 34, 35–36, 44–45, 47–48, 50–56, 73-74, 76, 102-109, 111, 152

Dialect: study of parallel to stylistic analysis, 13, 56, 129; mentioned, 29, 46, 135

Distance. See Aesthetic factors, proportion

Elegies, stylistic analysis of, 2, 59, 107–108, 110

Emphasis. See Interpretive strategies, rhetorical

Evaluating competing critical claims, 99-100

Evaluative stylistics. See Value, literary

Extended Standard Theory (EST): value to stylistic theory, 21; outlined in brief, 22-24

Filters, 27-28, 144

Foregrounding, 152

Frequency, 152

Genre, 3, 12, 66, 89, 118, 124-125, 138

Heroic couplet, the, 88-89, 125-127, 150–151

Historical criticism, relation to stylistics of, 14, 100, 110, 131, 153-154

Iconicity. See Interpretive strategies, iconic

Implied reader. See Reader, implied

Interpretive community, 8, 12, 134-135

Interpretive strategies: defined, 14, 111; rhetorical, 15, 116, 117-118, 127-128; stylistic effects with no interpretive consequences a possibility, 102, 106, 110–111; iconic, 111–115, 117–118, 127, 138, 154; mimetic, 111–112, 117–118, 127, 138

Isomorphism with standard syntax, principle of, 46-47, 52, 55

Levels of stylistic analysis: defined, 13-15; each level autonomous, 43, 61-62, 63, 64, 76-77, 79-80, 106-107, 130; mentioned, 91

Lexical categories: defined, 22; manipulated in stylistic analyses, 28, 29, 68-70, 87, 122

Lineation, 63, 83, 87-88

Linguistic competence. See Competence, linguistic

Linguistics: relation to literary studies, 1-2, 5, 6, 8, 10–11, 13, 14, 18, 19-20, 21, 25, 42, 44, 47, 55-57, 60, 62, 77, 86, 95, 98–101, 110, 128, 129, 133, 154; theory of, 4-5, 13, 14, 20, 24, 42, 47, 49, 56, 60, 77, 86, 129-130, 133, 135, 139; choice of specific theory in stylistics, 20–21, 42

Literary competence. See Competence, literary

Metaphor: conventional, 83-84, 100; syntactic, 32, 93, 110, 111

Meter, 2, 9, 14, 60, 63, 88, 89, 100, 118

“Methodological moral,” 45, 47, 56, 147

Mimesis. See Interpretive strategies, mimetic

Native reader. See Reader, native

Native speaker/hearer, 10, 12, 22, 77, 133

Neoclassicism. See Augustanism

New Criticism, the, 2-3, 14

Parallelism. See Aesthetic factors, pattern

Pattern, features of. See Aesthetic factors, pattern

Pedagogical applications. See Stylistics, applications to other fields

Perceptual judgments. See Style, perceptual aspects of

Performance, linguistic, 60

Period, historical: literary style of, 9, 66, 86-89, 118, 135, 138; linguistic norms applicable to analysis of texts from, 11; readers’ awareness of, 12

Phonology, 60, 84, 122

Phrase-structure rules: defined, 22; devised by stylists for specific texts, 29; mentioned, 23, 64

Poet, the, 137

“Presentative mode,” stylistic, 118. See also Interpretive strategies, rhetorical

Prominence, stylistic, 88, 152

Proportion, features of. See Aesthetic factors, proportion

Propositional argument/force, 116, 119, 121, 123, 125, 128

Prose, stylistic analysis of, 16

Prosodic manipulation of syntax. See Meter

Proximity. See Aesthetic factors, proportion

Psychoanalytical criticism, relation of stylistics to, 131

Psycholinguistics, 60

Reader: real, 132-133, 135; characterized, 132-133; implied, 132-133; native, 133-135; mentioned, 6, 7, 8, 13, 20, 58, 59–61, 73-76, 82-83, 89, 90, 91, 94, 100, 101, 103-106, 109-112, 116–117, 119–120, 122, 132, 136-137, 138, 149, 152

Reader-response criticism, 132

Reading, relation of stylistic theory to, 6, 7-8, 9, 10, 14, 60, 76-77, 131-132, 135-137, 149

Reading strategies, 20, 35, 76, 136, 147, 149

Real reader. See Reader, real

Rhetorical stylistics. See Interpretive strategies, rhetorical

Rhyme, 60, 61, 88

Romanticism, 73, 77, 86-89, 118

Scale, features of. See Aesthetic factors, scale

Selection restrictions, 22

Semantics: stylistic analysis and, 41, 54-55, 60, 76, 83, 85, 91, 105, 113, 115, 116, 119–122, 124-125; role in linguistic theory, 77; mentioned, 107

Sociolinguistics, parallel field to stylistics, 13

Speech-act theory, 9, 17

Standard language, relation of literary language to, 4-5, 10–11, 12, 13, 19-20, 25, 27-30, 32–35, 38, 40, 41, 44, 45–56, 73–76, 78, 112-113, 135-136, 141. See also Deviance, syntactic

Stanza, 87-88

Structuralist grammar, 17, 20, 77

Style: technical aspects of, 13, 14, 15, chap. 2 passim, 58-62, 64, 73, 76, 78, 85–86, 94, 98, 102, 106-107, 115, 129-131, 133, 135-136, 138; perceptual aspects of, 14, 15, 18, chap. 3 passim, 98, 102, 106-107, 113, 115, 119–122, 124, 127, 130, 133, 138; interpretive aspects of, 14, 15, 18, 64, 65, 77, 80, 84, 86, 90, 93, chap. 4 passim, 130–131, 133, 138

—prose. See Prose, stylistic analysis of

“Stylistic meaning,” 115

Stylistics: goals, 1, 9, 11-13, 14, 17, 29, 96–100, 139; history, 1-7, 9, 45-46, 118, 139; assumptions, 3, 11, 12, 13, 15, 30, 34, 51, 80, 101, 131, 133, 139; methods/methodology, 6, 7, 13, 17-20, 28, 34, 42, 44-48, 55–56, 80, 94, 127, 129; literature in the field of, 9, 15, 17, 65, 113-114, 118; applications to other fields, 9, 58, 66-67, 76, 89, 129, 135-137; terminology, 13, 77, 92, 94, 97, 111, 119, 127-128, 129, 133, 154

—quantitative, 58

Stylistic transformations, 40, 41

Subcategorization, syntactic, 22

Surface structure: defined, 24; association with filters, 24, 27-28; sole location for perceptual stylistic effects, 62, 64, 90; mentioned, 23, 40, 41, 44, 48, 50, 52, 59, 78-79, 81, 90–93, 104-105, 112, 113, 114, 117

Suspension. See Aesthetic factors, proportion

Symmetry. See Aesthetic factors, pattern

Syntactic competence. See Competence, linguistic

Syntax, poetic. See Stylistics

Technical stylistics. See Style, technical aspects of

Tension: distinguished from suspension, 63-64; mentioned, 2. See also Aesthetic factors, proportion

Texts, critical dispute over determinacy of, 3, 5, 7

Traces, syntactic, 144

Transformational cycle. See Transformational rules, cycle

Transformational grammar: used in literary analysis of a literary work, 2; general usefulness in literary stylistics, 17, 20–21, 24-25; described, 22-24; great explanatory power of, 24-25, 45; mentioned, 77. See also Extended Standard Theory (EST)

Transformational rules: defined, 23; ordering of, 24; cycle, 24; mentioned, 42, 58. See also Index of Syntactic Rules and Constraints

—“stylistic.” See Stylistic transformations

Transformations. See Transformational rules

Transparency of surface-/deep-structure relations preferred, 48

Tree structures, 23

Triadic structure as a stylistic device, 67-72, 74, 76, 77, 87, 151

Underlying structure. See Deep structure

Ungrammaticality. See Deviance, syntactic

Universals, linguistic, 46

Value, literary, 98, 107, 132, 137-138

Violation of syntactic conditions/constraints. See Conditions on transformations, violation of

Word-order, role in linguistic theory of, 40–41