INDEX AND GUIDE

Headings in italic type constitute a guide to human linguistics terms and concepts introduced and other related technical terms used. Page numbers in italics type indicate definitions or main explanations.

Aarsleff, Hans, 108

Abstractions in human linguistics, 47, 48

Agreeing, 79, 99

Alexandrians, 7, 21–22

Alice in Wonderland objections, 40

Ambiguity, 7, 21, 96–98

Andreev, N. D., 108

Anthropology, 3, 103

Aphasia, 3

Apollonius Dyscolus, 20, 102

Area studies, 103

Aristarchus of Samothrace, 21, 22

Aristophanes of Byzantium, 21, 22

Aristotle, 8, 19, 102

Arnim, Hans F. A. von, 109

Arrangement, 81, 84, 85–86

Artificial intelligence, 110

Assumptions: in science, 7, 8, 33, 43–44, 108; in human linguistics, 9, 38, 45–46; unsupported, 22–23, 29. See Bloomfield, assumption. See also Fallacies

Attention, focus of, 76

Austin, John L., 100

Bacon, Francis, 8

Bargaining, 79, 100

Bartsch, Renate, 108

Barwick, Karl, 19, 21

Behavior, 65

Bellert, Irena, 108

Betting, 100

Bickerton, Derek, 91–92

Bierwisch, Manfred, 108

Bilingualism, 6, 107

Binnick, Robert I., 1

Bloomfield, Leonard: assumption, 16–18, 23, 28, 34, 50, 52, 88, 90; and tradition, 7, 11, 18, 27, 31; and people, 12, 38–39, 50, 91; and communication, 26, 46, 49

Body motion, 6

Bolinger, Dwight, 108

Books, 105–106. See also Writing

Bopp, Franz, 10, 26

Botha, Rudolf P., 34

Boundaries, 48, 49, 79–80, 83. See also Disciplinary boundaries

Brame, M. K., 108

Brief linkage, 79–80

Broadcast type of direct coupling, 84, 106

Broad linkage, 80

Brugman, Karl, 26

Business as usual, 24, 42–43, 88, 97–98, 104

Cairns as props, 84

Carnap, Rudolf, 100

Categorial-conditional hierarchy, 69–70

Categorial properties, 53, 64, 69–70, 79

Categories. See Categorial properties

Categories, multivalued, 68–69

Causal constraints, 76

Causality, 8, 51–52, 57

Causal laws, specific, 61–63

Causation, law of restricted, 60, 61, 79

Causes, 56–57, 60, 61, 76–77

Chafe, Wallace L., 108

Changes, communicative, 94–95

Channel parts, 81

Channels, 48, 84, 105

Channel type, 82

Chemistry, 40, 52

Chomsky, Noam, 11, 27, 28, 34, 93–94, 108, 109, 110

Circle, 85, 106

Civilizations, 103, 105

Clothing, 89

Cognition, 6

Cognitive psychology, 3

Coherence, 6, 99, 110

Color in facades, 89

Commonality of properties, 98

Communicate, 47

Communicating individual, 47, 48, 57, 80–82, 85; distinguished, 47, 48, 80; computer simulation, 110

Communication, 10

Communicative behavior, 51, 95–96, 104–105

Communicative disorders, 3, 6

Communicative phenomena, 9

Communities, 78–79, 84–87, 106

Community norms, 94

Community phenomena, 92

Competence, 8, 27, 65, 93–94, 96

Complete linkage, 80

Componential histories, principle of equivalent, 76–77

Componential partitioning, law of, 50–52, 79

Component transitions, 59, 60

Compound linkage, 86

Compound part, 86

Compound participant, 86

Computational linguistics, 110

Computer data banks, 106

Computerized information systems, 107

Computer simulation, 110

Conditional properties: described, 53, 55, 56, 79; role of, 64, 76, 96, 98, 99, 103

Conditions. See Conditional properties

Consensus, 79

Constituents of a linkage, 48, 81

Constraints, 40, 65, 76

Constructs, theoretical, 15, 16

Contact, 83

Context, 21, 64, 75–76, 92, 97, 98

Context of situation, 21, 75, 98, 99, 102, 103

Continuity, principle of, 59–60, 75

Continuous variables, 53

Contrast, 6, 51

Control, domain of, 75–76

Control procedures, 66–68, 73, 75

Conversation, 6, 98–99; thread of, 99; turn in, 69–70; topic of, 79, 99, 110

Coordination, of social activities, 73–74, 100

Corrections, 94

Correspondence, principle of, 41, 49, 53

Coseriu, Eugenio, 108, 109

Coupled linkages, 83, 84, 85, 105, 106

Creoles, 6, 26, 91–92

Criteria of truth, 7, 20, 23, 33, 41–42, 88–89, 91

Criticism, literary, 21, 103

Cultural anthropology, 103

Culture, 45, 103, 105, 107

Data, 5–6, 7, 11, 27, 37–38, 51. See also Evidence; Observations

Data banks, 106

Delay, 56, 57, 63, 70, 105, 106

Dependence, contextual. See Context

Depth hypothesis, 26, 28, 110

Derwing, Bruce L., 2, 9

Descartes, René, 8

Development, human, 3, 6

Dialectic, Stoic, 19–20, 32, 33

Dialectology, 78, 91–92

Dialog, 98–99

Dictionaries, 93, 105

Dijk, Teun A. van, 108

Dingwall, William Orr, 2

Dinner-table type of direct coupling, 83

Diogenes Laertius, 32, 33, 109

Dionysius Thrax, 20

Direct coupling, 83, 84, 85, 105, 106

Disagreeing, 79

Disciplinary boundaries, 39, 75, 110

Discourse, 98–99

Disorders of communication, 6

Distance, variables of, 6

Dixon, R.M.W., 108

Domain of control, 75–76

Donatus, 19, 20

Dot notation, 68–69

Doubt in science, 8, 45–46

Drake, Stillman, 108

Dynamic theory, 55–58, 79, 94–96, 103

Egli, Urs, 109

Encounters, 104–105

Encyclopedias, 107

Energy, 37, 46, 48, 56

Engler, Rudolf, 14

Environment of a system, 48

Equivalent componential histories, principle of, 76–77

Errors, 92–94

Evidence: in science, 1, 3, 8, 33, 91; in human linguistics, 50, 51, 56, 74, 96. See also Data; Observations

Expectation procedures, 71, 72

Experiment, 40, 51

Explanations, 15–16, 25–28

Expressions: logic, 62, 63; setting, 62

Facades of buildings, 89

Face, 104

Face-to-face interaction, 98–99, 104

Facial expressions, 6, 46

Fallacies: psychological and social reality of grammar, 28–30, 34, 38, 50, 78, 96, 101; psychological reality of grammar, 34, 38, 94

Feedback, 70–71, 75, 105

Fick, August, 25

Field methods, 51

Figurative language, 6, 101–103

Fillmore, Charles, 108

Final state, 55

First alternative, 36–37

Flip-flop, 75

Focused linkage, 80, 82

Focus of attention, 76

Foley, James, 108

Foote, Kenneth E., 89

Form, 81

Formal parts, 81

Foundational-informational hierarchy, 74–75

Foundational properties, 64, 65, 75, 79

Fraser, Bruce, 108

Free variation, 65

Free will, 40, 74, 90

Function, 81

Functional parts, 81, 86

Galilei, Galileo, 8, 108

Gardiner, Alan H., 27, 28

Gazdar, Gerald, 108

Generalization, 54, 62, 82

Genetics, classical, 52

Geographic differences, 78

Geography. See Facades of buildings

Gestures, 5, 46, 89

Gilliéron, Jules, 26

Goals, 9, 25, 46–47; incompatibility of, 23–24, 30, 31, 42–43

Goffman, Erving, 104

Grammar rules, 64–65, 95–96

Grammatical linguistics, 36–37. See also Business as usual

Gray, Bennison, 108

Greimas, Algirdas J., 108

Gross, Maurice, 2

Groups, 47, 78–80, 104–105; relation to individual, 80–82; interactions between, 83-84, 86; generalizing over, 82

Gumperz, John J. 26

Habit, in Bloomfield’s view, 17, 50

Hall, Robert A., 26

Halliday, M.A.K., 108

Handshake, 46

Harris, Zellig, 108

Hartmann, Peter, 108

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 10

Herder, Johann Gottfried von, 10

Herzog, Marvin I., 2

Hicks, R. D., 109

Hierarchy. See Categorial-conditional hierarchy; foundational-informational hierarchy; task hierarchy; linkage hierarchy

Historical change, 6, 19, 78

History of civilizations, 103

Hockett, Charles, 108

Holden, Constance, 107

Hudson, Richard, 108

Hülser, Karlheinz, 109

Humanities, 3, 103, 107

Human linguistics, 37–38, 41, 104, 110; tasks of, 46–47; advantages and disadvantages, 41, 42; objections answered, 38–41; and pragmatics, 100, 101; works on, 110

Humboldt, Wilhelm von, 10

Hutchinson, Larry G., 33

Hymes, Dell, 2, 27

Indexical expressions, 76, 96–98

Indirect coupling, 84–85

Individual. See Communicating individual

Informant judgments, 5, 51, 92–94

Information, 106, 107

Informational properties, 65, 74–75

Initial state, 55–57

Inputs, 48, 56

Interactions between groups, 82–84

Interval, 56, 57, 63, 70, 105, 106

Intuitions, 92–94

Irony, 102, 103

Itkonen, Esa, 108

Jack and Jill example, 46, 49, 57, 73, 74, 79

Jakobson, Roman, 21

Karttunen, Lauri, 108

Kasher, Asa, 108

Keenen, Edward, 108

Keil, Heinrich, 19

Kent, Roland G., 7, 19, 25

Kinship terminology, 6

Knowledge, advancement of, 105–107

Labov, William, 2, 26

Lakoff, George, 108

Lamb, Sydney M., 12, 108

Langaker, Ronald W., 108

Lanin-Kettering, Ilene, 110

Large linkage, 79

Law, 65, 79; of componential partitioning, 50–52; of small changes, 58; of restricted causation, 60; specific causal, 61–63

Lawful behavior, 65

Learning to speak, 6

Lehmann, Winfred P., 26

Level, grammatical, 7, 11, 97

Levels: of theory and metatheory, 34; of analysis in linkage, 81–82. See also categorial-conditional hierarchy; foundational-informational hierarchy; task hierarchy; linkage hierarchy

Lewin, Roger, 106–107

Libraries, 106

Lieb, Hans-Heinrich, 108

Light, 46

Linguistic objects. See Objects

Linguistic phenomena, 9

Linguistics: as a discipline, 5; seen as a science, 1, 6, 9, 10, 26, 109; observational scope, 5–6, 29, 89–90. See also Business as usual; linguistics of language; human linguistics; scientific linguistics

Linguistics of language, 38, 44, 46, 97–98

Linkage constituents, 48, 81

Linkage creating type of direct coupling, 83

Linkage hierarchy, 86

Linkage properties, 79. See also Arrangement

Linkages, 47, 48, 57, 79, 86; characterized, 79, 80; coupling of, 83, 84, 85, 105, 106; computer simulation of, 110

Linkage theory, 78–79, 104–105

Linkage type, 82

Linsky, Leonard, 98

Literary criticism, 21, 103

Literature, 106, 107

Logic, problems of, 30, 100, 102

Logical domain, 32–35, 41, 65, 100

Logic expression, 62, 63, 67–68

Long-lasting linkage, 79–80

Loudness, 6

McCawley, James, 108

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 27

Martinet, André, 108

Mates, Benson, 109

Media, 107

Mel’čuk, Igor A., 108

Memory, 25, 26, 59–60, 67

Messenger type of direct coupling, 83

Metaphor, 6, 101–103

Michael, Ian, 109

Misinterpretations, 84

Mistakes, 65, 92–94, 96

Misunderstanding, 79, 98

Model, 75, 110

Monitoring, 94

Montague, Richard, 108

Morphology, 11, 76

Morris, Charles W., 100

Multiple meanings, 97

Multivalued categories, 68–69

Naro, Anthony J., 2, 26

Narrow linkage, 80

Nature, phenomena of, 84

Negotiating, 79, 99

Neogrammarians, 26, 28

Network, 85

Nonlinguistic tasks, 73–74

Normative grammars and writing, 105

Norms, intuitions of, 94

Notation, 62–63, 68, 69, 70

Objects: in physical domain, 14, 15–16, 46, 47; in logical domain, 14–15, 16, 17; of language not justified, 21, 22, 23. See also Props

Observations, 2, 7, 15, 20, 46, 89–90. See also Data; Evidence

Ostoff, Hermann, 26

Outputs, 48, 56

Pānini, 19

Paraphrase, role in rumors, 85

Parret, Herman, 108

Part, functional, 81, 86

Participant, 47–48, 80, 81; concept applied, 85, 92, 104, 105; compound, 86

Paul, Hermann, 26, 27

People, 47; domain of, 12–13, 32, 100; as objects of study, 25–28, 37–38, 40, 45–47, 49, 86

Performance, 28, 65, 93–94, 96

Perlmutter, David, 108

Person, 47. See also People

Pfeiffer, Rudolf, 21

Philology, 107

Philosophy of science, 108

Phonetics, 17, 76

Phonology, 11, 17, 76, 101

Phrase structure, 72, 96. See also Task hierarchy

Physical domain, 32–35, 41, 65, 100

Physical environment, 37, 46, 48

Physical objects, 46, 48. See also Objects

Physics, 3–4, 40

Physiology, boundary with, 75

Pidgins, 6, 26, 92

Pike, Kenneth L., 89, 108

Pinborg, Jan, 109

Pitch, 6

Plato, 18, 19, 25, 28, 102

Poetics, 6, 103

Point of view: language created by, 14–15, 23; of human linguistics, 46

Popular culture, 107

Pragmatics, 2, 76, 100–101

Prediction, 11, 16, 40

Presuppositions, 76

Principle of continuity, 59–60, 75

Principle of correspondence, 41, 49, 53

Principle of equivalent componential histories, 76–77

Principle of feedback, 70–71

Priscian, 20

Procedural properties, 64–65, 79. See also Procedures

Procedures: setting, 62–63, 66, 67, 68, 75; control, 66–68, 73, 75; expectation, 71, 72; task, 72, 96; selection, 73; distinguished from rules, 64–65, 96; mentioned, 96, 99. See also Procedural properties

Projection of stereotypes, 94

Promising, 100, 101

Pronominal reference, 76, 97

Properties: postulated, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52–54, 56, 65, 81; linguistic, 64–65; linkage, 79; in other sciences, 14, 15, 52. See also Categorial properties; Conditional properties; Procedural properties; Foundational properties; Informational properties; Linkage properties

Prop parts, 81

Props, 48, 84, 105

Prop type, 82

Prosody, 6

Psycholinguistics, 3

Psychological capacities, 6

Psychological reality, 1, 25, 26. See also Fallacies

Psychology, 3

Pulse generated by feedback, 70–71

Questioning, 99

Quintilian, 21

Quirk, Randolph, 108

Rask, Rasmus, 6, 26, 109

Reader as participant, 105

Reading, 105–107. See also Writing

Referential phenomena, 76, 96–98

Requesting, 100

Restricted causation, law of, 60, 61, 79

Retrieval, information, 107

Reviews of the literature, 107

Rhetoric, 103

Ringen, Jon D., 34

Ritual, 6, 104

Robins, R. H., 18, 109

Robinson, Ian, 9

Role parts, 81, 92, 104–105

Role type, 82, 104–105

Roques, Mario, 26

Rule-governed behavior, 65

Rumors, spread of, 85

Sandys, John Edwin, 21, 22

Sapir, Edward, 10–11, 12, 26

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 30

Saussure, Ferdinand de: objects of study, 14–15, 16, 23, 39, 109; language, 10, 18, 26, 93; distinctions, 12, 13, 48, 90

Schizophrenic speech, 110

Schleicher, August, 7, 10, 12, 26, 90, 109

Schmidt, Johannes, 26

Science, 6–9, 103, 108; linguistics seen as a, 1, 6, 9, 10, 26, 109; and language, 23–24, 34. See also Assumptions; Criteria of truth; Scientific linguistics

Scientific linguistics, 37–42, 43, 45, 110

Scientist as participant, 106

Scope of theories, 89–90

Sebeok, Thomas A., 21

Second alternative, 37–42, 43, 45

Selection procedures, 73

Semantics, 11, 76, 100, 101

Semiotics, 2, 19–21, 90

Sequential tasks, 72

Setting expression, 62

Setting parts, 81

Setting procedures, 62–63, 66, 67, 68, 75

Settings, 48, 84

Setting type, 82

Sgall, Petr, 108

Shaumyan, Sebastian K., 108

Shifters, 76, 97

Shoulder tap, 46

Signals, speech, 100

Signing by deaf, 89

Signs as props, 84

Silverstein, Michael, 26

Similarities and differences: in human linguistics, 6, 50, 51, 78, 90, 91; in Bloomfield’s view, 11, 17, 50; in Alexandrian view, 7, 22

Simple linkage, 86

Simplification, 63, 67–68

Simulation by computer, 110

Situation, 21, 75, 98, 99, 102, 103

Situational context, 21, 75, 98, 99, 102, 103

Situation of use, 6

Slips of the tongue, 65

Small changes, law of, 58, 79

Small groups, 6

Small linkage, 79

Social anthropology, 103

Social phenomena, 6, 26, 78, 92, 100, 104–105

Social psychology, 3

Social reality, 25, 26. See also Fallacies

Sociolinguistics, 27, 91, 92

Socrates, 25

Sound waves, 16, 37, 46

Space variables, 6

Speaking, 95–96

Specialization and the written record, 106

Specific laws of communicative behavior, 61–63

Speech acts, 100–101

Speech community, 11, 17, 86, 90, 91, 93, 94

Speech errors, 6

Speech signals, 100

Stampe, David, 108

Standards, 93, 94, 105

State of system, 55

State theory, 55–58, 57, 79

Stereotypes, projection of, 94

Stoic grammar, 7, 20, 21, 97

Stoics, 19–20, 32, 33, 109

Stories, organization of, 99

Style, 6, 26, 90, 105

Style manuals, 93, 105

Syntax, 11, 76, 100, 101

Systems: in physical domain, 47–50, 78–80; in logical domain, 10, 11

Task hierarchy, 72, 73–74, 74–75

Task procedures, 72, 96

Tasks, nonlinguistic, 73–74

Taxonomy, folk, 6

Temporal course, 70–71

Tests of predictions, 16, 110

Text linguistics, 98–99

Theory, 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 15–16, 23, 89

Thomsen, Vilhelm, 109

Thread of conversation, 99

Time and tense phenomena, 76

Time delay, 56, 57, 63, 70, 105, 106

Tooke, Home, 108

Topic of conversation, 79, 99, 110

Tracks in snow, 84

Transitions, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60

Translation, 6, 107

Triggering conditions, 77

Truth, problems of, 100, 102

Turn in conversation, 69–70

Twaddell, W. Freeman, 38–39

Understanding, 85, 95–96, 98

Uniformity in speech community, 78, 90, 91, 94

Uniqueness of individual, 107. See Similarities and differences

Units, 49, 54

Use of language, 27, 100–101

Users of language, 98

Vance, Stuart-Morgan, 110

van Dijk, Teun A. See Dijk, Teun A. van

Variation, 65, 78, 90–92

Varro, 7, 19, 25, 28

Vennemann, Theo, 108

Verisimilitude, 75

Verschueren, Jef, 108

Viewpoint: language created by, 14–15, 23; of human linguistics, 46

Vocal quality, 6

Water example, 15–16

Watson, John Selby, 21

Weinreich, Uriel, 2

Whitney, William Dwight, 10, 12

Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 30

Wilks, Yorick Alexander, 9

Writer as participant, 105

Writing, 5, 46, 84, 89, 105–107

Yngve, Victor H.: depth hypothesis, 26, 28, 110; human linguistics, 13, 27, 48, 52, 110