Conventions

Dates follow the Julian calendar.

Transliteration is according to the Library of Congress system for the social sciences, except that the unsightly “yi” ending has been changed to “y” in the text (but not in the notes). Familiar names are given in their familiar spellings.

Place names are those in use at the time (thus Helsingfors and not Helsinki, Tiflis and not Tbilisi), except for some Polish cities that were known in both Polish and Russian spellings.