NOTES

1. The Multinational State as an International System

1. Chadwick F. Alger, “Comparison of Intranational and International Politics,” American Political Science Review 57 (2) (June 1963): 414.

2. Morton A. Kaplan, System and Process in International Politics (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1957), pp. 21-52.

3. Ernst B. Haas, “The Balance of Power: Prescription, Concept, or Propaganda?” World Politics 5 (4) (July 1953): 452.

4. Kaplan, “The International Arena as a Source of Dysfunctional Tension,” World Politics 6 (4) (July 1954): 502-3.

5. Edward Vose Gulick, Europe’s Classical Balance of Power (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967), pp. 11-12.

6. See Winfried Frank, “The Italian City-State System as an International System,” in New Approaches to International Relations, ed. Morton A. Kaplan (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1968); and Hsi-sheng Chi, “The Chinese Warlord System as an International System,” in New Approaches to International Relations.

7. Clifford Geertz, “The Integrative Revolution: Primordial Sentiments and Civic Politics in the New States,” in Political Modernization, ed. C. E. Welch, Jr., 2d ed. (Belmont, Calif.: Duxbury Press, 1971), pp. 205-6; Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972), p. 88; and Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison, Wise.: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), p. 95. See also Walter L. Barrows, “Ethnic Diversity and Political Instability in Black Africa,” in Comparative Political Studies 9 (2) (July 1976): 141. Harold R. Isaacs takes issue with Geertz’s view and contends that “our tribal separatenesses are here to stay” (Isaacs, “Nationality: ‘End of the Road’?” Foreign Affairs 53 [3] [April 1975]: 447). For a refutation of Geertz’s claim that nationalism represents tribal passions that will fade with modernization and for a counterclaim that modernization is itself a catalyst of ethnic nationalism, see Gary K. Bertsch, “The Revival of Nationalisms,” Problems of Communism 22 (6) (November-December 1973): 6-8; and Paul Shoup, “The Evolution of a System,” Problems of Communism 18 (4-5) (July-October 1969): 75. Young also challenges Geertz’s theory of the effect of modernization on ethnicity. He specifically counters that “contemporary cultural pluralism is not usefully viewed as a resurgence of ‘primordial’ sentiments. . . . The basic units of contemporary cultural conflict, themselves fluid and shifting, are often entirely novel entities, in other instances substantially altered and transformed, in most cases redefined versions of cultural groups” (Young, Politics of Cultural Pluralism, p. 34). The classic statement of the case that modernization has intensified if not actually created ethnic antagonism is made by Hans Kohn, The Idea of Nationalism (Toronto: Collier Books, 1969). For an interesting synthesis of these two orientations, see Cynthia Enloe, Ethnic Conflict and Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1973).

8. For a more detailed explanation of how these states illustrate the models cited, see the original version of this chapter in Pedro Ramet, “Interrepublican Relations in Contemporary Yugoslavia” (Ph.D. diss. UCLA, 1981).

9. Kaplan, System and Process, pp. 38-39.

10. Alex N. Dragnich, Serbia, Nikola Pašić, and Yugoslavia (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1974), p. 172.

11. Frits W. Hondius, The Yugoslav Community of Nations (The Hague: Mouton, 1968), p. 108.

12. See Vladko Maček, In the Struggle for Freedom, trans. Elizabeth Gazi and Stjepan Gazi (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1957), pp. 93-94 and passim.

13. Todor Stojkov, “O spoljnopolitičkoj aktivnosti vodjstva Seljačkodemokratske koalicije uoči Šestojanuarske diktature,” Istorija XX Veka 9 (1968): 298, 302.

14. James J. Sadkovich, “Italian Support for Croatian Separatism: 1927-1937” (Ph.D. diss., University of Wisconsin, 1982) 1: 137-42, 308-18; 2: 748-65.

15. Diario Grandi Report, Roberto Forges Davanzati, 15 October 1929, as cited in Ibid., 1: 191-98. Dino Grandi, the undersecretary of state of the Italian regime, set up the meeting.

16. Andreas Graf Razumovsky, Ein Kampf um Belgrad (Berlin: Ullstein Verlag, 1980), pp. 365-66.

17. Conversation with Sadkovitch, April 1, 1980, Belgrade. Sadkovitch has consulted a number of hitherto untouched sources in the course of researching his dissertation: Sadkovitch, “Italian Support for Croatian Separatism.”

18. As quoted in Nikola Babić, “Od ideje o autonomiji do socijalističke republike Bosne i Hercegovine,” in Nacionalni odnosi danas, ed. Milan Petrović and Kasim Suljević (Sarajevo: Univerzal, 1971), p. 174.

19. As quoted in Fikreta Jelić-Butić, “Bosna i Hercegovina u koncepciji stvaranja Nezavisne Države Hrvatske,” Pregled 61 (12) (December 1971): 664.

20. See Jozo Tomasevich, War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: The Chetniks (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1975), pp. 23-24.

21. Babić, “Od ideje o autonomiji,” p. 176.

22. Hrvatski narod, an Ustaše publication, reiterated the fixation on Bosnia on July 28, 1941. “The center of the Croatian question,” it argued, “has been and remains the question of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The resolution of the Croatian question depends on the resolution of the Bosnian question. It is enough to cast a superficial glance at a map to see that [contemporary] Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia lie at the periphery of historical Croatia, whose heart is Bosnia-Herzegovina” (As quoted in Jelić-Butić, “Bosna i Hercegovina,” p. 669).

23. Tomasevich, “Yugoslavia during the Second World War,” in Contemporary Yugoslavia, ed. Wayne S. Vucinich (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), p. 78; Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 86-88; and M. George Zaninovich, The Development of Socialist Yugoslavia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1968), pp. 28-30. Dušan Bilandžić gives a figure of 1,700,000 Yugoslav casualties during the war; Bilandžić, Historija Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1978), p. 79.

24. Kaplan, System and Process, p. 39.

25. Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 241n.

26. Stanley Hoffmann, “Balance of Power, “ International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (Macmillan, 1968), 1: 507.

27. See Kaplan, “Variants on Six Models of the International System,” in International Politics and Foreign Policy, ed. James N. Rosenau, rev. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1969) , p. 292; Kaplan, Arthur Lee Burns, and Richard E. Quandt, “Theoretical Analysis of the ‘Balance of Power,’ “ Behavioral Science 5 (3) (July 1960), p. 245; Patrick J. McGowan and Robert M. Rood, “Alliance Behavior in Balance of Power Systems: Applying a Poisson Model to Nineteenth-Century Europe,” American Political Science Review 69 (3) (September 1975), p. 859; and Dina A. Zinnes, “Coalition Theories and the Balance of Power,” in The Study of Coalition Behavior, ed. Sven Groennings, E. W. Kelley, and Michael Leiserson (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), pp. 353-54.

28. Charles R. Schleicher, International Relations: Cooperation and Conflict (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1962), p. 359; and Hoffman, “Balance of Power,” p. 507.

29. Kaplan et al., “Theoretical Analysis”; and Hsi-sheng Chi, “The Chinese Warlord System as an International System,” in New Approaches to International Relations, pp. 407-15.

30. Gulick, Europe’s Classical Balance of Power, p. 60.

31. As quoted in ibid., p. 59.

32. Zinnes, “Coalition Theories,” pp. 353-54.

33. Roger D. Masters, “A Multi-Bloc Model of the International System, “ American Political Science Review 55 (4) (December 1961): 786.

34. Savoy, for example, switched sides in the course of the War of the Spanish Succession, Russia switched partners late in the Seven Years’ War, and Austria abandoned France and turned against Napoleon during the Napoleonic wars.

35. Zinnes, “An Analytic Study of the Balance of Power Theories, “ Journal of Peace Research, no. 3 (1967): 279.

36. Ibid.

37. Kaplan, System and Process, p. 8.

38. Ibid., p. 23.

39. Franke, “Italian City-State System,” p. 452.

40. Dennison I. Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948-1974 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977), p. 136.

41. Ibid., p. 273.

2. Nationalism, Regionalism, and the Internal Balance of Power

1. See Ruža Petrović, “Etnički mešoviti brakovi u Jugoslaviji,” Sociologija 8 (3) (1966): 91.

2. Peter Klinar, “Izvori pojavnih oblika nacionalizma u Jugoslaviji,” in Federalizam i nacionalno pitanje (Belgrade: Savez Udruženja za Političke Nauke Jugoslavije, 1971), p. 219.

3. Stipe Šuvar, “Sadašnji trenutak medjunacionalnih odnosa,” in Udruženi rad i medjunacionalni odnosi (Belgrade: Komunist, 1978), p. 315.

4. Petrovic, “Etnički mešoviti brakovi,” p. 90.

5. Šuvar, “Sadašnji trenutak medjunacionalnih odnosa,” p. 317.

6. Mahmut Mujačić, “Medjunacionalni odnosi u jednom gradu: primjer Dervente,” Gledišta 12 (7-8) (July-August 1971): 1087.

7. See Najdan Pašić, Nacionalno pitanje u savremenoj epohi (Belgrade: Radnička štampa, 1973), pp. 37-38.

8. See, e.g., J. Pleterski, “Vprasanje naroda v socializmu,” Naši razgledi (Ljubljana), February 11, 1972, p. 1, cited in Rudi Rizman, “O dijalektici klasnog i nacionalnog u medjunacionalnim odnosima,” in Udruženi rad, p. 23.

9. E. K. Francis, Interethnic Relations (New York: Elsevier Scientific Publishing, 1976), p. 387.

10. As quoted in Gary K. Bertsch, “The Revival of Nationalisms,” Problems of Communism 22 (6) (November-December 1973): 15.

11. NIN, no. 1424, April 23, 1978, as translated in Joint Publications Research Service, East Europe Report, Political, Sociological, and Military Affairs, May 17, 1978 (hereafter, JPRS/EE).

12. “A World Atlas for 2024,” Saturday Review, August 24, 1974, excerpted in Croatia Press 27 (3-4) (September-December 1974): 10.

13. Alvin Rabushka and Kenneth A. Shepsle, Politics in Plural Societies (Columbus, Ohio: Charles E. Merrill, 1972), p. 91; see also pp. 177-78, 183-87.

14. Slobodna Dalmacija (Split), December 27, 1977, p. 3, translated in JPRS/EE, February 9, 1978.

15. New York Times, February 18, 1975, p. 6.

16. Ibid., December 26, 1975, p. 3; and Newsweek, December 15, 1975, p. 62.

17. New York Times, April 8, 1974, p. 2.

18. Oslobodjenje, February 27, 1982, p. 20.

19. See Slobodan Stankovic, “Renewed Attack against Serbia’s Most Prominent Author,” Radio Free Europe Research December 5, 1977.

20. This occurred after a match between Split’s Hajduk team and OFK of Belgrade. See NIN, April 13, 1975, pp. 51-52, translated in JPRS/EE, May 6, 1975.

21. Borba, March 6, 1966, p. 3.

22. See Stipe Šuvar, Nacionalno pitarije u marksističkoj teoriji i socijalističkoj praksi (Belgrade: Novinska Ustanova Prosvetni Pregled, 1976), p. 14.

23. Language is also a serious impediment to labor migration. A large proportion of Kosovo’s Albanians, for example, speak nothing but Albanian. In the north, Slovenes and Magyars have been loathe to move, for a combination of economic and cultural reasons.

24. William Zimmerman, “National-International Linkages in Yugoslavia: The Political Consequences of Openness,” in Political Development in Eastern Europe, ed. Jan F. Triska and Paul M. Cocks (New York: Praeger, 1977), p. 348.

25. Francis, Interethnic Relations, p. 385.

26. Crawford Young, The Politics of Cultural Pluralism (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1976), p. 5.

27. R. V. Burks, The National Problem and the Future of Yugoslavia (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, October 1971), pp. iv, 52, 59.

28. For details on Dalmatia’s economic boom, see Thomas M. Poulsen, “Migration on the Adriatic Coast: Some Processes Associated with the Development of Tourism,” in Population and Migration Trends in Eastern Europe, ed. Huey Louis Kostanick (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1977), pp. 197-215.

29. Vladimir Dedijer, Ivan Božić, Sima Čirković, and Milorad Ekmečić, History of Yugoslavia, trans. Kordija Kveder (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1974), pp. 385, 390; Jaroslav Šidak, Mirjana Gross, Igor Karaman, and Dragovan Šepić, Povijest hrvatskog naroda g. 1860-1914 (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1968), pp. 157-58; Todo Kurtović, Crkva i religija u socijalističkom samoupravnom društvu (Belgrade: Rad, 1978), p. 139; Ivan Torov, “U crkvi uz gitare i hitove,” Borba, February 13, 1971, p. 5; and “Sloboda i granice,” NIN, no. 1077, August 29, 1971, pp. 37-40. See also Pedro Ramet, “Catholicism and Politics in Socialist Yugoslavia,” Religion in Communist Lands 10 (3) (Winter 1982): 256-74.

30. Dennison I. Rusinow, “The Other Albanians,” American Universities Field Staff Reports, Southeast Europe Series, vol. 12, no. 2 (November 1965), p. 19.

31. Edvard Kardelj, Speech at the Plenary Session, Fifth Congress of the Socialist Alliance of Working People (Belgrade: 1960), p. 162, as quoted in F. E. Ian Hamilton, Yugoslavia: Patterns of Economic Activity (New York: Praeger, 1968), p. 148.

32. For a long time after the war, industrialization in Vojvodina lagged behind that in other regions. In recent years, however, there has been a changing emphasis in the Vojvodinan economy with increasing investment in industry. Thus, in the period 197177, industry in Vojvodina grew by 9 percent, and agricultural production, the traditional mainstay of the Vojvodinan economy, showed only a 4 percent increase. See Stevan Bek, “Vojvodina’s Economy Today,” Review of International Affairs 29 (666) (January 5, 1978): 35.

33. Paul Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 241n.

34. Burks, The National Problem, p. 54.

35. Šime Djodan, “Economic Position of Croatia,” Croatia Press 26 (2) (April-June 1973): 14.

36. Joseph T. Bombelles, Economic Development of Communist Yugoslavia, 19471964 (Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, 1968), p. 148.

37. Cited in Dina A. Zinnes, “Coalition Theories and the Balance of Power,” in The Study of Coalition Behavior, ed. Sven Groennings, E. W. Kelley, and Michael Leiserson (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 365.

38. Bombelles, Economic Development, p. 170.

39. Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 237.

40. As quoted in Richard A. Schermerhorn, Comparative Ethnic Relations (New York: Random House, 1970), p. 157.

41. Eric A. Nordlinger, Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Studies in International Affairs, 1972), pp. 21-29.

42. Mahmut Mujačić, Nova dimenzija jugoslovenskog federalizmo (Sarajevo: Oslo-bodjenje, 1981), pp. 133-34.

43. Nordlinger, Conflict Regulation, pp. 31-33.

44. Franc Šetinc, Misao i djelo Edvardo Kardelja, trans. from Slovenian into Serbo-Croatian by Ivan Brajdić (Zagreb: Globus, 1979), p. 100.

45. Borba, October 30, 1967, p. 2, as quoted in Lenard J. Cohen, “Conflict Management and Political Institutionalization in Socialist Yugoslavia: A Case Study of the Parliamentary System,” in Legislatures in Plural Societies, Albert F. Eldrige, ed. (Durham, N.C. : Duke University Press, 1977), p. 133.

46. Milovan Djilas, as quoted in “A World Atlas for 2024,” p. 10.

47. Pedro Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1963-1983 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 42.

3. Yugoslav Nationalities Policy

1. Edvard Kardelj, for example, wrote that “In Yugoslavia we have in large part resolved the national question in the classical sense of that concept” (Socijalističko samoupravljanje u našem ustavnom sistemu [Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1975], excerpted in Nacionalno pitanje u djelima klasika marksizmo i u dokumentima i praksi kpj/skj [Zagreb: Centar Društvenih Djelatnosti SSOH, 1978], p. 408) (hereafter cited as Nacionalno pitanje).

2. Politika, December 23, 1982, p. 6.

3. Leopold Kobsa, Vjekoslav Koprivnjak, and Ines Šaškor, Introduction to Nacionalno pitanje, p. 28; see also pp. 29, 61.

4. Dušan Ičević, Nacija i samoupravljanje (Titograd: NIP Pobjeda, 1976), excerpted in Nacionalno pitanje, p. 396.

5. E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923 (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1950), 1:414-15.

6. Stipe Šuvar, Nacionalno pitanje u marksističkoj teoriji i socijalističkoj praksi (Belgrade: Novinska Ustanova Prosvetni Pregled, 1976), p. 5. See also Milenko M. Nikolić, “Marx Considers That a Nation Can Be International-minded only if It Is National-minded” (Nikolić, Ravnopravnost naroda i narodnosti u obrazovanju [Belgrade: Novinska Ustanova Prosvetni Pregled, 1975], p. 5).

7. Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, pp. 416, 416n.

8. Horace B. Davis, “Nations, Colonies, and Social Classes: The Position of Marx and Engels,” Science and Society 24 (1) (Winter 1965): 26-43.

9. As quoted in Joseph V. Stalin’s 1913 work, “Marxism and the National Question,” in Stalin, Marxism and the National-Colonial Question (San Francisco: Proletarian Publishers, 1975), p. 24.

10. Rudolf Springer [Karl Renner], Natsional’naia problema: Bor’ba natsional-’nostei v Avstrii, trans. M. Bragiiskii and A. Brumberg (St. Petersburg: Obshchestvennaya Pol’za, 1909) [from the German original, Der Kampf der oesterreichischen Nationen um den Staat, pt. 1, Das nationale Problem als Verfassungsund Verwaltungsfrage (Leipzig and Vienna: F. Deuticke, 1902)], as quoted in Stalin, “Marxism and the National Question,” p. 45. For a more sympathetic interpretation of Renner’s ideas on nationality conflicts, see Robert A. Kann, Renners Beitrag zur Lösung nationaler Konflikte im Liehte nationaler Probleme der Gegenwart (Vienna: Verlag der Oesterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1973).

11. Rudi Rizman, “O dijalektici klasnog i nacionalnog u medjunacionalnim odnosima, “ in Udruženi rad i medjunacionalni odnosi (Belgrade: Komunist, 1978), p. 20.

12. Stalin, “Marxism and the National Question,” pp. 25-27.

13. See, for instance, Dragoslav Marković’s conversation with NIN reporters on October 2, 1977, “Akcenti nacionalne ravnopravnosti,” in Zadaci SK Srbije u razvoju medjunacionalnih odnosa i borbi protiv nacionalizme (Belgrade: Kommunist, 1978), p. 348.

14. Cited by Šime Djodan, “Reforme u socijalističkim zemljama i položaj malih naroda,” Kolo 7 (11) (November 1969): 1149.

15. Atif Purivatra, “Stav Komunističke Partije Jugoslavije prema nacionalnom pitanju u Bosni i Hercegovini,” in Nacionalni odnosi danas, ed. Milan Petrović and Kasim Suljević (Sarajevo: Univerzal, 1971), p. 182.

16. “Program komunističke partije jugoslavije” (Drugi kongres kpj, June 1920), in Nacionalno pitanje, p. 181.

17. Sima Marković, Nacionalno pitanje u svetlosti marksizma (Belgrade: Narodna misao, 1923), excerpted in Nacionalno pitanje, pp. 197-99.

18. Marković’s emphasis; Marković, Ustavno pitanje i radnička klasa Jugoslavije (Belgrade?: [1923]), p. 8.

19. In Nacionalno pitanje, p. 201.

20. Kosta Novaković, “Autonomija ili federacija,” Radnik-Delavec, nos. 86-87 (October 28, 1923 and November 1, 1923), excerpted in Nacionalno pitanje, p. 207.

21. Ibid., p. 205; Gordana Vlajčić, KPJ i nacionalno pitanje u Jugoslaviji, 1919-1929 (Zagreb: August Cesarec, 1974), pp. 20, 23.

22. “The difference between the bourgeoisie and us is not that the bourgeoisie has a national question while we do not, but that the bourgeoisie, in the framework of the capitalist social order, is not in a position to resolve the national question in a satisfactory manner, while we, within the framework of our social order, can resolve it” (Zinoviev, Bericht der Präsidium: Protokol der Konferenz der erweiterten Exekutive der Kommunistischen Internationale (Hamburg: Verlag Carl Hoym Nachf. Louis Cahnbley, 1923), p. 30, quoted in Vlajčić, KPJ i nacionalno pitanje, pp. 83-84.

23. Stalin, “Concerning the National Question in Yugoslavia,” speech delivered to the Yugoslav Commission of the E.C.C.I., March 30, 1925, Bolshevik, no. 7, April 15, 1925, translated in Stalin, Marxism and the National-Colonial Question, pp. 295, 301; and Stalin, “The National Question Once Again (Concerning the Article by Semić),” Bolshevik, nos. 11-12, June 30, 1925, translated in Stalin, Marxism and the National-Colonial Question, p. 329-30.

24. Quoted in Vlajčić, KPJ i nacionalno pitanje, p. 125.

25. Ibid., p. 137; see also “Rezolucija o privrednom i političkom položaju Jugoslavije i o zadacima KPJ,” Fourth Congress of the CPY, October 1928, in Nacionalno pitanje, p. 240.

26. Quoted in Purivatra, “Stav Komunističke Partije Jugoslavije,” p. 184.

27. Jovan Raičević, “Savez komunista Jugoslavije i nacionalno pitanje,” in KPJ-SKJ: Razvoj teorije i prakse soecijalizma, 1919—1979 (Belgrade: Savremena Administracija, 1979), p. 232.

28. Kardelj, Razvoj slovenačkog nacionalnog pitanja, 2d ed. (Belgrade: Kultura, 1958), p. 50.

29. Leon Geršković, “Istorijski razvoj društveno-političkog sistema Jugoslavije,” in Društveno-politički sistem SFRJ (Belgrade: Radnicka štampa, 1975), p. 88.

30. J. B. Tito, “Concerning the National Question and Socialist Patriotism,” Speech at the Slovene Academy of Arts and Sciences, Ljubljana, November 16, 1948, in Tito, Selected Speeches and Articles, 1941-1961 (Zagreb: Naprijed, 1963), pp. 97-98.

31. Purivatra, “Tito’s Contribution to the Theory and Practice of the National Question,” in Socialist Thought and Practice, 19 (2) (February 1979): 75-76.

32. For a more detailed discussion of this aspect, see Pedro Ramet, “Self-management, Titoism, and the Apotheosis of Praxis,” in At the Brink of War and Peace: The Tito-Stalin Split in a Historic Perspective, ed. Wayne Vucinich (New York: Brooklyn College Press, 1982).

33. See Dennison I. Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948-1974 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977), p. 106; and Nikolić, Ravnopravnost, p. 9.

34. Kardelj, Razvoj, p. 104.

35. Edmund S. Glenn, “The Two Faces of Nationalism,” Comparative Political Studies 3 (3) (October 1970): 353.

36. Kardelj, Razvoj, p. 49.

37. Ibid., p. 39.

38. Predrag Matvejević, “Mit i stvarnost u našoj kulturi,” NIN, no. 1363, February 20, 1977, p. 31.

39. As quoted in Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, p. 167. Tito was even more explicit in The National Question and Revolution, where he stated “I have never favored, and do not favor now, a Yugoslav nationality in the sense of creating a single nationality. All the nations and nationalities should and can find a place in our federation” (cited by Purivatra, “Tito’s Contribution,” p. 77).

40. Osmi kongres Saveza Komunista jugoslavije (Belgrade: Komunist, 1964), excerpted in Nacionalno pitanje, p. 360.

41. Personal interview, Sarajevo, June 1980; and Drago Tović, “Postoji li jugoslavenska nacija,” VUS (Zagreb), July 1, 1970, p. 22.

42. Kardelj, Socijalističko samoupravljanje, p. 408.

43. Kardelj, Problemi naše socijalističke izgradnje (Belgrade: Kultura, 1980), excerpted in Vjesnik, January 21, 1980, p. 4.

44. Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko (Split: Marksistički Centar, 1974), p. 212; see also pp. 134, 196; and Kardelj, “Moderna nacija predstavlja integraciju društvenog rade i integraciju svijesti,” in Petrović and Suljević, Nacionalni odnosi danas, pp. 11-12.

45. Esad Ćimić, at a symposium held at Krapinske Toplice, March 1970, remarked that “When I speak of nationality, I am prepared to understand nationalism in a positive sense” (As quoted in Vladimir Košćak, “Što je nacija,” Kritika 3 [15] [November-December 1970], p. 872).

46. Politika, September 15, 1969, p. 7.

47. Quoted in Tović, “Postoji li jugoslavenska nacija,” p. 23.

48. Ibid., p. 22.

49. Ibid., p. 23.

50. Vjesnik—Sedam dana (May 8, 1982), pp. 6-7, excerpted and translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 11, 1982.

51. Milan M. Miladinović, Jugoslovenski socijalistički patriotizam (Belgrade: Novinska Ustanova Prosvetni Pregled, 1976), p. 3. See also Miladinović, “Pojam i suština jugoslovenskog patriotizma danas,” Obeležja 7 (6) (November-December 1977).

52. Blažo Nikolovski, “Jugoslovenski socijalistički patriotizam,” Front, June 4, 1976, p. 11.

53. See, for instance, Todo Kurtović, Crkva i religija u socijalističkom samoupravnom društvu (Belgrade: Rad, 1978), p. 64; and Veljko Vlahovič, “Remarks at the Second Plenary Session of the Tenth Congress of the LCY,” May 27, 1974, in Social Consciousness and Reality (Belgrade: Socialist Thought and Practice, 1976), p. 12.

54. E. K. Francis, Interethnic Relations (New York: Elsevier, 1976), p. 387.

55. See Zvonko Lerotić, “Politička zajednica i višenacionalna socijetalna zajednica,” Naša zakonitost 28 (9) (September 1974): 805. Also relevant is Tito’s speech at Bugojno, Bosnia-Herzegovina, November 25, 1979; Vjesnik, November 27, 1979, p. 4.

56. Tihomir Vlaškalić, at the Ninth Session of the CC of the LC Serbia (1976); Zadaci SK Srbije, p. 171.

57. Gazmend Zajmi, “Položaj i uloga narodnosti u SFR Jugoslaviji,” in Društveno-Politički sistem SFR], pp. 379-80.

58. Rajko Djurić, “Kao u priči o miševima i gvozdenoj vagi,” NIN, no. 1541, July 13, 1980, p. 14.

59. Borba, February 3, 1980, p. 7.

60. Interviews conducted by the author, Belgrade, November 1979.

61. See Kurtesh Saliu, “Neke specifičnosti ustavnog urednjena SAP Kosova,” in Institut za Uporedno Pravo, Specifičnosti republičkih i pokrajinskih ustava od 1974 (Belgrade: Savremena Administracija, 1976); and Jovan Munćan, “Specifična rešenja ustava SAP Vojvodine,” in Specifičnosti republičkih.

62. For a specific discussion of language policy, see James W. Tollefson, “The Language Planning Process and Language Rights in Yugoslavia,” Language Problems and Language Planning 4 (2) (Summer 1980): 141-56.

63. See Yugoslav Law, no. 1 (January-April 1976): 68-69.

64. Decision No. U 65/77 (October 5, 1977), summarized in Yugoslav Law, no. 3 (September-December 1978): 82.

65. Vjesnik, December 20, 1979, p. 5.

66. As quoted in Nijaz Duraković, “O ‘pozitivnom’ i ‘negativnom’ nacionalizmu,” Opredjeljenja 11 (3-4) (March-April 1980): 133.

67. Zadaci SK Srbije, p. 83.

68. “Društveni Plan Jugoslavije za period 1976-1980 godine,” as excerpted in Zadaci SK Srbije, p. 275.

69. See Kardelj, Socijalističko samoupravljanje, p. 413.

4. Institutional Mechanisms of Interrepublican Cooperation and Policy Making

1. The role of confederal sentiments in establishment of the Senate is confirmed by the observation that not until the late nineteenth century were senators directly elected by the populace. Until that time, they were appointed by the legislatures of the states they represented—a practice that came to appear anomalous in the American system but was consistent with the confederal spirit that inspired it.

2. Balša Špadijer, Federalizam i medjunacionalni odnosi u Jugoslaviji (Belgrade: Institut za Političke Studije, 1975), p. 6; and Miodrag Jovičić, Savremeni federalizam (Belgrade: Savremena Administracija, 1973), pp. 218-20.

3. Djordji J. Caca, Socijalistička republika u jugoslovenskoj federaciji (Belgrade: Radnička štampa, 1977), p. 7.

4. As quoted in Josip Sruk, Ustavno uredjenje Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije (Zagreb: Informator, 1976), p. 217. See also Edvard Kardelj, Socijalističko samoupravljanje u našem ustavnom sistemu (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1975), excerpted in Nacionalno pitanje u djelima klasika marksizma i u dokumentima i praksi kpj/skj (Zagreb: Centar Društvenih Djelatnosti SSOH, 1978), p. 411.

5. Petar Popović, “Idemo li u konfederaciju?” Politika, February 11, 1968, p. 7.

6. Djuro Burašković and Miljan Komatina, “Nacionalno pitanje i federalizam,” Komunist, April 1, 1971, pp. 18-19.

7. As quoted in E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917-1923 (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1950), 1:145.

8. Ibid.

9. As quoted in Jovičić, Sauvemeni federalizam, p. 39.

10. J. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 3, p. 27, quoted in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, p. 147.

11. Lenin, Sochineniya, vol. 21, p. 419, quoted in Carr, Bolshevik Revolution, p. 147.

12. Wayne S. Vucinich, “Nationalism and Communism,” in Contemporary Yugoslavia, ed. Wayne S. Vucinich (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1969), p. 247.

13. Hamdija Pozderac, “Mjesto republike u jugoslovenskoj federaciji,” in Godišnjak pravnog fakulteta u Sarajevu 1976 (1977), 24:319-20.

14. “Federation cannot, in reality, be grasped, and—what is more important—cannot be properly implemented if its basic constitutive elements are not, first of all, put in order, [and] if power is not organized in an essentially democratic way” (Ćazim Sadiković, “Medjunacionalna kohezija u federaciji,” Odjek [Sarajevo] 23 [11-12] [June 1970]: 3).

15. Jovan Djordjević, Politički sistem (Belgrade: Savremena Administracija, 1967), p. 376.

16. “The nation is a historical category and as such it will disappear at some point” (Špadijer, Federalizam i medjunacionalni odnosi, p. 18).

17. Gazmend Zajmi, “Hoće li nacija ‘nadživeti’ državu?” Politika, March 27, 1980, p. 8.

18. Sruk, Ustavno uredjenje SFRJ, pp. 270-71; Mahmut Mujačić, Nova dimenzija jugoslovenskog federalizma (Sarajevo: Oslobodjenje, 1981), pp. 95-99; and Špadijer, Federalizam i federalni odnosi u socijalističkoj Jugoslaviji (Belgrade: Novinska Ustanova Prosvetni Pregled, 1975), p. 12.

19. Šime Djodan, “Prilog razmatranju predloženih izmjena ustava sfrj,” Kolo 6 (11) (November 1968): 473; and Sruk, Ustavno uredjenje SFRJ, p. 304.

20. Mujačić, Nova dimenzija, p. 71.

21. Mujačić, “Neke karakteristike procesa dogovaranja republika i autonomnih pokrajina,” Politička misao 15 (4) (1978): 552.

22. Mujačić, Nova dimenzija, pp. 152-53.

23. Caca, “Društveno-politička uslovljenost podele zakonodavne nadležnosti u pojedinim fazama ustavnog razvitka Jugoslavije—s posebnim osvrtom na značaj pojmova koje ustav SFRJ od 1974. godine upotrebljava prilikom utvrdjivanja zajedničke nadležnosti,” in Institut za Uporedno Pravo, Podela zajedničke nadležnosti izmedju federacije i federalnih jedinica (Belgrade: Savremena Administracija, 1978), p. 27.

24. See “Jedan ili dva doma,” Ekonomska politika, no. 1022, November 1, 1971, pp. 11-12.

25. Mujačić, “O dogovaranju republika i pokrajina,” Ideje 10 (2) (March-April 1979): 19.

26. Izvještaj o radu SIV-a za period maj 1974-decembar 1976. godine. (Belgrade: Savezno izvršno veće, 1977), p. 108, cited in Ibid.

27. See Borba, April 1, 1980, p. 1.

5. Limited Sovereignty: The Autonomy of the Federal Units

1. Borba (Belgrade), June 12, 1990, p. 1.

2. Dušan Bilandžič, Jugoslavija poslije Tita, 1980-1985 (Zagreb: Globus, 1986), pp. 12-13, 21.

3. Leopold Kobsa, Vjekoslav Koprivnjak, and Ines Šaškor, Introduction to Nacionalno pitanje u djelima marksizma i u dokumentima i praksi kpj/skj (Zagreb: Centar Društvenih Djelatnosti SSOH, 1978), pp. 64-65.

4. F. E. Ian Hamilton, Yugoslavia: Patterns of Economic Activity (New York: Praeger, 1968), p. 239.

5. Paul Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 249.

6. Ibid., p. 221.

7. As quoted in Dennison I. Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948—1974 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 146, 295.

8. Duncan Wilson, “Self-Management in Yugoslavia,” in International Affairs (London) 54 (2) (April 1978): 259.

9. See Pedro Ramet, “Yugoslavia’s Troubled Times,” in Global Affairs 5 (1) (Winter 1990).

10. Djuro Gatavić, “Podjela zajedničke nadležnosti izmedju federacije i federalnih jedinica, s posebnim osvrtom na isključivu zakonodavnu nadležnost republika i autonomnih pokrajina,” in Institut za Uporedno Pravo, Podela zajedničke nadležnosti izmedju federacije i federalnih jedinica (Belgrade: Savremena administracija, 1978), p. 127.

11. Vjesnik, November 17, 1979, p. 7, and December 17, 1979, p. 4.

12. Djordji J. Caca, Socijalistička republika u jugoslovenskoj federaciji (Belgrade: Radnička štampa, 1977), p. 26.

13. Quoted in New York Times, July 16, 1990, p. A7.

14. Stevan Djordjevič, “Ustav SFRJ, savezna i republicke Skupštine i spoljna politika,” in Arhiv za pravne i društvene nauke 55 (4) (October-December 1969): 564.

15. Paul Shoup, “The Evolution of a System,” in Problems of Communism 18 (4-5) (July-October 1969): 71n; and Hrvatski tjednik, November 12, 1971, p. 4.

16. See Smiljko Sokol’s article in Hrvatski tjednik, April 23, 1971, p. 4.

17. Aleksandar Fira, “Promene u ustavnom sistemu SFRJ,” in Arhiv za pravne i društvene nauke 55, (1-2) (January-June 1969): 6.

18. Vojislav Simović, Zakonodavna nadležnost u razvitku jugoslovenske federacije (Belgrade: Centar za pravna istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka, 1978), pp. 93-94; Ustav Socijalističke Republike Srbije (Belgrade: Savremena administracija, 1974), Article 292, p. 161; Arpad Horvat, “Sredstva za obezbedjenje ostvarivanja zajedničke nadležnosti po ustavu SFRJ,” in Institut za Uporedno Pravo, Podela, p. 44n; and Borivoje Pupić, “Autonomne Pokrajine u ustavnom sistemu Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavie, “ in Arhiv za pravne i društvene nauke 59, (2-3) (April-September 1973): 474.

19. Ustav Srbije, Article 296, p. 163.

20. Privredni pregled, February 17, 1978, p. 2.

21. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 7, 1982, pp. 3-4, and April 30, 1982, p. 3.

22. Frankfurter Allgemeine, July 9, 1983.

6. The Reform Crisis, 1962-71

1. Dušan Bilandžić, “Šok nakon buma,” in Start, no. 479 (May 30, 1987): 40.

2. Dušan Bilandžić, “Tajno pismo pred javnošću,” in Start, no. 478 (May 16, 1987): 35; and Dušan Bilandžić, “Pet važnih koraka,” in Start, no. 481 (June 27, 1987): 46.

3. Bilandžič, “Pet vaznih,” p. 46.

4. Deborah D. Milenkovitch, Plan and Market in Yugoslav Economic Thought (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 177.

5. Stipe Šuvar, “Radnička klasa i samoupravni sistem,” in Naše teme, Vol. 5 (1968), as quoted in Slaven Letica, “O privrednoj reformi deset godina kasnije,” in Pitanja 7, (7-8) (1978): 60.

6. Šime Djodan, “Gospodarska reforma i izbor optimalnog modela rasta,” in Kolo, 6 (4) (April 1968): 303.

7. See Othmar Nikola Haberl, Parteiorganisation und nationale Frage in Jugoslawien (Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz, 1976), pp. 24-28; and Stipe Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalisticko (Split: Marksistički Centar, 1974), pp. 127-134.

8. Interviews, Yugoslavia, July 1982.

9. World Bank, Yugoslavia: Self-Managment Socialism and the Challenges of Development, Report No. 1615a-YU, March 21, 1978, 1:41.

10. See Leon Geršković, “Istorijski razvoj društveno-političkog sistema Jugoslavije,” in Društeveno-politički sistem SFRJ (Belgrade: Radnička štampa, 1975), p. 99.

11. See Crane Brinton, The Anatomy of a Revolution, Rev. and enl. ed. (New York: Vintage Books, 1965).

12. Borba, February 17, 1970, p. 5.

13. Dennison I. Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948-1974 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 112, 126, 130-31; and Paul Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 240.

14. Kosta Mihailović, “Regionalni aspekt privrednog razvoja,” Ekonomist, no. 1 (1962), as cited in Djodan, “Pred kritičnom barijerom,” Dometi 2 (3) (March 1969): 5.

15. Milenkovitch, Plan and Market, p. 185.

16. Detailed figures on labor efficiency are given in Momir Ćećez, “O efikasnosti društvenih sredstava u privredno nedovoljno razvijenim područjima,” Pregled 70 (1) (January 1980): 27-40.

17. “Another concept of develpment, originating in Slovenia, is that the leading area should be the most developed area in the country, which by its fast development can accumulate resources for investment in the development of other areas, which should follow the lead of the most industrially advanced parts” (Rudolf Bičanić, Economic Policy in Socialist Yugoslavia, postscript by Marijan Hanžeković [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973], p. 201).

18. Djodan, “Pred kritičnom barijerom,” p. 6.

19. Djodan, “Robno-novčani privredni model i regionalni razvoj u našim uvjetima,” Kolo 6 (10) (October 1968): 363. Djodan is inconsistent when it comes to Bosnia—he sometimes claims that it had “benefitted” from investment in “political factories” and at other times argues that Bosnia, like Croatia, was exploited by the “East.”

20. Djodan, “Pred kritičnom barijerom,” p. 4.

21. Edvard Kardelj, Raskršća u razvitku naše g socijalističkog društva (Belgrade: Komunist, 1969), p. 42, as quoted in Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko, p. 284.

22. Rusinow, Yugoslav Experiment, pp. 158-59.

23. Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question, p. 192.

24. Ibid., pp. 251, 222.

25. See Haberl, Parteiorganisation, pp. 28-29, 41-43. On Vojvodina’s association, see Steven L. Burg, “Decision-making in Yugoslavia,” Problems of Communism 29 (2) (March-April 1980): 4.

26. Rusinow, “The Price of Pluralism,” American Universities Field Staff Reports, Southeast Europe Series, vol. 18, no. 1 (July 1971), p. 9.

27. Interviews, Belgrade, 1979-80; and Gary K. Bertsch, “The Revival of Nationalisms,” Problems of Communism 22 (6) (November-December 1973): 14-15.

28. Rusinow, Yugoslav Experiment, p. 179.

29. Ibid., p. 180.

30. See Voja Jovanović, “Otkloniti sve sto smeta saradnji i boljem razumevanju,” in Komunist, March 24, 1966, p. 2.

31. Boro Krivokapić, Jugoslavija i komunisti: adresa Jovana Djordjevića (Belgrade: Mladost, 1988), p. 55.

32. Branko Petranović, Istorija Jugoslavije, 1918-1988 (Belgrade: Nolit, 1988), 3:387.

33. Vojin Lukić, Sećanja i saznanja: Aleksandar Ranković i Brionski plenum (Titograd: Novica Jovovič, 1989), p. 25.

34. Ibid., pp. 23, 43-44.

35. Ibid., p. 93.

36. Ibid., p. 34.

37. J. B. Tito, Govori i cianci 21: lOOn, as quoted in Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 32.

38. Politika, September 13, 1969, p. 5. For a further discussion of the “Zanko affair,” see Mihailo Blečić and Ivica Dolenc (eds.), Slucaj Zanko (Belgrade: Kosmos, 1986).

39. Stevan Vračar, “Partijski monopolizam i politička moć društvenih grupa,” Gledišta, nos. 8-9 (1967), summarized in “Jugoslawischer Theoretiker fur Zweiparteien-system,” Osteuropäische Rundschau 13 (12) (December 1967): 19-21.

40. See the report by Jure Bilić in Deseti Kongres Savaza Komunista Jugoslavije (Beograd, 27-30 maja 1974)—Stenografske beleške (Belgrade: Komunist, 1975), 2:369.

41. April Carter, Democratic Reform in Yugoslavia: The Changing Role of the Party (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1982), pp. 97-98.

42. Ibid., p. 75.

43. Radio Belgrade, June 5, 1967, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 8, 1967.

44. Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 60.

45. Ibid., p. 59.

46. Ibid., p. 94.

47. Ibid., p. 58.

48. See the reports by Avdo Humo (a liberal) and Milentije Popović (a conservative), in Deveti Kongres Saveza Komunista Jugoslavije (Beograd, 11-13 III 1969)—Stenografske beleške (Belgrade: Komunist, 1970), 3:344, 306.

49. See Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 61.

50. Deveti Kongres 6:406.

51. Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 97.

52. Treća sednica predsednistva SKJ (Belgrade: Komunist, 1969), cited in Martin C. Sletzinger, “The Reform and Reorganization of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, 1966-1973” (Ph.D. diss., Harvard University, 1976), pp. 81-83.

53. See Dušan Bilandžić, Histonja socijalističke federativne republike Jugoslavije (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1978), pp. 358-61 and passim.

54. Delo, August 1, 1969, p. 1.

55. Vjesnik, August 1, 1969, p. 2; and Vjesnik, August 2, 1969, p. 2.

56. Bilandžić, Histonja SFRJ, p. 360.

57. See Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 105.

58. See Borba, September 3, 1969, cited in ibid., p. 106.

59. Interviews, Ljubljana, July 1982. See also Stevo Govedarica, “Economic Development, 1971-1975,” Yugoslav Survey 17 (3) (August 1976).

60. Miko Tripalo, “Osnovni problemi i pravci dalje idejno-političke akcije na preobražaju SKJ,” Socijalizam 12 (11) (November 1969): 1392-93.

61. See Bilandžić, Histonja SFRJ, pp. 366-67.

7. The Croatian Crisis, 1967-72

1. Branko Petranović, Istorija Jugoslavije, 1918-1988 (Belgrade-Nolit, 1988), 3:382.

2. Šime Djodan, “Gospodarska reforma i izbor optimalnog modela rasta,” Kolo 6 (4) (April 1968): 306.

3. Djodan, “Gdje dr Stipe Suvar ‘pronalazi’ nacionalizam, a gdje ga ne vidi,” Kolo 7 (7) (July 1969): 702-3.

4. See Hrvatski tjednik, November 26, 1971, p. 7 (hereafter cited as HT).

5. Ibid., November 12, 1971, p. 7.

6. Ibid., November 5, 1971, p. 7, and November 19, 1971, p. 7.

7. Paul Shoup, “The National Question in Yugoslavia,” Problems of Communism 21 (1) (January-February 1972): 21.

8. See Djodan, “Jedinstveno tržiste, razvijenost republika i kompenzaeije,” HT, May 14, 1971, pp. 4-5.

9. Djodan, “The Evolution of the Economic System of Yugoslavia and the Economic Position of Croatia “Journal of Croatian Studies 13 (1972): 11.

10. Stipe Šuvar, “Društveni razvoj i medjunacionalni odnosi u tumačenjima dra Šime Djodana,” Naše teme, no. 6 (1969), reprinted in Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko (Split: Marksistički Centar, 1974).

11. Ibid., pp. 238-43.

12. Djodan, “Prilog raspravi o regionalnom razvoju u SFRJ,” Kolo 7 (3) (March 1969): 252.

13. Djodan, as quoted in Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko, p. 244.

14. Ibid., p. 258.

15. Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko, p. 255n. The central committee meeting is reported in Borba, May 29, 1969.

16. Djodan, “Gdje dr Stipe Šuvar ‘pronalazi’ nacionalizam, a gdje ga ne vidi,” pp. 686, 692.

17. Ibid., p. 694.

18. “Die Sprachenstreit in Jugoslawien,” Osteuropa 21 (10) (October 1971): A602.

19. The complete text of the declaration appears in German translation in “Der jugoslawische Sprachenkonflikt,” Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Südosteuropa 16 (3) (March 1967): 41-43. On Moskovlijević, see also Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Sudosteuropa 15 (3/4) (March-April 1966): 41-42.

20. NIN, no. 1082, October 3, 1971, p. 36.

21. Cited in Politika, November 13, 1968, as given in ibid.

22. “Saopštenje Matica srpske o pitanjima oko izrade Rečnika srpskohrvatskog književnog jezika,” Komunist, January 21, 1971, translated into German in “Die Sprachenstreit,” p. A603.

23. Mate Simundžić, “ ‘Jezik, nacija i politika’ Mirka Čanadovića,” Kritika 4 (17) (March-April 1971): 353-55.

24. “Novosadski dogovor je zastario,” Komunist, January 21, 1971, translated into German in “Die Sprachenstreit,” p. A606.

25. NIN, no. 1082 (October 3, 1971), p. 35.

26. The Population of Yugoslavia (Belgrade: Institute of Social Sciences, 1974), App., Table 2.

27. Ibid., App., Tables 9-10.

28. Slobodan Stankovic, “Preliminary Report on Yugoslavia’s Census,” Radio Free Europe Research, May 18, 1981, p. 2.

29. The Population of Yugoslavia, App., Table 6.

30. Djodan, “The Evolution of the Economic System,” p. 81. William Zimmerman confirms that “a disproportionately large share of the workers abroad had emigrated from Croatia and/or are Croatian by nationality. The fraction of Yugoslavs abroad who [were] from Croatia was particularly high during the years 1965-68” (Zimmerman, “National-International Linkages in Yugoslavia: The Political Consequences of Openness,” in Political Development in Eastern Europe, ed. Jan F. Triska and Paul M. Cocks (New York: Praeger, 1977), p. 343.

31. M. Rendulić, “Demografska kretanja u Hrvatskoj,” as cited in Djodan, “The Evolution of the Economic System,” pp. 80-81. Yugoslav migratory trends are also discussed in George W. Hoffman, “Migration and Social Change,” Problems of Communism 22 (6) (November-December 1973).

32. Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1979 (Belgrade: Savezni zavod za statistiku, July 1979), pp. 112, 413; Tanjug, February 13, 1982, in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, February 18, 1982; and Statistički kalendar Jugoslavije 1982 (Belgrade: Savezni zavod za statistiku, February 1982), 28:37.

33. Cited by Ivan Perić, Suvremeni hrvatski nacionalizam (Zagreb: August Cesarec, 1976), p. 185. The letter was dated July 6, 1967.

34. “Aside from Serbs, there are also a large number of Orthodox Croats living in Croatia, whom the current Yugoslav government counts as Serbs, but to whom the future democratic Croatian state must guarantee full freedom of expressing their national consciousness and identity” (Program hrvatske demokratske opozicije, as quoted in ibid.).

35. Stijepo Obad, “Geneza autonomaštva,” Vidik 18 (32/33) (July-August 1971): 15.

36. Tomislav Slavica, “Krivnja autonomaštva,” Vidik 18 (32/33) (July-August 1971): 15.

37. Ibid., p. 17.

38. Andra Gavrilović, Istorija Srpske pravoslavne crkve, 2d ed. (Belgrade: Izdavačka knjižarnica gece kona, 1930), p. 12.

39. See Vesnik: Organ Saveza udruženog Pravoslavnog sveštenstva Jugoslavije, October 1-15, 1971, p. 6.

40. Borba, May 29, 1970, p. 7; Politika, June 2, 1970, p. 8; and Borba, June 3, 1970, p. 7.

41. Politika, December 31, 1971-January 2, 1972, p. 4.

42. Ibid., February 12, 1971, p. 6; and Vjesnik u srijedu, January 28, 1970, p. 4.

43. Slavica, “Unitarizam recidiva autonomaštva,” in HT, May 7, 1971, p. 7.

44. Vjesnik u srijedu, January 28, 1970, p. 4.

45. Vlado Gotovac, “Mogućnost izdaje,” Vidik 18 (32/33) (July-August 1971): 22.

46. Slavica, “Krivnja autonomaštva,” p. 18.

47. Gotovac, in HT, no. 11 (1971), as quoted in Perić, Suvremeni hrvatski nacionalizam, p. 190.

48. As summarized in Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko, p. 222.

49. Interview with Miko Tripalo, former secretary of the League of Communists of Croatia, Zagreb, September 8, 1989. Tripalo also gave an interview to Iskra, May 24, 1989.

50. Vjesnik, May 1, 1968, as quoted in Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko, p. 223.

51. Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko, pp. 332-34.

52. Alvin Z. Rubinstein, “The Yugoslavia Succession Crisis in Perspective,” in World Affairs 135 (2) (Fall 1972): 104.

53. George Schöpflin, “The Ideology of Croatian Nationalism, “ in Survey 19(1) (Winter 1973): 133, 136-137.

54. As reported in Borba, July 20, 1969, and quoted in Othmar Nikola Haberl, Parteiorganisation und nationale Frage in JugoslauAen (Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz, 1976), p. 115.

55. Perić, Suvremeni hrvatski nacionalizam, p. 20.

56. Cited by Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 115.

57. Petranović, Istorija jugoslavije, 3:400.

58. See Politika, September 13, 1969, p. 5.

59. Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 118.

60. Savez komunista Hrvatske, Izvještaj o stanju u SKH u odnosu na prodor nacionalizmo u njegove redove, Twenty-eighth Session, May 8, 1972 (Zagreb: Informativna služba CK SKH, 1972), p. 132.

61. Cited by Vladimir Košćak, “Što je nacija,” in Kritika 3 (15) (November-December 1970): 872.

62. As quoted in Haberl, Parteiorganisation, p. 143.

63. For various references to Radic, see Hrvatski tjednik, May 28, 1971, p. 10, June 11, 1971, pp. 1, 11-13, June 18, 1971, p. 23, and June 25, 1971, p. 5.

64. Hrvatski tjednik, September 3, 1971, p. 23, and November 12, 1971, p. 22; and Borba, February 13, 1972, p. 5.

65. Politika, January 3, 1972, p. 6.

66. Zvonimir Kulundžić, “Spomenik Banu Jelačiću,” in Hrvatski tjednik, June 4, 1971, p. 10.

67. Interview with Tripalo [note 49].

68. Hrvatski tjednik, June 25, 1971, p. 23.

69. Yugoslav Railways had, however, done little by mid-August to bring that any closer to fruition. See Hrvatski tjednik, August 20, 1971, p. 14.

70. Ibid., November 12, 1971, p. 24.

71. This section draws on my chapter, “Religion and Nationalism in Yugoslavia,” in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, Rev. and expanded ed. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1989), pp. 320-21.

72. Borba, October 9, 1970, p. 6.

73. Ibid., January 21, 1972.

74. Ibid., June 6, 1981, p. 11.

75. Dalibor Brozović, “Eskalacija resprave o jeziku Srba u Hrvatskoj,” in Hrvatski tjednik, November 5, 1971, p. 3.

76. Ibid.

77. Djurić called for similar guarantees from Macedonia, Bosnia, and Montenegro. See Dušan Bilandžić, Ideje i praksa društvenog razvoja Jugoslavije, 1945-1973 (Belgrade: Komunist, 1973), p. 287.

78. Ustav Socijalističke Republike Hrvatske (1963), in Ustav Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije sa Ustavima Socijalističkih Republika i statutima Autonomnih Pokrajina (Belgrade: Službeni list, 1963), Article 1, p. 272.

79. Ibid., p. 265.

80. Italics added. Quoted in Hrvatski tjednik, September 10, 1971, p. 1.

81. Italics in original. Ibid., p. 3.

82. Jovan Stefanović, Ustavno pravo FNR Jugoslavije i komparativno, 2d ed. (1956), pp. 85-86, as quoted in Ibid.

83. “Srbo-Hrvatska,” in Hrvatski tjednik, November 12, 1971, p. 2, as reported in Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, p. 197.

84. HT, September 24, 1971, p. 1.

85. As quoted in NIN, no. 1082, October 3, 1971, p. 11.

86. HT, November 5, 1971, p. 12.

87. Veljko Mratović, “Prva faza ustavnih promjena u Socijalističkoj Republici Hrvatskoj,” Archiv za pravne i društvene nauke 58 (1) (January-March 1972): 4; and Constitutional System of Yugoslavia (Belgrade: Jugoslovenska stvarnost, 1980), p. 85.

88. Andrew Ludanyi, “Titoist Integration of Yugoslavia: The Partisan Myth and the Hungarians of the Vojvodina, 1945-1975,” Polity 12 (2) (Winter 1979): 251; Borba, December 18, 1971, p. 5; Politika, December 19, 1971, p. 10; and Borba, February 22, 1972, p. 6.

89. Dragan Vukčević, “Od vere do politike i natrag,” NIN, no. 1016, June 28, 1970, p. 17.

90. Cited by Fred Singleton, Twentieth Century Yugoslavia (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 229.

91. Vukčević, “Od vere do politike i natrag,” p. 17.

92. Hans Hartl, Nationalismus in Rot (Stuttgart: Seewald Verlag, 1968), pp. 93-95.

93. The films were, of course, in Slovenian. See ibid., pp. 96-97.

94. Carl Gustaf Ströhm, Ohne Tito (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1976), pp. 236-37.

95. Tanjug, April 13, 1967.

96. Report by Alojz Vindiš, in Deseti Kongres Saveza Komunista Jugoslavtje (Beograd, 27-30 maja 1974)—Stenografske beleške (Belgrade: Komunist, 1975) 2:392.

97. Komunist, February 3, 1966, p. 2.

98. Ibid., January 2, 1978, p. 2.

99. Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, pp. 62, 234.

100. Ibid., pp. 61-63, 233. “Certain members of the Initiative Committee (Inicijativni odbor) from Zadar, at a plenum of the Main Committee in Zagreb in 1970 demanded the political autonomy of the Serbs in Croatia, and more especially ‘the convocation of a Congress of Croatian Serbs’ “ (ibid., p. 234). See also Robin Alison Remington, “Ideology as a Resource: A Communist Case Study,” in Nonstate Nations in International Politics, ed. Judy S. Bertelsen (New York: Praeger, 1977), p. 209 n.

101. Ibid., pp. 235-36.

102. Ströhm, Ohne Tito, p. 257.

103. See Politika, May 14, 1971.

104. Interviews, Belgrade, February 1980.

105. SFRJ, Federal Executive Council (SIV), “Odluka o obrazovanju i radu medjurepubličkih komiteta” (August 19, 1971), in Službeni list SFRJ 27 (37) (August 26, 1971), Article 2, p. 689.

106. “Kako usaglasiti stavove,” Ekonomska politika, no. 1019, October 11, 1971, p. 11.

107. Cited by Petar Vujić, “Kako rade ‘komiteti devetorice,’ “ Komunist, March 30, 1972, p. 15.

108. Borba, July 24, 1972, p. 9.

109. Vujić, “Kako rade ‘komiteti devetorice,’ “ p. 16. The coordination commission did not decide issues but performed a function often as important—drafting the proposals, which were turned over to the appropriate interrepublican committee.

110. Borba, August 21, 1972, p. 5.

111. Ibid., August 22, 1972, p. 5.

112. Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, p. 152.

113. The two articles are reprinted in HT, May 21, 1971, pp. 1, 22-23.

114. Borba, May 30, 1971, p. 5; and HT, June 11, 1971, p. 5.

115. See the discussion in Jonke, “Slovo o Matici hrvatskoj,” HT, August 20, 1971, p. 3; and Gotovac, “Letak za Maticu hrvatsku,” HT, June 4, 1971, p. 1.

116. Milan Kangrga, “Fenomenologija ideološko-političkog nastupanja jugoslavenske srednje klase,” Praxis 8 (3-4) (May-August 1971): 425-26, 437, 444-45; and Gerson S. Sher, Praxis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977), p. 219; see also p. 311n.

117. Ibid., p. 220.

118. Interview with Šime Djodan, adviser at the Institute for Public Finances (since 1982), Zagreb, September 12, 1989.

119. Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske pp. 83, 84.

120. Ibid., p. 90.

121. Ibid., p. 92.

122. Borba, September 16, 1971, as quoted in Slobodan Stankovic, “Die kroatische Krise—Triebkräfte und Perspektiven,” in Osteuropa 22 (6) (June 1972): 413.

123. Cvijetin Mijatović, president of the collective presidency in 1980, admitted in the late 1960s that “in the postwar period, it was difficult to be a Croat [in Bosnia]” (Djodan, “Gdje dr Stipe Suvar,” p. 695).

124. Politika, August 20, 1971, p. 5; and Borba, December 2, 1971, p. 5.

125. See Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, p. 157.

126. See Oslobodjenje, August 20, 1971, cited by HT, September 10, 1971, p. 8.

127. “Nacionalne strukture u Bosni i Hercegovini,” in HT, November 19, 1971, pp. 10-11.

128. Hamdija Pozderac, Nacionalni odnosi i socijalističko zajedništvo (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1978), p. 96.

129. Calculated from figures in Tanjug, February 16, 1982, in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, February 17, 1982.

130. Fuad Muhić, in interview with Mirko Galić in Start, no. 283, November 28-December 12, 1979, p. 13.

131. Morton A. Kaplan, System and Process in International Politics (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1957), p. 25.

132. HT, June. 18, 1971, p. 6.

133. See Rusinow, The Yugoslav Experiment, 1948-1974 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 288-90.

134. Ströhm, Ohne Tito, p. 192.

135. See Schöpflin, “Ideology of Croatian Nationalism, “ p. 143; and Rusinow, Yugoslav Experiment, p. 305.

136. Symptoms of this are recounted in Šuvar, Nacionalno i nacionalističko, p. 291. It should be clear that the anti-Montenegrin rhetoric of Matica Hrvatska undermined the efforts of the Croatian party leadership to create a Croato-Montenegrin coalition.

137. Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, pp. 135, 204-5.

138. Ibid., pp. 204-5.

139. Ibid., p. 204.

140. Ekonomska politika, no. 1023, November 8, 1971, p. 12.

141. HT, June 4, 1971, p. 9, cited in Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, p. 205.

142. Ibid,

143. Sher, Praxis, p. 182; and Mahmut Mujačić, Nova dimenztja jugoslovenskog federalizmo (Sarajevo: Oslobodjenje, 1981), p. 76.

144. Rusinow, Yugoslav Experiment, p. 298. See also Ströhm, Ohne Tito, p. 199.

145. Stoyan Pribichevich, “Tito at 80: An Uncomplicated Marxist,” New York Times, May 25, 1972, p. 45. See also Der Spiegel, July 2, 1973, pp. 72-73.

146. Borba, December 1, 1971, as quoted in Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, pp. 118-19.

147. Rusinow, Yugoslav Experiment, p. 306.

148. Borba claimed that only about 2,000 students attended, but HT numbered attendance at more than 3,000; Borba, November 23, 1971, p. 5; and HT, December 3, 1971, pp. 10-11.

149. Borba, November 23, 1971, p. 5.

150. Vjesnik u snjedu, September 8, 1971, as quoted in Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, p. 107.

151. As quoted in Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, p. 58.

152. HT, December 3, 1971, pp. 10-11.

153. Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, p. 169.

154. Ibid.

155. Rubinstein, “Yugoslav Succession Crisis,” p. 112.

156. Dušan Bilandžić, Historija Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije (Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 1978), pp. 427-28.

157. Italics added; Borba, December 6, 1971, p. 5.

158. Bilandžić, Historija SFRJ, p. 428.

159. Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, pp. 114-15. Bijelić himself lost his job shortly thereafter.

160. Ibid., pp. 116-17.

161. Ibid., p. 12.

162. “Programme of Action Adopted by the Second Conference of the LCY” (Belgrade, January 25-27, 1972), Review of International Affairs 23 (524-25) (February 520, 1972): 16.

163. New York Times, May 23, 1974, p. 5.

164. Izvještaj o stanju u Savezu komunista Hrvatske, pp. 127-28.

165. These figures were provided to me by Miko Tripalo [note 49] and confirmed by Dušan Bilandžić, professor of political science, in an interview, Zagreb, August 29, 1989.

166. K. F. Cviic, “Yugoslavia,” Britannica Book of the Year 1974 (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1974), p. 732.

167. Rubinstein, “Yugoslav Succession Crisis,” p. 109.

168. Ekonomska politika, no. 1040, March 6, 1972, p. 12.

169. Ibid., no. 1037, February 14, 1972, p. 22.

170. Interview, Belgrade, June 1980.

171. As quoted in Vujić, “Kako rade ‘komiteti devetorice,’ “ p. 16.

172. Politika, September 12, 1972, p. 6.

173. Edvard Kardelj, “Medjurepubličko sporazumijevanje i dogovaranje—osnova funkcioniranja federacije” (1972), in Nacionalno pitanje, p. 451.

174. Ibid., p. 450.

175. Evgeni Dimitrov, “Novi vid jugoslovenskog federalizma,” Arhiv za pravne i društvene nauke 59 (2-3) (April-September 1973): 413. Article 333 of the draft constitution reads as follows: “In order to ensure the participation of the authorized organs of the republics and autonomous provinces in the passage of regulations to accompany laws and other general acts that are passed on the basis of the assent of those organs, the federal Executive Council and the authorized republican and provincial organs have, by mutual agreement, established interrepublican committees for certain areas.

“The interrepublican committees are established on the basis of the equal representation of the republics and of the proportional representation of the provinces. The members of the interrepublican committees are designated by the authorized organs of the republics and autonomous provinces.

“The presidents of the interrepublican committees are appointed by the federal Executive Council from among its own members” (“Nacrt ustava Socijalističke Federativne Republike Jugoslavije,” Komunist [June 18, 1973], p. 27).

176. SFRJ, Federal Executive Council (SIV), “Odluka o medjurepubličkim komitetima” (June 27, 1974), Službeni list SFRJ 30 (33) (July 5, 1974), Article 1, p. 1141.

177. Djordji J. Caca, Socijalistička republika u jugoslovenskoj federaciji (Belgrade: Radnička štampa, 1977), p. 217.

178. Kavčić slipped from power in October 1972, amid charges that he had conspired to have Slovenia annexed to Bavaria. No matter that Bavaria and Slovenia are not contiguous! Ströhrn has called these charges “absurd.” See Ströhm, Ohne Tito, pp. 237–38.

8. Controversies in the Economic Sector, 1965-90

1. Hamdija Pozderac, Nacionalni odnosi i socijalističko zajedništvo (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1978), p. 135.

2. Kosta Mihailović, Nerazvijena područja Jugoslavije, 2d ed. (Belgrade: Ekonomski Institut, 1970), p. 87.

3. Borisav Srebrić, “Neki problemi usavršavanja metoda i mehanizma razvoja nerazvijenish područja u Jugoslaviji,” Ekonomist 22 (1) (1969): 156.

4. Bosnia had succeeded in having certain opštinas classified as “underdeveloped” in 1959. See Pozderac, Nacionalni odnosi, pp. 129-30.

5. Mihailović, Nerazvijena područja Jugoslavije, pp. 34, 103.

6. Kiril Miljovski, “Nedovoljno razvijena područja i sedmogodišnji plan,” in Ekonomist 16 (3-4) (1963): 673.

7. Vinod Dubey et al., Yugoslavia: Development with Decentralization (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), p. 193.

8. Veselin Djuranović, “Socio-Economic Development of Montenegro,” in Socialist Thought and Practice 16 (11) (November 1976): 81-82; and Tanjug (April 24, 1978), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 26, 1978.

9. Nova Makedonija (Skopje), January 21, 1987, p. 2.

10. Ksente Bogoev, “The Policy of More Rapid Development of the Undeveloped Republics and Provinces” (from Ekonomist, nos. 2-3, 1970), trans. in Eastern European Economics 10 (4) (Summer 1972): 407.

11. Ragnar Nurkse, Problems of Capital Formation in Underdeveloped Countries (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1957), p. 10.

12. Statistical Pocketbook of Yugoslavia, 19th issue (Belgrade: Federal Institute for Statistics, April 1973), pp. 30-31, 103, 112-114.

13. Ibid.

14. Nicholas R. Lang, “The Dialectics of Decentralization,” in World Politics 27 (3) (April 1975): 332.

15. Hivsi Islami, “Kretanje nepismenosti u Albanaca u Jugoslaviji,” in Sociologija 20 (2-3) (1978): 316.

16. Ivan Stojanovié, “Problemi zapošljavanja i medjunacionalni odnosi,” in Gledišta 15 (7-8) (July-August 1974): 746.

17. Ekonomska politika (Belgrade), no. 1465/6 (April 28, 1980): 20.

18. Borba (Belgrade), June 4, 1980, p. 3.

19. Marijan Korošić, Jugoslavenska kriza (Zagreb: Naprijed, 1989), p. 133.

20. “Rates of Employment and Unemployment, 1980-1987,” in Yugoslav Survey 29 (4) (1988): 35.

21. Jelica Karačić, “Ekonomski aspekti ravnopravnosti naroda,” in Milan Petrović and Kasim Suljević (eds.), Nacionalni odnosi danas (Sarajevo: Univerzal, 1971), p. 88.

22. Robert K. Furtak, Jugoslawien (Hamburg: Hoffmann and Campe Verlag, 1975), p. 158.

23. Calculated in 1962 prices: Mihailo Vuković, “Neka pitanja razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i krajeva,” in Godišnjak Pravnog Fakulteta u Sarajevu l6-17 (1968-69): 346.

24. Ibid., p. 340.

25. Komunist, January 4, 1980, p. 17.

26. Osmi kongres Saveza komunista Bosne i Hercegovine, 18-20 maja 1982. (Sarajevo: Oslobodjenje, 1982), p. 59.

27. Komunist, January 4, 1980, p. 17; Borba, January 18, 1980, p. 5; and Vjesnik— Sedam dana, April 24, 1982, p. 6.

28. Karačić, “Ekonomski aspekti,” pp. 90-91.

29. Borba, April 7, 1980, p. 5.

30. “Rates of Employment,” pp. 31, 35.

31. Djuranović, “Socio-Economic Development of Montenegro,” pp. 81-83; and Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1979 (Belgrade: Savezni zavod za statistiku, July 1979), p. 414.

32. Ekonomski politika, no. 1390, November 20, 1978, p. 12.

33. “Rates of Employment,” pp. 31, 35.

34. Večernje novosti (Belgrade), September 19, 1989, p. 4; and Politika, December 4, 1989, p. 1.

35. Predrag Cuckič, “Neki ekonomsko-politički aspekti dalje izgradnje sistema za podsticanje razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i SAP Kosova, “ in Obeležja (Pristina) 5 (2) (March-April 1975): 25.

36. Dušan Ristić, “Kosovo i Savez Komunista Kosova izmedju dva kongresa i dve konferencije,” in Obeležja 8 (2) (March-April 1978): 9.

37. Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1979, pp. 474, 500.

38. Ristić, “Kosovo,” p. 12.

39. Ibid., p. 10; Nuri Bašota, “Problemi ubrzanijeg razvoja Kosova kao nedovoljno razvijenog područja,” in Obeležja 9 (5) (September-October 1979): 41; and Komunist, July 11, 1980, p. 17.

40. Ristić, “Kosovo,” p. 11; and Borba, February 12, 1980, p. 5.

41. Vjesnik, April 7, 1980, p. 5; and Borba, July 12, 1980, p. 4.

42. Borba, February 26, 1980, p. 5; and Ekonomska politika, no. 1465/6, April 28, 1980), p. 21.

43. Yugoslav Life (April 1990): 2.

44. “Rates of Employment,” pp. 31, 32, 35.

45. Branko Kubović, Regionalna ekonomika (Zagreb: Informator, 1974), p. 145.

46. Komunist (February 1, 1980), p. 2.

47. Tanjug (November 12, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 20, 1990, p. 53.

48. Belgrade Domestic Service (December 15, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 20, 1989, p. 80.

49. “Rates of Employment,” p. 35.

50. Jovan Miljuš, “Neka pitanja regionalnog privrednog razvoja SAP Vojvodine,” in Savremenost 6 (26) (January-February 1976): 37-40.

51. Komunist, March 19, 1982, p. 13.

52. “Rates of Employment,” p. 35.

53. Zoran Jašić, “Poticanje razvitka nedovoljno razvijenih područja u SR Hrvatskoj,” in Ekonomski pregled 28 (5-6) (1977): 265.

54. Vjesnik, November 17, 1990, p. 1.

55. Komunist, February 22, 1980, p. 5.

56. “Rates of Employment,” p. 35.

57. Tanjug, November 22, 1990, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 23, 1990, p. 56.

58. Delo (Ljubljana), August 13, 1990, p. 1, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 23, 1990, p. 41.

59. Zakon o fondu federacije za kreditiranje privrednog razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i krajeva (February 17, 1965), in Službeni list SFRJ 21 (8) (February 24, 1965): 181-84.

60. Mihajlo Vuković, Sistemski okviri podsticanja bržeg razvoja nerazvijenih područja Jugoslavije (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1978), p. 58.

61. Ibid., p. 60.

62. Borba, December 28, 1969, p. 9.

63. Mihailović, Nerazvijena područja, pp. 92, 93, 100.

64. Ibid., p. 126.

65. Agim Paca, “Fond federacije za kreditiranje privrednog razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i pokrajina, s osvrtom na SAP Kosovo u periodu od 1966. do 1975. godine,” in Obeležja 7 (3) (May-June 1977), p. 571; and Zakon o fondu federacije za kreditiranje bržeg razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i autonomnih pokrajina (July 29, 1971), in Službeni list 27 (33) (July 30, 1971): Article 25, p. 643.

66. Bogoev, “Politicy of More Rapid Development,” p. 406.

67. Ekonomska politika, no. 1043, March 27, 1972, p. 13.

68. Zakon o kriterijuma za rasporedjivanje sredstava fonda federacije za kreditiranje bržeg razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i autonomnih pokrajina u periodu od 1971. do 1975. godine (November 3, 1972), in Službeni list SFRJ 28 (59) (November 9, 1972): 1089.

69. Mihailo Mladenović, “Neki rezultati razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i pokrajine Kosovo 1971-1974,” in Jugoslovenski pregled 19 (6) (June 1975): 214.

70. Društveni plan Jugoslavije za period od 1971. do 1975. godine (June 29, 1972), in Službeni list SFRJ 28 (35) (July 6, 1972): 703; and Halid Konjhodžić, “Neka pitanja finansiranja bržeg razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i Socijalističke Autonomne Pokrajine Kosovo,” in Godišnjak Pravnog Fakulteta u Sarajevu 1976 24 (1977): 262.

71. Mladenović, “Neki rezultati,” p. 215.

72. Zakon o fondu federacije za kreditiranje bržeg razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i autonomnih pokrajina (July 20, 1976), in Službeni list SFRJ 32 (33) (July 23, 1976): Articles 17-21, p. 833.

73. Zakon o raspodeli sredstava fonda federacije za kreditiranje bržeg razvoja privredno nedovoljno razvijenih republika i autonomnih pokrajina u periodu od 1976. do 1980. godine (July 20, 1976), in Službeni list SFRJ 32 (33) (July 23, 1976): Article 1.

74. See Zakon o dopunskim sredstvima republikama i autonomnim pokrajima u periodu od 1976. do 1980. godine (July 20, 1976), in Službeni list SFRJ 32 (33) (July 23, 1976): Artide 9.

75. Durštveni plan Jugoslavije za period od 1976. do 1980. godine (July 20, 1976), in Službeni list SFRJ 32 (33) (July 23, 1976): 806.

76. Vjesnik, February 22, 1980, p. 5; and Borba, February 22, 1980, p. 4.

77. Vjesnik, July 10, 1980, p. 1. An otherwise identical story in Borba did not carry the comments by the Serbian delegate. See Borba, July 10, 1980, p. 1.

78. Vjesnik, April 25, 1980, p. 5.

79. Borba, April 28, 1980, p. 9.

80. See, for instance, Vjesnik—Sedam dana, March 23, 1980, p. 28.

81. Borba, February 27, 1980, p. 4.

82. Ibid., March 20, 1980, p. 12.

83. Ibid., May 22, 1980, p. 7.

84. Oslobodjenje, October 18, 1980, p. 1.

85. Politika, July 10, 1980, p. 5; Oslobodjenje, July 10, 1980, p. 7; and Borba, July 13, 1980, p. 4. See also NIN, no. 1541, July 13, 1980, pp. 12-13.

86. Politika, September 18, 1980, p. 5.

87. Tanjug (December 16, 1980), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 17, 1980.

88. See Oslobodjenje, September 18, 1980, p. 6.

89. Borba, November 7, 1980, p. 2.

90. Ibid., September 26, 1980, p. 4.

91. Politika, February 28, 1980, p. 5.

92. Rilindja (Pristina), November 18, 1980, p. 7, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 28, 1980.

93. Vjesnik, December 21, 1979, p. 5.

94. Ibid., December 24, 1979, p. 1; and Borba, December 24, 1979, p. 1.

95. Pobjeda (Titograd), December 26, 1979, p. 4.

96. See Vjesnik, April 16, 1980, p. 5.

97. Milos Antic, “Korak napred, dva nazad,” in Borba, December 28, 1979, p. 5.

98. Borba, February 27, 1980, p. 4, and March 6, 1980, p. 1.

99. Ibid., March 21, 1980, p. 1; and Vjesnik, March 21, 1980, p. 1.

100. Dubey, Yugoslavia, p. 192.

101. Marjan Kunej, “Deveti kongres SK Slovenije: Kontinuitet u socijalistickom samoupravljanju je nuznost, potreba i zahtev sadašnjeg vremena,” in Socijalizam 25 (5) (May 1982): 799; Branislav Ribar, “Osmi kongres SK Bosne i Hercegovine: Kongres kontinuiteta i akcije,” in Socijalizam 25 (5) (May 1982): 765; and Živorad Djordjević, “Deveti kongres SK Srbije: Raditi strpljivo, ali efikasno,” in Socijalizam 25 (5) (May 1982): 812.

102. Tanjug (April 19, 1982), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 20, 1982; and Politika, February 2, 1982, p. 7.

103. Borba, April 22, 1982, p. 3; and Vjesnik, August 5, 1982, p. 12.

104. Belgrade Domestic Service (September 5, 1985), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), September 9, 1985, p. 12; Tanjug (October 2, 1985), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 4, 1985, p. 110; Politika, April 4, 1986, p. 5; NIN, no. 1978, November 27, 1988: 12; and Yugoslav Life (April 1990): 2.

105. Tanjug (January 23, 1990), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), January 24, 1990, p. 83; Politika, January 25, 1990, p. 8; and Narodna armija, as cited in Yugoslav Life (April 1990): 2.

106. Tanjug (February 28, 1990), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 2, 1990, p. 77; Borba, March 13, 1990, p. 4; and Vjesnik, July 7, 1990, p. 2.

107. Borba, July 4, 1990, p. 1, and July 20, 1990, p. 1.

108. Ibid., July 2½2, 1990, p. 5.

109. Drago Bates, Ekonomika saobraćaja (Belgrade: Naucna knjiga, 1979), p. 105.

110. Hrvatski tjednik, April 16, 1971, p. 7.

111. Slavijan Belamarić argued that SAS was a unit only in name and that even Denmark had, in fact, six operating airline companies. See ibid.

112. Vjesnik, February 18, 1979, p. 8.

113. Hrvatski tjednik, April 16, 1971, p. 7.

114. Interview, Belgrade, March 1980.

115. Vjesntk, February 18, 1979, p. 8.

116. Ibid., March 25, 1980, p. 4.

117. Delo, January 22, 1980, p. 3.

118. Privredni pregled, December 10, 1979, p. 8.

119. Borba, May 18, 1971, p. 4.

120. Svjet (Sarajevo), March 4, 1980, pp. 8-9, trans. in Joint Translation Service, no. 5937.

121. Politika, January 30, 1980, p. 11; and Vjesnik, April 4, 1980, p. 5.

122. Interview, Sarajevo, June 1980.

123. Interview, Belgrade, March 1980.

124. Delo, November 15, 1978, p. 4.

125. Ibid., August 26, 1978, p. 20.

126. See Politika, November 16, 1978, p. 9.

127. Delo, July 7, 1979, p. 20.

128. Ibid., August 26, 1978, p. 20.

129. Vjesnik, November 18, 1979.

130. Interview, Belgrade, March 1980.

131. NIN, no. 1630, March 28, 1982, p. 24.

132. Interview, Belgrade, July 1982.

133. Vjesnik—Sedam dana, January 17, 1987.

134. Vjesnik, October 17, 1990, p. 9. See also NIN, no. 2074, September 28, 1990, p. 24.

135. Djuranović, “Socio-Economic Development of Montenegro,” p. 82; and Manojlo Stanković, “Transport and Communications, “ in Yugoslav Survey 16 (4) (November 1975): 99.

136. See “E5: Terror von Blech und Blut,” in Der Spiegel, August 25, 1975, pp. 92101.

137. Borislav Nikolić, “Development of Transport Service,” in Yugoslav Survey 7 (26) (July-September 1966): 3813.

138. Mirko Dokić, Ekonomika, organizacija i razvoj saobraćaja SFRJ (Belgrade: Institut Ekonomskih Nauka, 1977), p. 41.

139. Dennison I. Rusinow, “Ports and Politics in Yugoslavia,” American Universities Field Staff Reports, Southeast Europe Series, Vol. 11, No. 3 (April 1964), pp. 5-6.

140. Completion of the terminal was expected by the second half of 1981, allowing Šibenik to handle two million tons of cargo a year, of which one million would be raw phosphate from North Africa. This would make Šibenik the principal terminal for the transfer of phosphate on the Adriatic. Anticipated cost was 250 million dinars (Vjesnik, November 27, 1979, p. 16).

141. Rusinow, “Ports and Politics,” p. 17.

142. Vjesnik, May 19, 1980, p. 7; and Oslobodjenje, October 29, 1981, p. 3.

143. Dokić, Ekonomika, organizacija, pp. 617-18.

144. Ibid., p. 618.

145. F. E. Ian Hamilton, Yugoslavia: Patterns of Economic Activity (New York: Praeger, 1968), pp. 282, 293. Two other towns deserve mention—Zadar, whose annual tonnage had been negligible, and Kotor in Montenegro, whose superb natural harbor has been highly coveted by the Soviets as a desirable port for their Mediterranean fleet. Yet, from a commercial viewpoint, Kotor is not in the running, for, as Hamilton has noted, “despite its magnificent fjord-like natural harbour, Kotor cannot become a port on account of poor site conditions and the impossibility of linking the town economically with anything but tortuous roads. The coast road to Dubrovnik and Ulcinj is difficult, but the one road inland, to Cetinje and Titograd, climbs the slopes of Mount Lovcen from sea level to about 4,500 ft. in about 30 hairpin turns. From here, too, an economic hinterland is less accessible than from Bar” (Hamilton, Yugoslavia, p. 295n).

146. Novi list (Rijeka), October 20, 1974, p. 3, trans. in Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), East Europe Report, October 29, 1974.

147. Report by Marin Bakica, in Osmi kongres Saveza komunista Hrvatske: Zagreb, 24-26, travnja 1978—Stenografske bilješke (Zagreb: Zrinski, 1978), 2: pp. 239-40.

148. Mirko Dokić, “Društveno-ekonomska uloga i saobraćajni značaj pruge Beograd-Bar, luke Bar i priključnih pruga, i osnove razvoja turizma u užem gravitacionom području ove pruge,” in Železnice 32 (5) (May 1976): 45.

149. “Tunnel Construction,” in Yugoslav Survey 3 (8) (January-March 1962): 1163; Hamilton, Yugoslavia, p. 282; and Gordon C. McDonald et al., Area Handbook for Yugoslavia (Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Publications, 1970), pp. 478-79, 482.

150. Hamilton, Yugoslavia, p. 277; and Privredni pregled (February 24, 1978), p. 3, trans. in JPRS, East Europe Report, March 31, 1978.

151. Borislav Uskoković, “Šansa turističke valorizacije pruge Beograd-Bar,” in Ovdje (June 1976): 26.

152. Komunist, January 9, 1978, p. 8.

153. Dokic, Ekonomika, organizacija, p. 71.

154. See Tihomir Babic, “Značaj pruge Beograd-Bar sa stanovišta saobračajnog sistema SFRJ,” in Zeleznice, 32 (5) (May 1976): 38-39.

155. Politika, December 11, 1970, p. 7.

156. Vjesnik, January 9, 1980, p. 7; and Vjesnik—Sedam dana, January 26, 1980, p. 9.

157. NIN, no. 1529, April 27, 1980, pp. 9-13.

158. Ibid., p. 12.

159. Ibid., p. 13.

160. Interviews, Ljubljana, July 1982.

161. Ekonomska politika, no. 1055, June 19, 1972, p. 16.

162. Belgrade Domestic Service (October 16, 1980), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 17, 1980.

163. Danas, no. 394, September 5, 1989, p. 11.

164. Vjesnik, August 28, 1989, p. 5.

165. Suddeutsche Zeitung (Munich), November 21-22, 1987, p. 8.

166. NIN, no. 1925, November 22, 1987, pp. 12-13; and New York Times, October 5, 1988, p. 3.

167. Intervju (Belgrade), no. 215, September 1, 1989, pp. 19-21.

168. NIN, no. 1290, October 18, 1987, p. 9; and Večernje novosti (Belgrade), September 14, 1989, p. 3.

169. Financial Times, May 16, 1988, p. 2.

170. Ljubljana Domestic Service (December 19, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 20, 1989, p. 77.

171. Tanjug (December 19, 1989), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 20, 1989, p. 77.

172. Vjesnik—Panorama subotom, July 23, 1988, p. 14.

173. Politika, September 12, 1990, p. 14.

174. Tanjug (October 15, 1988), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 17, 1988, pp. 52-53.

175. Borba, June 1, 1989, p. 7.

9. Nationalist Tensions, 1968-90: Muslims, Albanians, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins

1. Quoted in Miloš Mišović, Ko je tražio republiku: Kosovo 1945-1985 (Belgrade: Narodna Knjiga, 1987), p. 170.

2. Borba, February 9, 1980, p. 3.

3. Muhamed Kešetović, “Edvard Kardelj—Doprinos primjeni i razradi marksističkog metoda u izučavanju nacije,” Opredjeljenja 11 (3-4) (March-April 1980): 90.

4. Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1979 (Belgrade: Savezni zavod za statistiku, July 1979), pp. 69, 410; Vukasin Stambolić, “Položaj i odnosi republika u SFRJ” (Master’s thesis, University of Belgrade, 1968), app.

5. Hamdija Pozderac, Nacionalni odnosi i socijalističko zajedništvo (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1978), p. 87.

6. Atif Purivatra, “Stav Komunističke Partije Jugoslavije prema nacionalnom pitanju u Bosni i Hercegovini,” in Nacionalni odnosi danas, ed. Milan Petrović and Kasim Suljevic (Sarajevo: Univerzal, 1971), p. 191.

7. Pozderac, Nacionalni odnosi, p. 86.

8. Interview, Sarajevo, June 1980.

9. For example, Ivo Pilar, Die sudslatvische Frage und der Weltkrieg (Vienna: Manzsche k. u. k. Hof-, Verlags-u. Universitats-Buchhandlung, 1918), pp. 170, 185, 195, 213.

10. The Serbophile theories are discussed in Kasim Suljević, Nacionalnost Muslimana (Rijecka: Otokar Keršovani, 1981).

11. Humo’s remarks were made at a party conference on June 19, 1971, and reported in Vjesnik, July 5, 1971; K. F. Cviic, “Yugoslavia’s Moslem Problem,” World Today 36 (3) (March 1980): 110. See also David A. Dyker, “The Ethnic Muslims of Bosnia—Some Basic Socio-Economic Data,” Slavonic and East European Review 50 (119) (April 1972): 238-39.

12. Carl Gustav Ströhm, Ohne Tito (Graz: Verlag Styria, 1976), pp. 243-44; Pozderac, Nacionalni odnosi, p. 66. According to Purivatra, no more than 2 or 3 percent of the Muslim population in Bosnia-Herzegovina is ethnically non-Slavic (that small portion consisting mainly of a Turkish, Arab, Persian, and Caucasian admixture); Purivatra, “The National Phenomenon of the Moslems of Bosnia-Herzegovina,” Socialist Thought and Practice 12 (12) (December 1974): 36n. Perhaps the most sophisticated treatment of the Bogomils in English is John V. A. Fine, Jr., The Bosnian Church: A New Interpretation, East European Monographs (New York: Columbia University Press, 1975).

13. Interview, Sarajevo, June 1980.

14. R. V. Burks, The National Problem and the Future of Yugoslavia (Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand Corporation, October 1971), p. 26.

15. Pozderac, Nacionalni odnosi, p. 44.

16. See Zadaci SK Srbije u razvoju medjunacionalnih odnosa i borbi protiv nacionalizmo (Belgrade: Komunist, 1978), pp. 122-25; and Branko Petranović, Istorija Jugoslavije 1918-1988, (Belgrade-Nolit, 1988), 3:389.

17. Humo, “Muslimani u Jugoslaviji,” pt. 3, Komunist, July 25, 1968, p. 15.

18. Compare the 1953 census figures given in Paul Shoup, Communism and the Yugoslav National Question (New York: Columbia University Press, 1968), p. 267, with Statistički godišnjak Jugoslavije 1979, p. 112. See also Dragosavac, “O nekim aspektima,” p. 127.

19. “Staat und Nationalität in Jugoslawien,” Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Südosteuropa 19 (8) (August 1970): 119.

20. Ibid., p. 118.

21. As quoted in “Muslimani: Nacija ili vera,” NIN, no. 1048, February 7, 1971, p. 29.

22. Milan Bulajić, “Problemi samoopredeljenja nacija i čovjeka i jugoslovenski federalizam,” in Federalizam i nacionalno pitanje (Belgrade: Savez udruženja za političke nauke Jugoslavije, 1971), pp. 267-68.

23. “Muslimani: Nacija ili vera,” p. 29.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., p. 32.

26. “Islamic Publication Protests Restrictions on Religious Education,” summary of article in Preporod, nos. 19-20 (October 1977): 2, in JPRS/EE, November 18, 1977.

27. Rilindja, March 7, 1981, as quoted in Louis Zanga, “Kosovar-Macedonian Quarrel over Nationality Issue,” Radio Free Europe Research (March 27, 1981), p. 2.

28. Todo Kurtović, Crkva i religija u socijalističkom samoupravnom društvu (Belgrade: Rad, 1978), p. 64; and Fuad Muhić, interview in Start, no. 283, November 28-December 12, 1979, pp. 13-14.

29. Constitutional System of Yugoslavia (Belgrade: Jugoslovenska stvarnost, 1980), p. 85.

30. Ibid.

31. Borba, April 26, 1970, p. 5, translated in Joint Translation Service, no. 5616.

32. Oslobodjenje, October 18, 1973, p. 6; and Tanjug, October 23, 1973, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, October 26, 1973.

33. New York Times, April 8, 1974, p. 2.

34. Aziz Hadžihasanović, “Muslimanski nacionalizam, šta je to?” Oslobodjenje, February 19, 1974, p. 5.

35. Oslobodjenje, February 21, 1974, p. 5; and February 22, 1974, p. 5. Yugoslavia had broken off diplomatic relations with Israel in 1967.

36. As quoted in Borba, May 10, 1972, p. 5.

37. Kurtović, Crkva i religija, p. 63.

38. Pozderac, in Komunist, November 23, 1979, p. 10.

39. Delo, May 28, 1983, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 9, 1983; Vjesnik, July 16, 1983, p. 8; Archiv der Gegenwart, August 20, 1983, p. 26903; and Christian Science Monitor, September 28, 1983, p. 7. See also Hamza Bakšić, “Nesudjeni neimari ‘Islamistana,’ “ in Komunist, August 5, 1983, p. 7; and Nijaz Durakovié, “Od ‘Mladih muslimana’ do panislamizma,” in Komunist, September 23, 1983, p. 20.

40. Vjesnik u srijedu, February 5, 1975, translated in JPRS/EE, March 11, 1975.

41. Vjesnik, November 27, 1979, p. 1.

42. Edvard Kardelj, Razvoj slovenačkog nacionalnog pitanja, 2d ed. (Belgrade: Kultura, 1958), exerpted in Nacionalno pitanje, p. 405.

43. Ivo Banac, With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1988), p. 206.

44. Quoted in ibid., p. 207.

45. Mišović, Ko je tražio republiku, pp. 45-46.

46. Ibid., pp. 53-54.

47. Ibid., p. 36.

48. Branko Horvat, Kosovosko pitanje (Zagreb: Globus, 1988), p. 62.

49. Ljiljana Bulatović, Prizrenski proces (Novi Sad: Književna zajednica, 1988), esp. pp. 9-27.

50. Jens Reuter, Die Albaner in Jugoslawien (Munich: R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1982), p. 45.

51. Hirzi Islami, “Kretanje nepismenosti u Albanaca u Jugoslaviji,” in Sociologija 20 (2-3) (1978): 315-16.

52. Ibid., p. 320. See also Milenko Karan, “Žene Kosova izmedju običajnih pravila, savremenih prilika i samoupravnih zahteva,” Žena 34 (6) (1975).

53. See documents in Nacionalno pitanje, pp. 500-503.

54. Sedma sednica pokrajinskog komiteta SKJ na Kosovu i Metohiji (1966), in Zadaci SK Srbije, p. 114.

55. Radio Belgrade, February 10, 1968.

56. Mišović, Ko je tražlo republiku, p. 133.

57. Ibid., pp. 134-135.

58. Ibid., p. 136.

59. Ibid., February 12, 1968; and New York Times, November 28, 1968, p. 19.

60. Borba, October 28, 1968.

61. Enver Hozha has been ruler of Albania since World War II. See report by Dušan Mugoša, in Deveti Kongres Saveza Komunista Jugoslavije (Beograd, 11-13 III 1969)— Stenografske beleške (Belgrade: Komunist, 1970) 3: 367; also New York Times, November 28, 1968, p. 19.

62. Othmar Nikola Haberl, Parteiorganisation und nationale Frage in Jugoslawien (Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz, 1976), p. 73.

63. New York Times, January 16, 1975, p. 8.

64. Sensing that a natural ally agianst Serbian international imperialism was under fire, Croatian nationalists sprang to Kosovo’s defense, accusing Stanic of manipulating the figures from the various postwar censuses in order to hoodwink NIN’s readers and accepting the official results as accurate and legitimate; Bruno Bušić, “Čudne kosovske brojidbe,” HT, September 3, 1971, p. 3.

65. Sednica predsedništva CK SK Srbije (May 17, 1976), in Zadaci SK Srbije, p. 165; Ivan Stojanović, “Problemi zapošljavanja i medjunacionalni odnosi,” Gledišta 15 (7-8) (July-August 1974): 747; and Oslobodjenje, May 14, 1981, p. 20.

66. Bilten pokrajinskog zavoda za statistiku SAPK (1975), cited by Nebi Gasi, “Nacionalna ravnopravnost na Kosovu i politika zapošljavanja,” in Udruieni rad, i medjunacionalni odnosi (Belgrade: Komunist, 1978), p. 158.

67. Tanjug, March 10, 1982, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, March 11, 1982.

68. Politika, March 4, 1971, p. 6; and Borba, April 5, 1971, p. 6.

69. Suddeutsche Zeitung, December 17, 24-26, 1971.

70. Radio Belgrade, March 18, 1976, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, March 18, 1976; Tanjug, May 5, 7, and 12, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, May 6, 8, and 14, 1981; and Times (London), May 13, 1981.

71. Dušan Ristić, “Kosovo i Savez komunista Kosova izmedju dva kongresa i dve konferencije,” Obeležja 8 (2) (March-April 1978): 24; Jedanaesta pokrajinska konferencija SK Kosova (1974), in Zadaci SK Srbije, p. 161; Reuters News Service, January 13, 1975, in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, January 14, 1975; and Frankfurter Allgemeine, May 7, 1981, p. 3. See also Yugoslav Information Bulletin (Belgrade, January 1975), pp. 21-22.

72. Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 20, 1980, p. 3.

73. “Albanische Irredenta in Kosovo?” Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Sudosteuropa 29 (4) (April 1980): 84.

74. Tanjug, May 12, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, May 14, 1981.

75. Interviews, Belgrade, 1980; Vjesnik, April 5, 1980, p. 7; Mladost (Belgrade), August 22, 1980, p. 6; and Der Spiegel, May 22, 1978, p. 182. Large numbers of Albanians were reportedly also imprisoned in the prison in Niš, in southern Serbia.

76. Vjesnik, April 5, 1980, p. 7; Borba, April 4, 1980, p. 3; Oslobodjenje, July 8, 1980, p. 2; and Tanjug, May 12, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, May 14, 1981.

77. Tanjug, May 18 and 20, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, May 19 and 21, 1981; and Frankfurter Allgemeine, May 19, 1981, p. 4.

78. NIN, no. 1588, June 7, 1981, pp. 11-12; and NIN, no. 1590, June 21, 1981, p. 13.

79. Rilindja, November 8, 1975, summarized in Radio Belgrade, November 7, 1975, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, November 10, 1975.

80. Tanjug, July 15, 1975, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, July 16, 1975.

81. Politika, March 30, 1980, p. 8.

82. Živorad Z. Igić, “SK Kosova i unutarpartijsko informisanje,” Obeležja 9 (1) (January-February 1979): 30.

83. Tanjug, November 1, 1980, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, November 3, 1980; Politika, February 12, 1981, p. 1; and Komunist, February 20, 1981.

84. Financial Times (London), March 13, 1981, p. 18; Times (London), March 14, 1981, p. 5; and New York Times, April 7, 1981, p. A3.

85. See Frankfurter Allegemeine, April 24, 1981, p. 3.

86. Times (London), April 4, 1981, p. 4; New York Times, April 7, 1981, p. A3; Frankfurter Allgemeine, April 27, 1981, p. 3; Radio Belgrade, April 3 and 24, 1981, and Hamburg DPA, April 3, 1981, translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, April 3 and 27 and April 6, 1981; and Reuter, Die Albaner in Jugoslawien, p. 82.

87. See Vjesnik, April 7, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, April 13, 1981.

88. See Frankfurter Allegemeine, April 4, 1981, pp. 1, 3.

89. Vjesnik, June 11, 1981, p. 12; Frankfurter Allgemeine, May 14, 1981, p. 1; Tanjug, June 6, 1981, and Vjesnik—Sedam dana, June 6, 1981, translated repectively in JPRS/EE, June 24, 1981, and July 1, 1981.

90. Frankfurter Allgemeine, May 12, 1981, p. 1; and Politika, January 8, 1982, p. 7.

91. Tanjug, June 26, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 30, 1981; and Tanjug, July 14, 1981, in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, July 15, 1981.

92. Nova Makedonija, June 9, 1981, p. 3; Tanjug, July 7 and 9, 1981, and Radio Belgrade (August 24, 1981), translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, July 7 and 9, 1981, and August 25, 1981.

93. Radio Belgrade, June 5 and November 12, 1981, and Tanjug, July 18, 1981, translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 9, November 13, and July 22, 1981; and Frankfurter Allgemeine, June 26, 1981, p. 3.

94. Paris AFP, November 17, 1981, and Radio Belgrade, November 24, 1981, translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, November 18 and 25, 1981.

95. Frankfurter Allgemeine, July 29, 1981, p. 3, and February 16, 1982, p. 1; Neue Zürcher Zeitung, February 17, 1982, p. 1, February 21-22, 1982, p. 3, and March 1415, 1982, p. 4; Radio Belgrade, January 7, March 11, and April 1, 1982, and Tanjug, September 30 and October 27, 1982, translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, January 7, March 12, April 5, October 1, and October 28, 1982.

96. Vjesnik, April 7, 1981, and Tanjug, April 17, May 14, and June 3, 1981, translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, April 13 and 20, May 15, June 4, 1981; Tanjug, March 30, 1982, in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, March 31, 1982; Vjesnik, July 26, 1982, p. 4; and Christian Science Monitor, July 27, 1982, p. 8.

97. Frankfurter Allgemeine, May 12, 1982, p. 6.

98. Tanjug, May 29, 1981 and June 6, 1983, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 1, 1981, and June 9, 1983.

99. “Zaključci 20. sednice Centralnog komiteta Saveza komunista Jugoslavije,” Socijalizam 24 (4) (1981): 570-72. See also Lazar Mojsov, “O neprijateljskoj i kontrarevolucionarnoj aktivnosti u SAP Kosovu,” and Ali Šukrija, “Nacionalizam i iredentizam na Kosovu,” in Socijalizam 24 (4) (1981).

100. Borba, June 4, 1981, p. 4; Tanjug, June 5 and 15, July 23, and September 17, 1981, and Radio Priština, August 6, 1981, translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 9 and 17, July 24, September 18, and August 7, 1981; and Neue Zürcher Zeitung, September 27-28, 1981, p. 1.

101. Politika, June 2, 1981, p. 5; and Christian Science Monitor, September 2, 1981, p. 7.

102. See Frankfurter Allgemeine, September 23, 1981, p. 2.

103. Radio Budapest, April 15, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, April 17, 1981.

104. Politika, October 27, 1981, p. 7.

105. Radio Belgrade, April 19, 1978, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, April 21, 1978.

106. Reuter, Die Albaner in Jugoslawien, p. 93.

107. Borba, May 21, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, June 4, 1981.

108. Tanjug, December 10, 1981, translated in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, December 16, 1981.

109. For details about these organizations, see Sabrina P. Ramet, Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Meaning of the Great Transformation (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991).

110. New York Times, November 1, 1987, p. 6.

111. Večernji list (Zagreb), June 26, 1987, p. 5. For a complete transcript of the proceedings of June 26 (the first day of the session), see Borba, June 28, 1987, special supplement.

112. Tanjug (September 7, 1988), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), September 13, 1988, p. 51.

113. Danas, no. 278, June 16, 1987, p. 30; and Borba, November 20, 1987, p. 3.

114. For further discussion of the Serbian Orthodox Church, see my chapter on that subject in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Eastern Christianity and Politics in the Twentieth Century (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1988).

115. Quoted in New York Times, October 24, 1986, p. A8. See also NIN, no. 1869, October 26, 1986, pp. 14-15.

116. Književne novine, June 15, 1987, reprinted in Pravoslavlje, June 15, 1987, p. 2.

117. Duga, June 13-26, 1987, p. 18.

118. For example, Reporter, no. 984, June 1, 1987, p. 3.

119. Quoted in Borba, January 20, 1987, p. 3, trans. in JPRS, East Europe Report, No. EER-87-030, March 2, 1987, p. 109.

120. NIN, no. 1939, February 28, 1988, p. 8.

121. Quoted in Belgrade Domestic Service (September 5, 1988), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), September 12, 1988, p. 65.

122. New York Times, November 19, 1988, p. 4.

123. As reported in Die Welt, July 2, 1981.

124. See, for example, NIN, no. 1975, November 6, 1988, pp. 9-11; and Vjesnik, July 3, 1990, pp. 1, 3.

125. Pedro Ramet, Nationalism and Federalism in Yugoslavia, 1963-1983 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984), p. 171.

126. Interview with Šime Djodan, adviser at the Institute for Public Finances, Zagreb, September 12, 1989.

127. Süddeutsche Zeitung (Munich), December 17, 1980.

128. See Croatia Press 27 (3-4) (September-December 1974): 6-7.

129. Ibid. 28 (1-2) (April-June 1975): 4.

130. Ibid., pp. 3, 7-8. See also New York Times, February 18, 1975, p. 6.

131. Die Welt, November 25, 1980; Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 5, 1980, p. 5. A separate group of Serbian intellectuals subsequently submitted a similar petition to the federal government, likewise requesting a blanket amnesty for all political prisoners in Yugoslavia.

132. Süddeutsche Zeitung, July 26, 1978, p. 3, translated in JPRS/EE, August 29, 1978.

133. As reported in Frankfurter Allgemeine, March 24, 1980.

134. Interview with Franjo Tudjman, retired general and president of the Croatian Democratic Community, Zagreb, September 11, 1989.

135. NIN, no. 1538, June 22, 1980, pp. 36-37.

136. Interviews, Zagreb, July 1982.

137. Frankfurter Allgemeine, May 22, 1981, p. 7.

138. As reported by Svijet, August 17, 1981, quoted in Glas koncila, August 30, 1981, p. 2, and translated in JPRS/EE, October 13, 1981.

139. Kurtović, Crkva i religija, pp. 137, 139.

140. Cited by Zdenko Antic, “Catholic Clergy in Croatia under Sharp Attack,” Radio Free Europe Research, July 29, 1977, p. 4.

141. Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 5, 1980, p. 5, translated in JPRS/EE, September 9, 1980.

142. Die Welt, September 11, 1979, p. 5. A crowd of 150,000-250,000 Catholic Croats gathered on September 2, 1979, in the town of Nin in an outpouring of religious and national sentiment. Croatian Cardinal Franjo Šeper, prefect of the Congregation for Sacred Doctrine, represented the pope at the rally.

143. Frankfurter Allgemeine, July 29, 1981, p. 3. The campaign began with attacks on the character and memory of Cardinal Stepinac, broadened by criticizing current church leaders for their defense of Stepinac, and finally assumed the form of a campaign against the church per se. A particularly striking development was the arrest late in the year of the parish priest in the village of Stražeman, who allegedly had authorized the inclusion of a likeness of Stepinac in a mosaic in his refurbished church; Tanjug (October 17 and 26, 1981), translated respectively in FBIS, Daily Report, Eastern Europe, October 22 and 27, 1981.

144. Vjesnik, September 23, 1984, p. 4.

145. Politika, January 12, 1985, p. 6.

146. Tanjug (April 8, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 9, 1985, pp. 17-18; Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 10, 1985, p. 4; The Times, April 11, 1985, p. 4; Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 11, 1985, p. 2; Tanjug (April 11, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 12, 1985, pp. 12-14; Tanjug (April 12, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 15, 1985, pp. 11-12; Neue Zürcher Zeitung, April 14-15, 1985, p. 3; Tanjug (April 16, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 17, 1985, p. 16; Tanjug (April 19, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 23, 1985, pp. 114—115; Tanjug (April 29, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 30, 1985, pp. 121—122; Tanjug (May 10, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), May 13, 1985, p. 15; and Vjesnik, May 11, 1985, p. 12.

147. The Economist (London), September 14, 1985, p. 57.

148. Quoted in NIN, no. 1805, August 4, 1985, trans. in JPRS, East Europe Report, no. EPS-85-102, October 15, 1985, p. 132.

149. The Economist, September 14, 1985, p. 57.

150. Interview, Zagreb, August 30, 1989.

151. Banac, With Stalin against Tito, p. 106.

152. Danas (July 16, 1985), pp. 15-16, trans. in JPRS, East Europe Report, no. EPS-85-092, September 6, 1985, p. 118.

153. Josip Vidmar, in Jugoslovensko rodoljublje danas (Belgrade: Nova knjiga, 1984), p. 120. For early discussions, see Politika, January 21, 1983, p. 6; “Nationalismus in Slowenien?” in Osteuropa 34 (2) (February 1984): A87-A100; Frankfurter Allgemeine, March 16, 1987, p. 3; “Slowenien—eigenstàndig, aber im Rahmen der Föderation,” in Osteuropa 37 (7) (July 1987): A366-A374; Komunist, September 4, 1987, p. 21; and Borba, October 22, 1987, p. 2.

154. On the last of these points, see Neue Zürcher Zeitung, September 1, 1990, p. 3.

155. Interview with Igor Vidmar, member of NSK, Ljubljana, June 30, 1987; and interview with two members of NSK who asked not to be identified, Ljubljana, September 1, 1989. For a discussion of the Irwin group, see Slobodna Dalmacija, August 28, 1989, p. 6.

156. For more on Laibach, see Pedro Ramet, “The Rock Scene in Yugoslavia,” in Eastern European Politics and Societies 2 (2) (Spring 1988); and Sabrina P. Ramet, “Rock Music in Yugoslavia,” in Sabrina P. Ramet (ed.), Rocking the State: Rock Music and Politics in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, manuscript under review.

157. The issue is summarized in Svet (Belgrade), September 1989, pp. 50-51. See also Frankfurter Allgemeine, June 12, 1987, p. 7. For an elaborate discussion of the special issue of Nova revija, see Mirjana Kasapović, “O slovenskom nacionalnom programu,” in Naše teme 32 (4) (1988): 771-86.

158. Frankfurter Allgemeine, August 21, 1986, p. 5.

159. Tomaz Mastnak, “The Night of the Long Knives,” in Across Frontiers 4 (4) (Winter/Spring 1989): 5.

160. Tanjug (May 31, 1988), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), June 1, 1988, p. 51.

161. The Times (London), July 28, 1988.

162. Glas koncila (Zagreb), June 26, 1988, p. 3; and Borba, July 18, 1988, p. 12.

163. Ljubljana Domestic Service (June 29, 1988) and (July 8, 1988), trans. respectively in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 15, 1988, pp. 60 and 59; Tanjug (July 19, 1988), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 20, 1988, p. 61; Danas, no. 354, November 29, 1988, p. 13; Delo (Ljubljana), July 26, 1988, p. 1.

164. AFP (Paris), June 3, 1988, in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), June 6, 1988, p. 58.

165. Janez Janša, “War and Peace in the New Constitution,” in Independent Voices from Slovenia, Yugoslavia, Special ed., Vol. 4 (October 1988), p. 27.

166. Borba, July 29, 1988, p. 16.

167. Tanjug (July 28, 1988), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 28, 1988, p. 32.

168. Ibid.

169. Interview, Ljubljana, September 1, 1989.

170. Frankfurter Allgemeine, June 21, 1988, p. 4.

171. Quoted in Danas, no. 344, September 20, 1988, p. 13.

172. Tanjug (December 17, 1988), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 19, 1988, p. 53.

173. Mladina (Ljubljana), September 1, 1989, p. 4.

174. On the concept of ethnogenesis, see 8 Novosti, July 3, 1982, p. 33.

175. Nikola Vukčević, Etničko porijeklo crnogoraca (Belgrade: Sava Mihić, 1981).

176. Marko Špadijer, “Nacionalizam u Crnoj Gori,” in Soctjalizam 29 (4) (April 1986): 112.

177. Ibid., p. 113.

178. Borba, July 28/29, 1990, p. 13. See also Vjesnik, July 23, 1990, p. 3.

179. Borba, November 13, 1990, p. 3. See also Vjesnik, October 13, 1990, p. 5.

180. Politika, August 30, 1990, p. 10.

181. Tanjug (August 23, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 24, 1990, p. 43.

182. “Interview/Miha Kovač: The Slovene Spring,” in New Left Review, no. 171 (September-October 1988): 115.

10. Political Debates, 1980-89

1. Dušan Bilandžić, Jugoslavija poslije Tita (1980-1985) (Zabreb: Globus, 1986), p. 9. See also Ivica Josipović, “Geneza krize savremenog jugoslovenskog društva,” in Socijalizam 30 (10) (October 1987).

2. As I noted in my earlier article, “Yugoslavia 1982: Political Ritual, Political Drift, and the Fetishization of the Past,” in South Slav Journal 5 (3) (Autumn 1982): 20.

3. Samuel P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968).

4. See my essay, “Yugoslavia 1987: Stirrings from Below,” in South Slav Journal 10 (3) (Autumn 1987): 23.

5. Oslobodjenje, September 27, 1980, and July 26, 1981, p. 4; Politika, May 25, 1981; and Start, no. 327, (August 1, 1981), p. 19.

6. Komunist, July 24, 1981, p. 8.

7. Danas, June 22, 1982, p. 14.

8. Politika, February 2, 1982, p. 6.

9. NIN, no. 1594, July 19, 1981, p. 8.

10. Danas, June 22, 1982, p. 43.

11. Komunist, October 9, 1981; and Politika, March 17, 1982.

12. Borba, October 20, 1981.

13. NIN, no. 1596, August 2, 1981, pp. 15-16.

14. Ibid., no. 1601, November 15, 1981, p. 9.

15. 8 Novosti, July 3, 1982, p. 9.

16. NIN, no. 1645, July 11, 1982, p. 10.

17. Borba, September 24, 1982; and NIN, no. 1656, September 26, 1982.

18. Komunist, July 23, 1982, pp. 12-13.

19. Politika, March 30, 1983, p. 8.

20. See Boro Krivokapić, Jugoslavija i komunisti: adresa Jovana Djordjevića (Belgrade: Mladost, 1988), p. 133.

21. No one was arguing for the confederalization of the system at that stage.

22. I argued this point and provided documentation in my essay, “The Limits to Political Change in a Communist Country: The Yugoslav Debate, 1980-1986,” in Crossroads, no. 23 (1987).

23. For further discussion of the Serbian reform proposal, see Wolfgang Höpken, “Party Monopoly and Political Change: The League of Communists since Tito’s Death, “ in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Yugoslavia in the 1980s (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985).

24. For details of the 1984 plenum, see Ramet, “The Limits,” pp. 73-74.

25. Tanjug (September 22, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), September 25, 1985, p. 14.

26. Politika, November 23, 1988, p. 10.

27. Ibid., September 13, 1990, p. 1.

28. Borba, October 12-15, 1984, summarized in an editorial report for Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), East Europe Report, no. EPS-84-135, November 1, 1984, p. 120.

29. See, for example, the resolutions of the party’s Twenty-First Session (October 31, 1985), as reported in Tanjug (November 2, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 13, 1985, pp. 11-127.

30. New York Times, December 8, 1985, p. 12.

31. Danas, no. 127, July 24, 1984, pp. 22-24; and Borba, March 18, 1985, p. 3.

32. Politika, December 25, 1981, pp. 1-4.

33. NIN, no. 1883, February 1, 1987, p. 9.

34. Ibid., p. 11.

35. Politika, March 20, 1987, p. 1.

36. Ibid., March 18, 1987, p. 10, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 7, 1987, p. 17.

37. Danas, July 28, 1987, pp. 12-14, trans. in JPRS, East Europe Report, no. EER-87-149 (October 28, 1987), pp. 28-29.

38. Tanjug (November 18, 1985), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 26, 1985, pp. 11-19.

39. Narodna armija, August 14, 1986, p. 3, translated in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 21, 1986, p. 14.

40. Vjesnik, June 25, 1986, pp. 4-5.

41. Ibid., June 30, 1986, p. 2.

42. Borba, November 24, 1986, p. 2.

43. Tanjug (July 6, 1988), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 12, 1988, p. 57.

44. Branko Horvat, Politička ekonomija socijalizma (Zagreb, 1984), as summarized (and criticized) in Miladin Korać, “Branko Horvat: ‘Politička ekonomija socijalizma’— kritička analiza trećeg dela knjige,” in Socijalizam 27 (10) (October 1984).

45. See, for example, Hamdija Pozderac, “Bespartijska demokratija kao politički ideal,” in Socijalizam 30 (6) (June 1987).

46. Interview with Vojislav Vučković, president of the Commission for Constitional Questions of the Sabor, Zagreb, September 11, 1989.

47. Borba, August 16, 1988, p. 1.

48. Ciril Ribičič and Zdravko Tomac, Federalizam po mjeri budućnosti (Zagreb: Globus, 1989), p. 322.

49. Interview with Zdravko Tomac, member of the Commission for Constitutional Reforms of SAWP-Croatia, Zagreb, September 12, 1989.

50. Ribičič and Tomac, Federalizam, p. 48.

51. Ibid., p. 66.

52. They are listed in ibid., pp. 89-90.

53. Borba, June 1, 1989, p. 7.

54. Tanjug (July 6, 1989), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 11, 1989, p. 67.

55. Interview with Marijan Korosić, in NIN, no. 1959, July 17, 1988, pp. 16-18.

56. Quoted in Tanjug (April 19, 1989), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), April 20, 1989, p. 49.

57. Belgrade Domestic Service (May 5, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), May 8, 1989, p. 51.

11. A New Napoleon: The Rise of Slobodan Milošević

1. I expressed some skepticism about the long-term viability of Yugoslavia’s political formulas in Pedro Ramet, “Yugoslavia and the Threat of Internal and External Discontents,” in Orbis 28 (1) (Spring 1984); and Pedro Ramet, “Apocalypse Culture and Social Change in Yugoslavia,” in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Yugoslavia in the 1980s (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985).

2. Danas, no. 354, November 29, 1988, p. 18.

3. Ivan Stambolić, Rasprave o SR Srbiji 1979-1987. (Zagreb: Globus, 1988), pp. 201-2. See also Ciril Ribičič and Zdravko Tomac, Federalizam po mjeri budućnosti (Zagreb: Globus, 1989).

4. Quoted in Chicago Tribune, October 17, 1988, p. 2.

5. Quoted in Washington Post, February 4, 1990, p. A33.

6. Pravoslavlje, July 1, 1990, pp. 1, 3.

7. Duga, no. 406, September 16, 1989, pp. 82-83; also Intervju, no. 215, September 1, 1989, p. 29.

8. Originally separate, but scarcely distinguishable, resolutions were proposed by Senator Robert Dole and Congressman Joseph DioGuardi. See the Hearing and Briefing before the Subcommittee on Human Rights and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, Ninety-Ninth Congress, Second Session, October 2 and 8, 1986 (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1987).

9. Quoted in New York Times, October 14, 1988, p. 7.

10. Belgrade Domestic Service (November 19, 1988), translated in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 21, 1988, pp. 72-73.

11. Eastern Europe Newsletter 2 (20) (October 12, 1988): 3; and Chicago Tribune, October 17, 1988, p. 2. See also Mirjana Kasapović, “Srpski nacionalizam i desni radikalizam,” in Naše teme 33 (1-2) (1989).

12. Borba (Belgrade), May 9, 1989, p. 3, and June 14, 1989, p. 13. Also Boro Krivokapic, Jugoslavija i komunisti: adresa Jovana Djordjevića (Belgrade: Mladost, 1988), pp. 91-106.

13. As reported in Glas koncila (Zagreb), December 11, 1988, p. 3.

14. Eastern Europe Newsletter, 2 (19) (September 28, 1988): 7; and confirmed in many sources.

15. Le Monde (Paris), July 12, 1989, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Euorpe), July 17, 1989, p. 53.

16. Quoted in New York Times, August 6, 1989, p. 12.

17. Quoted in Profil (Vienna), October 24, 1988, p. 42.

18. The Economist (London), July 23, 1988, p. 44.

19. Tanjug (September 24, 1988), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), September 27, 1988, p. 51.

20. Frankfurter Allgemeine, October 8, 1988, p. 5; and Süddeutsche Zeitung (Munich), October 8-9, 1988, p. 6.

21. For details and background, see Sabrina P. Ramet, Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Meaning of the Great Transformation (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991), chap. 7.

22. Concerning the arrest of Vllasi and the inception of his trial, see Start, no. 539, September 16, 1989, pp. 32-35; and Politika (Belgrade), October 30, 1989, p. 6.

23. Politika ekspres (Belgrade), August 31, 1989, p. 3.

24. Šuvar collected many of his writings and speeches into a two-volume work published in 1988. See Stipe Šuvar, Socijalizam i nacije, 2 vols. (Zagreb: Globus, 1988).

25. Vjesnik (Zagreb), August 21, 1988, p. 3.

26. Financial Times, January 11, 1989, p. 2; New York Times, January 12, 1989, p. 6; and Frankfurter Allgemeine, January 13, 1989, p. 6.

27. For example, academician Vlado Strugar in the Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, as reported in Borba, November 19-20, 1988, p. 5, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 5, 1988, p. 57.

28. The illegal activities of the Serbian security service became known in October 1989, and led to an immediate crisis in relations between Bosnia and Serbia. See the report in Danas, no. 401, October 24, 1989, pp. 15-16. See also Tanjug (October 30, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 1, 1989, p. 68.

29. Borba, May 9, 1989, p. 1.

30. See his speech to the 1988 conference of the League of Communists of Serbia, reported in Vjesnik, November 22, 1988, p. 4. For an elaborate articulation of Milošević’s program, see Radoslav Stojanović, Jugoslavija, nacije i politika (Belgrade: Nova knjiga, 1988). See also Borba, July 5, 1990, p. 3.

31. Borba, July 19, 1989, p. 4, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 25, 1989, p. 45. Politika cited a report of the Serbian state security service that Serbs were emigrating from Bosnia in large numbers and blamed poor interethnic relations for the population movement. See Politika, October 27, 1989, p. 6.

32. Nova Makedonija, as summarized in Tanjug (March 15, 1989), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 16, 1989, p. 58.

33. For details and discussion, see my article, “Yugoslavia’s Troubled Times,” in Global Affairs 5 (1) (Winter 1990).

34. Borba, February 28, 1989, p. 2, translated in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 3, 1989, p. 71.

35. This is a remarkable achievement considering the demands of the job and the fact that his predecessor, Branko Mikulić, had ended up one of the most unpopular politicians in Yugoslavia. See The Economist, June 30, 1990, p. 49.

36. New York Times, June 14, 1990, p. A8.

37. Süddeutsche Zeitung, June 23-24, 1990, p. 8, and July 7-8, 1990, p. 4.

38. Frankfurter Allgemeine, August 2, 1990, p. 1.

39. Süddeutsche Zeitung, August 2, 1990, p. 7; and Financial Times, August 8, 1990, p. 4.

40. Belgrade Domestic Service (January 6, 1990), trans. FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), January 12, 1990, p. 65. See also the interview with Drašković in Borba (January 16, 1990), p. 6, excerpted in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), January 22, 1990, p. 102; and Danas, no. 414 (January 23, 1990), pp. 7-9.

41. Ljubljana Domestic Service (January 14, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), February 13, 1990, pp. 89-90.

42. Frankfurter Allgemeine, June 29, 1990, p. 6. This is a reversal of his earlier stance. In October 1988, Milošević had declared that “Serbia has no pretensions to the territory of other republics.” Quoted in Washington Post, October 18, 1988, p. A22. See also Vjesnik, June 26, 1990, p. 5.

43. Frankfurter Allgemeine, August 3, 1990, p. 6.

44. Vjesnik, July 3, 1990, p. 1. See also Suddeutsche Zeitung, June 23-24, 1990, p. 8.

45. New York Times, July 6, 1990, p. 44.

46. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, September 5, 1990, p. 3; and New York Times, September 14, 1990, p. A8.

47. Frankfurter Allgemeine, June 15, 1990, p. 8.

48. Serbs accounted for 11.6 percent of Croatia’s population in 1981, but according to figures cited by Slaven Letica in 1989, accounted for 17.7 percent of Croatia’s highranking politicians at the time, 12.5 percent of its economic managers, and 21.4 percent of party political functionaries at the district level. See Danas, no. 395, September 12, 1989, p. 19.

49. Ramet, “Yugoslavia and the Threat,” p. 114.

50. See the report in Vjesnik, July 3, 1990, p. 3.

51. Vjesnik, August 28, 1989, p. 5; NIN, no. 2018, September 3, 1989, pp. 17-23; Slobodna Dalmacija (Split), September 11, 1989, p. 4; and NIN, no. 2020, September17, 1989, pp. 18-20.

52. Večernje novosti (Belgrade), September 2, 1989, p. 18, and September 9, 1989, p. 6; Slobodna Dalmacija, September 10, 1989, p. 20; Nedjeljna Dalmacija, September 10, 1989, p. 6; Slobodna Dalmacija September 12, 1989, p. 17; Start, no. 539, September 16, 1989, pp. 28-29; Politika ekspres, September 22, 1989, p. 10; and Večernji list, September 23, 1989, p. 39.

53. Slobodna Dalmacija, September 12, 1989, p. 3; Večernji list, September 15, 1989, p. 2; and Večernje novosti, September 23, 1989, p. 4.

54. Quoted in International Herald Tribune (Paris), August 8, 1990, p. 2.

55. Los Angeles Times, August 18, 1990, p. A4; La Opinion (Los Angeles), August 19, 1990, p. 7; and New York Times, August 19, 1990, p. 3, and August 20, 1990, p. A2.

56. Politika, August 19, 1990, pp. 7, 10.

57. Tanjug (October 1, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 1, 1990.

58. Tanjug (October 1, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 2, 1990.

59. For elaboration, see my “Yugoslavia 1987: Stirrings from Below,” in South Slav Journal 10 (3) (Autumn 1987).

12. The Transformation of Yugoslav Politics

1. Jože Smole, president of the Republic Conference of SAWP-Slovenia, as cited in Politika, September 21, 1988, p. 12.

2. Quoted in New York Times, October 15, 1988, p. 4.

3. Borba, May 31, 1989, p. 5.

4. Ibid., November 7, 1988, p. 11, and March 8, 1989, p. 2.

5. Süddeutsche Zeitung (Munich), April 1-2, 1989, p. 8.

6. The full text of the telegram is published in Politika, March 1, 1989, p. 17. See also NIN, no. 1992, March 5, 1989, p. 32, and no. 1993, March 12, 1989, pp. 39-40.

7. Interview with Rudi Seligo, president of the Slovenian Association of Writers, Ljubljana, September 4, 1989.

8. Glas koncila (Zagreb), March 5, 1989, p. 1.

9. See Tanjug (February 27, 1989), trans. in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 2, 1989, p. 56.

10. See Borba, May 24, 1989, p. 3. Also Delo, May 24, 1989, p. 3.

11. Quoted in Ljubljana Domestic Service (June 2, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), June 5, 1989, p. 50.

12. Delo, July 6, 1989, p. 3, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 12, 1989, p. 56.

13. Oslobodjenje, as summarized in Tanjug (June 5, 1989), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), June 6, 1989, p. 44.

14. Svet (Belgrade), September 1989, Special edition, p. 7.

15. For example, Politika, September 20, 1989, p. 8.

16. Delo, November 21, 1989, p. 5.

17. Tanjug (November 24, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 27, 1989, p. 99.

18. Belgrade Domestic Service (November 25, 1989), and Ljubljana Domestic Service (November 25, 1989), trans. consecutively in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 27, 1989, pp. 99-100.

19. Tanjug (December 4, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 7, 1989, pp. 115, 117.

20. Belgrade Domestic Service (November 29, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 30, 1989, p. 84; and Belgrade Domestic Service (December 13, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 15, 1989, p. 81.

21. Borba, December 22, 1989, p. 5.

22. Tanjug (February 22, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), February 23, 1990, pp. 85-86.

23. Kosovo 1389-1989, Special edition of the Serbian Literary Quarterly, nos. 1-3 (1989): 45.

24. Danas, no. 394, September 5, 1989, p. 33; and Tanjug (December 7, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 15, 1989, p. 87.

25. Specifically, Novak Kilibarda, president of the pro-Serbian Montenegrin People’s party, said that in the event of the confederalization of Yugoslavia, Montenegro should annex the “eastern parts” of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Borba, November 1, 1990, p. 4.

26. Borba, July 16, 1990, p. 3.

27. Tanjug (March 5, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 6, 1990, p. 64.

28. Milosevic’s comments are cited in chapter 11. Tudjman’s comments are cited in Borba, June 22, 1990, p. 4.

29. Borba, May 10, 1989, p. 3.

30. Belgrade Domestic Service (May 17, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), May 18, 1989, p. 60.

31. See, for instance, NIN, no. 1885, February 15, 1987, pp. 16-19.

32. Borba, July 16, 1990, p. 4.

33. Dennison Rusinow, “Nationalities Policy and the ‘National Question,’ “ in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Yugoslavia in the 1980s (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985), p. 141.

34. See discussions from a Croatian point of view, in Danas, no. 359, January 3, 1989, p. 29; and Glas koncila, July 30, 1989, p. 5, September 24, 1989, p. 3, and October 8, 1989, p. 2.

35. The complete text was published in Glas koncila, February 19, 1989. An English translation was published in South Slav Journal 11 (4) (Winter 1988/89): 56.

36. The text of the interview was republished in many places, including in Večernje novosti (Belgrade), September 7, 1989, p. 19.

37. For relevant reports, see Večernji list (Zagreb), September 11, 1989, p. 4; Slobodna Dalmacija, September 12, 1989, p. 2; Slobodna Dalmacija, September 13, 1989, p. 4; and Večernji list September 14, 1989, p. 4.

38. Slobodna Dalmacija, September 12, 1989, p. 3.

39. Večernji list, September 15, 1989, p. 5; and Večernje novosti, September 23, 1989, p. 4.

40. Nedjeljna Dalmacija (September 6-7, 1989), reprinted in Borba, September 8, 1989, p. 13, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), September 21, 1989, pp. 56-57.

41. Nedjeljna Dalmacija, September 17, 1989, pp. 11-12.

42. Pravoslavlje, March 15, 1989, p. 5, and April 15, 1989, pp. 12-13.

43. Vjesnik, September 10, 1989, p. 5; Večernje novosti, September 21, 1989, p. 2; and Slobodna Dalmacija, September 22, 1989, p. 16.

44. Slobodna Dalmacija, September 11, 1989, p. 32.

45. Večernje novosti, September 11, 1989, p. 12; and Večernji list, September 11, 1989, p. 17.

46. Tanjug (July 19, 1989), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 19, 1989, p. 52.

47. Viktor Meier says 60 percent; France Tomsic says 70 percent. See Viktor Meier, “Jugoslawiens Krise wird politisch,” in Schweizer Monatshefte 68 (2) (February 1988): 101; and interview with France Tomšić, chair of the Slovenian Social Democratic Union, in Wiener Zeitung, March 14, 1989, p. 3, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 15, 1989, p. 74.

48. Vjesnik, June 26, 1986, p. 2; and Tanjug (October 26, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 1, 1989, p. 74.

49. Frankfurter Allgemeine, July 17, 1989, p. 2; and Narodna armija, as reprinted in Večernji list, September 8, 1989, p. 2.

50. Krstan Milošević, executive secretary of the presidency of the Committee OCK JNA, as reported in Večernje novosti, September 26, 1989, p. 6. Also Politika ekspres, September 26, 1989, p. 4.

51. Ibid.

52. Tanjug (October 25, 1989), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 26, 1989, p. 81. See also Narodna armija, September 21, 1989, p. 2; and Politika, October 3, 1989, p. 9.

53. Tanjug (October 26, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 1, 1989, p. 74.

54. Tanjug (December, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), January 11, 1990, p. 87.

55. Vjesnik, July 5, 1990, p. 1.

56. Tanjug (December 22, 1989), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), December 22, 1989, p. 85.

57. Tanjug (March 25, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 27, 1990, p. 62.

58. See, for instance, Belgrade Domestic Service (March 9, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), March 23, 1990, p. 95.

59. Quoted in New York Times, September 23, 1990, p. 15.

60. Pedro Ramet, “Apocalypse Culture and Social Change in Yugoslavia,” in Pedro Ramet (ed.), Yugoslavia in the 1980s (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1985), pp. 3-4.

61. Ibid., p. 3.

62. See Pedro Ramet, “Yugoslavia’s Debate over Democratization,” in Survey 25 (3) (Summer 1980).

63. Tanjug (October 8, 1988), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 11, 1988, p. 27.

64. Sabrina P. Ramet, Social Currents in Eastern Europe: The Sources and Meaning of the Great Transformation (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1991), chap. 14.

65. See Borba, June 29, 1990, p. 4, July 3, 1990, p. 3, and July 10, 1990, p. 1.

66. Neue Zurcher Zeitung, September 1, 1990, p. 3.

67. See Radoslav Stojanović, Jugoslavija, nacije i politika (Belgrade: Nova knjiga, 1988); and Slobodan Samardžić, Jugoslavija pred iskušenjem federalizma (Belgrade: Stručna knjiga, 1990).

68. See Zagreb Domestic Service (October 17, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 18, 1990, p. 58; and Tanjug (October 19, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 22, 1990, p. 53.

69. Frankfurter Allgemeine, January 7, 1991, p. 1.

70. Vjesnik, October 23, 1990, p. 2; and Süddeutsche Zeitung (Munich), November 10/11, 1990, p. 9.

71. Details in Sabrina P. Ramet, Balkan Babel: Politics, Culture, and Religion in Yugoslavia (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1992), ch.3.

72. Text in Vjesnik, October 12, 1990, p. 5.

73. Delo (Ljubljana), October 11, 1990, p. 1, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), October 17, 1990, p. 53.

74. Neue Zurcher Zeitung, January 26, 1991, p. 4.

75. Oslobodjenje (Sarajevo), November 12, 1990, p. 1.

76. Tanjug (November 27, 1990), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), November 29, 1990, p. 75.

77. The Economist (London), February 2, 1991, p. 44.

78. Neue Zurcher Zeitung (December 6, 1990), p. 3.

79. Quoted in Croatian Democracy Project, News release, December 12, 1990.

80. New York Times, February 1, 1991, p. A8.

81. Daily Telegraph, December 4, 1990, p. 11; and New York Times, January 20, 1991, p. 7.

82. Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 19/20, 1991, p. 9; confirmed in Daily Telegraph, January 23, 1991, p. 13; reconfirmed in Neue Zürcher Zeitung, January 23, 1991, p. 4.

83. New York Times, January 21, 1991, p. A2; Daily Telegraph, January 25, 1991, p. 10; and Neue Zürcher Zeitung, January 26, 1991, p. 4.

84. Neue Zürcher Zeitung, January 29, 1991, p. 4.

85. Il Messaggero (Rome), January 27, 1991, p. 8.

86. Süddeutsche Zeitung, January 26/27, 1991, p. 11.

87. Seattle Times, February 9, 1991, p. A5; and Neue Zürcher Zeitung, February 5, 1991, p. 1.

88. See my “Yugoslavia 1987: Stirrings from Below,” in South Slav Journal 10 (3) (Autumn 1987).

89. Interview with a Yugoslav feminist, Belgrade, September 1989.

13. Civil War

1. Tanjug (July 16, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 17, 1991, p. 31.

2. Tanjug (July 21, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 22, 1991, p. 42; Tanjug (July 22, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 23, 1991, p. 30; and Tanjug (July 24, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 25, 1991, p. 49.

3. Borba (Belgrade), May 28, 1991, p. 10.

4. Los Angeles Times (July 1, 1991), p. A6.

5. Tanjug (June 13, 1991), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), June 14, 1991, p. 41; partially confirmed in Seattle Post-Intelligencer (September 2, 1991), p. A2.

6. PAP (Warsaw), August 7, 1991, in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 8, 1991, p. 20.

7. Austria’s denial—by Peter Schieder, president of the Foreign Policy Committee of the Austrian parliament—was reported by Tanjug (August 7, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 8, 1991, p. 28.

8. Der Spiegel (August 5, 1991), pp. 124-26, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (August 5, 1991), p. 52.

9. Profil (Vienna), June 24, 1991, p. 74.

10. Including this writer. See Sabrina P. Ramet, “The Breakup of Yugoslavia,” in Global Affairs 6 (2) (Spring 1991), esp. pp. 97, 101-102.

11. On Baker, see Neue Zürcher Zeitung (June 22/23, 1991), p. 7; regarding Galvin, see Tanjug (June 1, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), June 3, 1991, p. 43.

12. This and subsequent figures come from Statisticki godišnjak Jugoslavije 1983 30 (Belgrade: Savezni Zavod za Statistiku, 1983), p. 439.

13. Ibid.

14. Uj Magyarorszag (Budapest), July 26, 1991, p. 4, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 31, 1991, p. 58.

15. Kossuth Radio Network (Budapest), July 23, 1991, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 24, 1991, p. 42.

16. Bozović, in an interview with the Budapest daily, Magyar Hirlap, quoted in Tanjug (July 22, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 23, 1991, p. 41.

17. Radio Slovenia Network (Ljubljana), July 16, 1991, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), July 17, 1991, p. 42.

18. Tanjug (August 26, 1991), in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 27, 1991, p. 40.

19. Bujku (Pristina), August 23, 1991, p. 2, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 28, 1991, p. 38.

20. Oesterreich Eins Radio Network (Vienna), August 6, 1991, trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 7, 1991, p. 31.

21. As quoted in Tanjug (July 31, 1991), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (Eastern Europe), August 1, 1991, p. 41.

22. Radio Sarajevo Network (August 1, 1991), trans. in FBIS, Daily Report (August 2, 1991), p. 57.

23. Quoted in Los Angeles Times (August 20, 1991), p. A23.