LIST OF FIGURES

1-1. Optical signal of a red-winged blackbird

1-2. The cycle of scientific epistemology

2-1. A simple communicational system

2-2. Types of communicants

2-3. Three properties of communication

2-4. Characteristics of behavior

2-5. Partition of entropies

2-6. Entropie flow in communication

2-7. Relation between noise and equivocation

3-1. Representation of a photon

3-2. Complex, monochromatic and coherent light

3-3. Plane-polarization of light

3-4. Fate of incident light

3-5. Types of reflectance

3-6. Refraction of light

3-7. Wavelength-dependency for Mie scattering

3-8. Diffraction and interference

3-9. Interference in thin films

3-10. Irradiance-density of sunlight

3-11. Types of shadows

3-12. Umbral shadows of objects

3-13. Spectral irradiance-density in a forest

3-14. Principal sources of irradiance

3-15. Spectral irradiance-density in an ocean

3-16. Upward irradiance in shallow sea

4-1. Types of behavioral signals

4-2. Wing-drying posture of the anhinga

5-1. Relative spectral sensitivity

5-2. Intensity-response function of an ERG

5-3. Idealized intensity-response function

5-4. Dark-adaptation curves for several species

5-5. Scotopic and photopic spectral thresholds

5-6. Purkinje-shift in spectral sensitivities

5-7. Photopic spectral sensitivity curves

5-8. Equivocation in a dichromatic system

5-9. Trichromatic system of three cone pigments

5-10. Spectral discrimination curves

5-11. A chromaticity diagram for the honey bee

5-12. The standard CIE chromaticity diagram 137

5-13. Flicker fusion curves

5-14. Visual acuity curves

5-15. Contrast-sensitivity curves

5-16. A visual illusion

5-17. Two schematized receptive fields

5-18. Depth illusion based on color

6-1. Suppression of shadow-contrasts

6-2. Suppression of outline-contrast

6-3. Examples of imitation

6-4. Examples of visual ambiguity

6-5. Multiple optical deceptions

7-1. Some examples of reversed counter-shading

7-2. Enhancement of shape

7-3. Complementary dominant wavelengths

7-4. Optimum size of signals

7-5. Spatial repetition in coloration

7-6. The sun's angle

7-7. Spectral irradiance depending on sun-angle

7-8. Spectral irradiance depending on altitude

7-9. Reflection off water

7-10. An optimum strategy for observation

7-11. A three-dimensional color-space

8-1. Coloration to enhance indexic orientations

8-2. Indexic signals

8-3. Syntactic interpretational signals

8-4. Superimposability of signals

8-5. Elements of threat signals

8-6. Signals of appeasement

8-7. Sex-specific signals of mate-attraction

8-8. Signals used in mate-choice

8-9. Signals used in sexual behavior

8-10. Indexic signals used in cooperative behavior

LIST OF TABLES

1-I. Truth-value of Models

1-II. Classes of Behavioral Determinants

1-III. Groups for the Comparative Method

2-I. Example of a Transition Matrix

2-II. State Matrix of a Probabilistic Machine

2-III. Control Matrix of Behavioral Vectors

4-I. Classifications of Animal Biochromes

4-II. Biochrome Basis of Animal Coloration

4-III. A Classification of Optical Signals

4-IV. Phylogenetic Origins of Behavioral Elements

4-V. Non-signal Uses of Biochromes and Schemochromes

5-I. Variables of Surface Coloration

6-I. Types of Suppression of Shadow-contrasts

6-II. Types of Suppression of Outline-contrast

6-III. Types of Imitation

6-IV. Types of Visual Ambiguity

7-I. Some Principles of Visual Conspicuousness

7-II. Available Light and Signal Coloration

7-III. Optical Background and Signal Coloration

7-IV. Optical Transmission and Signal Characteristics

7-V. Concealment and Conspicuousness

8-I. Behavioral Indexes

8-II. Semantic Properties of Optical Signals

8-III. Syntactic Considerations of Optical Signals

8-IV. A Classification of Social Behavior

8-V. Optical Characteristics of Agonistic Signals

8-VI. Optical Characteristics of Reproductive Signals

8-VII. Optical Characteristics of Cooperative Signals

LIST OF EQUATIONS*

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.4a

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

3.13

3.14

3.15

3.16

3.17

5.1

6.1

________

* All variables are in the Index to Subjects.