Index

Abramovich, E., 76

Abramovich, R., viii, 209, 211, 213, 345

Adenauer, Konrad, 287

Adler, Friedrich, 31, 208, 219, 229, 234, 239f, 241

Aizenshtat, I. A. (Iudin), 77, 81, 152

Aksakov, S. T., 3

Aksel’rod, L. A., 77

Aksel’rod, Pavel, 30, 60, 62, 64f, 70ff, 99, 103, 107, 135, 205

Albania, 282, 290-92

Alexander I, 39, 349

Alexander II, 309

Anarchism, 16, 143, 160, 178, 188, 228, 310

Andersen, A., 219

Andreev, Leonid, 13

Andropov, Iurii V., 290-91

Arkomed, S. T., 372

Army, 17f, 172-91; Red, 244, 252, 254, 260, 264ff, 267, 271, 275; German, 244-53 passim, 260-76 passim; “First Russian National,” 250. See also Russian Popular Army of Liberation

Aron, P. H., 398

Aronson, Grigorii, 83, 214

Artisan class, 76-84 passim, 102

Artsybushev, Vasilii P., 7-8, 343

Atkinson, Brooks, 35

Augulis, P., 151, 153f, 370

Austrian Social Democrats, 213

Azef, Evno, x, 35

Babel, Isaac, 26, 347

Bach-Zelewski, von dem, 267ff, 393f

Bagramian, I. Kh., 287

Bakunin, M. A., 95ff, 310

Barák, Rudolf, 291

Baron, Samuel, 56f

Basle Manifesto, 222, 227

Bauer, Otto, 169, 233, 237

Bavarian Soviet Republic, 232

Bazarov, V. A., 142

Bebel, August, ix, 134f Bednov, I. I, 119, 127f Bekenskii, Pavel, 8

Belai, Lt. Col., 277, 280, 393

Belgium, 75; Socialist Party of, 219

Berger, Gottlob, 265, 276

Berlin, Isaiah, 307

Berlin, Soviet policy toward, 282, 289f

Berlin Conference of the Three Internationals (1922), 227-240

Berne International Socialist Conference (1919), 208

Bernhard, Gen., 253, 255, 389f

Bernstein, Eduard, 96, 205

Bērzinš, Janis, 150, 153, 370

Bethe, Dr. Hans, 289

Blagoev group, 58ff, 61, 63f, 73, 355

Blanc, Louis, 94f, 97, 109f, 361

Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 63

Blanquism, 64, 74, 93, 100, 108f, 144, 310

Bloody Sunday, 100, 104, 113, 125f, 137

Bobrov, Mikhail, 274-75

Bobrovskii, Vladimir, 167

Bogdanov, A. A., 167, 202, 205, 293, 294, 303, 382

Bogdanov, M. I., 120

Bolshevik Military Organization, 175-80 passim, 184-89 passim

Bolshevism, 18-32 passim, 111f, 157-66 passim, 175-91, 193f, 208-11 passim, 293-94, 295; in 1905, 13, 114, 121, 127-33 passim, 233; in Latvia, 136-53 passim. See also Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party: Bolshevik-Menshevik split

Bossi-Fedrigotti, Anton, 247, 250-51

Bourgeoisie, 66f, 89ff, 95-107 passim, 111, 197, 210, 212, 297

Bourguina, Anna M., x, 33ff, 37f

Bracke, A., 219

Braginskii, I. S., 399

Braun, O., 219

Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 295

Brezhnev, L. I., 283, 288

British Trade Union Congress Delegation, 209-10, 211

Broido, Eva, 155

Broido, Mark, 188

Bubnov, Andrei, 157, 300

Bukharin, N. I., x, 26, 183, 192-203, 294f, 376, 380f; in Comintern, 217, 222, 229, 237, 239

Bullitt, William, ix

Bund, 76, 83f, 85-87, 122, 136, 141, 149-54 passim, 168-71 passim

Burdzhalov, E. N., 301, 304

Burian, S., 226

Buševics, A. (Rybak), 142, 368

Bystrykh, F., 57

Cachin, M., 226

Capitalism, 194, 197, 199, 284-85, 311-12; in Russia, 55f, 65-73 passim, 88, 97-100 passim, 298f, 311f; neo, 195, 201f; state, 195, 198, 247

Carr, E. H., 230, 232

Catherine II, 40, 44

Caucasian District Committee, 149

Caune, V., 148, 150, 154, 369

Cheremisov, Gen. V. A., 186f

Cherepnin, L. V., 304-5

Chernov, V., 11, 19, 21, 210, 231, 344

Chernyi peredel, 34, 58, 73

Chernyshevskii, N. G., x, 7, 56

Chicherin, G., 209, 220f, 223, 227f, 236

China, 282, 299, 309, 312

Chirkin, V. G., 346

Chkheidze, N. S., 27-28, 159, 347

Chkhenkeli, A. I., 152

Chodrishvili, Z., 159

Church: Russian Orthodox, 43, 49, 257-58, 318-19; dissenting sects, 319f

Chuvash, 3f, 343

Circles (kruzhok), 52-54, 352; reading, 7, 47; revolutionary, 8f, 54, 60, 75ff, 80f, 135-36, 140, 158f

Civil War, viii, 192ff, 195f, 207

Coercion, role of, 198-203 passim, 381

Collectivization, agricultural, x, 20, 201, 246f, 249, 258, 269, 271, 273, 297

Comintern, see Internationals: Third

Commune, peasant, 55f, 65-74 passim

Communist League, 91, 93-94, 98; Address to, 72, 92-93, 97, 102f, 108

Communist Manifesto, 20, 63f, 66-67, 90

Communist parties, 215-19 passim, 223f. See also under France and Italy

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), 114, 281, 305, 306-7, 316; Presidium of, 282-92; leadership of, 320; 10th Congress, 207; 11th Congress, 227; 20th Congress, 157, 291, 300, 303; 22nd Congress, 291, 293, 303

Constituent Assembly, 21, 30-31, 117, 182; Latvian, 155

Cosmopolitanism, 50, 75, 78, 83, 299-309 passim

Crispien, A., 211-12, 219

“Dakters,” 369

Dallin, Alexander, xi

Dallin, David, x, 26, 35, 345

Dan, F. I., 28ff, 86, 110, 142, 149f, 210, 347; in emigration, 20, 26, 155, 214, 231

Dan, Lidia Osipovna, 30

Daniels, Robert V., 190

Danilova, L. V., 304

Daszynski, I., 227

Dean, Arthur H., 289-90

Decembrists, 7, 9, 47, 51f, 309-10

De Man, H., 229

Democracy, political, 55, 57, 70f, 98f, 106f, 109, 221, 231, 273; campaign for, 15, 117, 128, 137, 146f

Dermanis, V., 142, 369

Deutscher, I., 55-56, 60, 372, 376, 401

Deviatkin, A. F., 210

Dimitrov, G., 309

Disarmament policy, 282, 285, 289-90

Disraeli, Benjamin, 317

Dittmann, W., 211-12, 216

Djaparidze, Alyosha, 16If, 373

Djibladze, Sylvester, 159, 161, 372

Djilas, Milovan, 170, 376

Dmitriev, I. I., 40

Dmitriev, R. N., 12

Dobroliubov, N. A., 7, 11

Dorotich, D., 397-8, 399

Dostoevsky, F. M., 5

Druzhinin, N. M., 300

Duality: governmental, 92f; cultural, 314, 317-21

Dubrovinskii, I. F., 13, 345

Dubrovskii, S. M., 299, 302f, 309

Duma, 18, 27f, 103f, 107, 125f, 143-47 passim, 152, 160, 165f, 206

Dushkan, Moisei, 81f

Economism, 62, 100, 119

Education, 257, 318ff Eiche, Roberts, 150, 370

Eidel’man, B. L., 76

Eisenhower, Dwight, 286

Eksternaty, 77, 82f

Eliass, K., 145f, 148f, 369

Engels, Friedrich, viiif, 20, 56, 66, 72, 89-102 passim, 108-11 passim, 164, 204, 359ff

Enlightenment, 39, 43, 48, 51

Enukidze, Avel’, 23, 25, 162, 346

Erfurt Program, 138

“Expropriations.” See Partisan actions

Fainberg, L. B., 78

Family life, changes in, 318f, 321

Famine of 1891-92, 4, 62, 71f, 75

Faure, Paul, 231

Fedoseev, N. E., 305, 309

Fedoseev, N. P., 342

Fegelein, Gen., 268

Ferri, Enrico, 108

Feudalism, 55f, 66, 91, 95, 298, 304, 311, 313

Fischer, Louis, vii, 34

Five Year Plans, 197, 298

Forced labor, x, 26, 35, 258

Fourierism, 53

France: Socialist Party of, 212-19 passim, 224-25; Communist Party of, 224-25, 237

Frankfurt, M., 81

Freemasonry, 40f, 44, 352

Friendly Literary Society, 39, 47f, 51f

Friendship, cult of, 45-47, 351f

Frolov, Major, 266

Frossard, L. O., 239

Galin, Col. von, 15, 345

Gallifet, Gen., 109

Gapon, G. A., 137

Garvi, P. A., 80, 82, 83-84, 114

Gel’fand, A. (Litvak), 82

Genoa Conference (1922), 220-29 passim, 235f, 239

Georgia, 23, 103, 140, 149, 164-69 passim, 346; Soviet repression of, 220, 222, 227, 231-36 passim, 241

Germany: compared to Russia, 62, 66-67, 88-94, 108-9, 311; Soviet agreements with, 223, 232, 239, 287; Soviet relations with, 269f, 273, 282, 287f, 290; Social Democracy in, 21-22, 63, 70, 73ff, 96, 107, 134-35, 138, 143, 236; Independent Socialist Party of, 209-14 passim, 219

Gindin, I. F., 313

Ginzburg, A. M., 82, 86

Goebbels, Joseph, 273f

Goethe, J. W. von, 44, 49

Gol’dman, B. I. (Gorev), 78

Gol’dman, L. I., 358

Goltz, Gen. von der, 227

Gordenin, Sergei F., 8

Gordon, P. O., 81

Gorelov, V., 343

Gorin, P. O., 300, 304

Gorkii, Maxim, 6ff, 169, 184, 347

Gottberg, von, 265, 273

Great Britain, 49, 194, 196, 233, 317; Independent Labor Party of, 208-9, 213f; Labor Party of, 209, 214-16, 219, 233, 235; Communist Party of, 213

Grigor’ev, Petr N., 343

Grimm, Robert, 213, 219, 229

Grishin, L. I., 120

Group for the Emancipation of Labor, 55-74, 79, 98, 135

Guderian, Field Marshal, 268, 394

Guesde, J., 63

Gulyga, A. V., 307

Gurevich, A. Iu., 307

Gurvich, Tsive, 84

Haimson, Leopold, 38, 342

Hamann, Gen., 250

Haushofer, Karl, 5

Heckart, F., 239

Hegel, G. W. F., 53, 400

Heinzen, Karl, 89f

Henderson, A., 224, 227

Hermanis, J., 154

Herzen, A. I., 34, 53, 78

Hess, Moses, 89ff

Hilferding, Rudolf, 196f

Himmler, Heinrich, 265, 276, 292f

Historical Revolutionary Archive, viii

Historiography, 172, 194; Soviet, 114, 124, 129, 134, 139, 161, 172, 189, 248-49, 293-313, 362; revisionist, 301-13

Hitler, A., 27, 33, 252, 268, 271, 391

Hoover Institution, 35, 38

Hoxha, Enver, 290f

Huysmans, C., 219

Iakushev, Stepan, 346

Iaroslavskii, E. E., 298ff

latsunskii, V. K., 313

Ilyichov, L. F., 303

Imperialism, 311-12; Russian, 5, 294, 308-9, 311

Industrialization, 314f, 321; in Russia, 115, 135, 145, 297, 313

Institute of Red Professors, 296, 303

Intelligentsia, 15f, 47, 51-64 passim, 73, 77f, 82, 120, 136, 147, 345f

International Institute of Social History, ix

Internationals: First, viiiff, 37, 204; Second, 33, 75, 134, 155, 204, 208f, 213-42 passim; Third, 33, 204f, 208-42, 309. See also Vienna Union

Ioffe, Iosif, 82

Iogikhes, Leo (“Tyshko”), 77

Iremashvili, J., 374

Irkutsk Zimmerwaldists, 30 Iskra, 9, 14, 29, 77, 82, 86f, 138-39, 205

Isuf, I., 146

Italy, 95, Socialist Party of, 209, 212f, 219, 229; Communist Party of, 224, 225-26, 237

Iudin. See Aizenshtat

Izmailov, A. A., 40

Jacobinism, 56f, 72, 74, 99f, 102, 195, 310

Jansons, Jānis, 136, 139, 145, 152f, 368

Jaurèsism, 101, 104

Jews, ix, 15, 169, 246, 269, 272-73, 345; in Social Democratic movement, 75-87. See also Bund

Jodl, Field Marshal, 268

Jouhaux, L., 216

Jowett, F. W., 219

July uprising, 172f, 178-85 passim, 191

Kadets, 111, 147, 175, 181

Kadomtsev, Mikhail, 343

Kaganovich, L. M., 298, 303

Kaisarov, A., 42-53 passim, 351f, 354

Kaisarov, M., 48, 352

Kaisarov, P., 51, 352

Kalniņš, Bruno, 155

Kalnins, Klara, 143

Kalniņš, Pauls, 136, 143f, 155, 367-68

Kamenev, L. B., 63, 161, 171, 183-84, 209, 223, 373

Kaminsky, B., 243, 249-80, 387-96 passim

Karamzin, N. M., 40, 46, 49-50, 51

Karpinskii, V. A., 171

Kautsky, Karl, 11, 107-8, 135, 164, 169, 195f, 211

Keep, John, 56f

Kefali-Kammermacher, M. S., 210

Keldysh, M. V., 287

Kennan, George, ix-x

Kennedy, John F., 285, 288f

Kerenskii, A. F., 21, 173, 178-82 passim, 186-91 passim

Kerr, A., 225

Ketskoveli, Lado, 161f

Khan, Ghenghis, 309

Kharitonov, M. M., 184

Khilkov, M. I., 131

Khomiakov, A. S., 53

Khomutov, G. E., 272, 274f

Khrushchev, N. S., 35, 157, 281-91, 301

Khvostov, V. M., 300

Kienthal Conference, 204, 213

Kim, M. P., 303

Kirov, Sergei, x, 344, 346

Kliuchevskii, Vasilii, 293f

Kluge, Field Marshal von, 251, 271, 391

Koch, Erich, 292

Kochakov, V. M., 377

Kogan, Evsei, 84

Kogan, O. A. (Ermanskii), 76

Kolarov, V., 226

Kolchak regime, viii, 20

Kӧnnecke, Capt., 260

Konovalov, I. A., 345

Konovalov, I. N., 27

Kopel’zon, Timofei, 77, 86

Kornilov, L. G., 173, 175, 180f, 183, 187f, 190f, 378

Kotzebue, August von, 49

Kozlov, F. R., 288, 290

Kozlov, Mikhail, 9, 343

Kozlov, “Nadezhda,” 8, 343

Kozmin, B. P., 310

Krasin, G. B., 120

Krasin, Leonid, 16If, 344

Kremer, Arkadii, 79-80, 81f, 86

Krokhmal, V. N., 29

Kronstadt Naval Base, 173, 177, 184;
revolt at, viii, 207

Krupskaia, N. K., 29, 164, 375

Krylenko, N. V., 185f

Kuchin, G., 155

Kurskii, D. I., 228, 239f

Kuusinen, O. V., 290

Labor Insurance Act (1912), 146, 154

Lafargue, Paul, 108

Land distribution, 72, 74, 164, 176, 246, 251f, 258, 269

Latsis, M. Ia., 184

Latvia, 103, 134-56, 168, 235

Latvian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (LSDSP), 136-42, 155-56. See also Social Democracy of Latvia

Lavrov, P. L., 9, 98

Lazimir, P. E., 188

League for Struggle for the People’s Freedom, 21, 37, 345

Ledebour, G., 219

Lenin, V. I., 37, 80, 100, 104-12 passim, 118, 137, 142, 176-90 passim, 220-28 passim, 236ff; and Nicolaevsky, 18, 21, 27-29; and Plekhanov, 57, 62, 65, 69, 73f, 99; and Stalin, 157-71 passim, 374f; and Bukharin, 193, 195, 202-3, 380, 382; and Pokrovskii, 294ff, 301-11 passim; as splitter, 13-14, 19, 25, 27-28, 149f, 152-53, 205-8, 344, 347; and nationalities question, 20, 86-87, 136, 154, 168-71; repression of opponents, 211, 214; cult of, 312

Letter of an Old Bolshevik, x, 26

Levin, E. A., 78

Levinson, V. (Kossovskii), 81

Liakhovskii, Ia. A., 78, 81

Liber, M. I., 110

Liberals, 15f, 18, 68-74 passim, 98, 119-24 passim, 132f

Liebknecht, K., ix, 222, 227, 235

Lindīnš, Rudolfs, 149, 151, 370

Lipkin, F. A. (Cherevanin), 76

Literature, 320; nationalism in, 50-51;
Russian, 49-50, 78; German, 49, 53

Litvinov, Maxim, 136, 142, 236

Liubimov, A. I., 344

Livshin, la. I., 312

Loleit, Georg, 253, 260

Lomonosov, M. V., 50

Longuet, J., 208, 219

Lopukhin, V., 40, 350

Lozovskii, S. A., 211, 217

Luch, 27f

Ludendorff, Gen. E., 111

Ludwig, Emil, 165, 374

Lukin, N. M., 300

Lunacharskii, A., 157, 205f, 226, 294f

Lupolov, Ia. M., 8, 343

Lur’e, Aaron, 78

Lutskii, E. A., 300, 304

Luxemburg, Rosa, 77, 222, 227, 235

MacDonald, Ramsay, 208, 224, 231ff, 237, 240f

Machism, 167

McManus, A., 226

McNamara, Robert, 286, 288

Maenchen-Helfen, O., x

Makharadze, P., 161

Malenkov, G. M., 303

Malia, M., 353

Malinovskii, Roman, 28, 150, 152, 346f Mandel’shtam, N. N. (M. Mironovich), 121

Mao Tse-tung, 112

Martin, Alexandre, 94

Martov, Iulii (Tsederbaum), vii, 26-30 passim, 88, 101, 104, 111, 149, 167, 347, 374f; before 1905, 78-81 passim, 85f, 205, 358; after 1917, viii, 207, 211ff, 224, 231

Martynov, Alexander, 63f, 68, 100-106 passim, 111, 360

Marx, Karl, 55ff, 63-72 passim, 89-98, 102, 104, 108-12 passim, 164, 194-99 passim, 204, 359; Nicolaevsky’s work on, viiiff; and nationalities question, 20, 169

Marx-Engels Institute, viii, 20, 31

Marxism, 55-74, 75, 88-112, 164, 182, 193-99 passim, 206; Nicolaevsky and, 7f, 19, 31-32; historiography, 294-95, 306, 308; political economy in, 199, 201f; revisionist, 205; “legal,” 293

Maximalism, 55-74 passim, 89-100 passim, 106, 360

Mehring, Franz, 107

Menders, F., 145, 152, 155f, 371

Menshevism, 18-22, 27-32, 57, 70, 84, 88, 103-4, 159-65 passim, 175, 182, 187f, 209f; in 1905, 13f, 118-19, 120f, 130; and self-denying ordinance, 101-12; repression of, 207, 221f, 228f, 237f; in emigration, viii, 20, 31, 36-37, 38, 155, 207, 213-14, 345; Internationalist wing, vii, 20, 30, 111, 155, 294, 347; in Georgia, 26, 164-65, 168-69; in Latvia, 136ff, 143-55 passim; 1905 Geneva Conference, 102, 205. See also Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party: Bolshevik-Menshevik split

Merzliakov, A. F., 47-48, 51, 351f

Milhaud, Edgar, 108

Military Revolutionary Committee, 188-90

Mill, John, 77, 85

Millerand, E. A., 109

Mints, I. I., 303

Mitskevich, S., 310

Mitskevich, S. I., 80

Molotov, V. M., 223, 303

Monism, political, 314, 315-17, 321

Moskalenko, K. S., 287

Mundblit, E. G., 76

Münzer, Thomas, 94

Naidenov, M. E., 301, 303

Nakhamkes, Iurii (Steklov), 76

Namitnichenko, K. D., 119f

Napoleonic Wars, 51, 309

Narodnaia volia, 7f, 22, 55-73 passim, 78, 83, 97f

Nationalism, 20-21, 51, 75, 270, 276, 298-99, 300, 308-9, 312, 353; Jewish, 84-85, 358; Latvian, 137

Nationalities, minority, 4, 20-21, 26, 75-87, 122-24, 138, 308-9; question of, 150-51, 160, 168-71

Naziism, ix, 33, 156, 254, 369, 276;
Russian, 269-75

Nechaev, S. G., 310

Nechkina, M. V., 300, 302ff, 310

Nekrasov, N. A., 7f

Nevskii, V. I., 57, 157, 184ff, 373, 379, 382

“New Current,” (Jaunā strāva), 135

New Economic Policy (NEP), 192, 196, 202, 220, 296

New International Policy, 220f

Nicolaevsky, Alexandra, 11, 342

Nicolaevsky, Boris Ivanovich, vii-xi, 3-38, 88, 155, 214, 281; archives, vii, ix, 33-35, 37; writings, 322-41

Nicolaevsky, Evdokiia Pavlovna, 4

Nicolaevsky, Ivan Mikhailovich, 3-4

Nicholas II, 139, 172, 293

Nobility, 40, 48, 50, 210, 311

Novikov, N., 9, 40, 43, 51

Novitskii, Gen., 83

NTS (Natsional’no-Trudovoi Soiuz), 272-75

Nuclear tests, 289-90, 292

October Manifesto (1905), 17, 113, 132, 139

Odoevskii, V. F., 53

Ogarev, N., 52f

Ogorelov, A. F., 11, 344

Okhrana. See Police: tsarist

Oktan, Mikhail, 249-50

Ol’minskii, M. S., 202f, 381

Ordzhonikidze, G., 148, 167

Ozols, Jānis, 136, 142, 143-44, 367

Pankratova, A. M., 398

Paris Commune, 102f, 109

Parsons, Talcott, 400

Partisan actions, 22, 26, 28, 143, 165, 375

Partisans, Soviet, 243-68 passim, 280, 389-90

Party organization, 65, 148; centralism, 21, 65, 73f, 100; discipline, 18, 206; federalism, 85-86, 136-42 passim, 150, 154, 168-70

Parvus (A. L. Gelfand), 104-5, 106f

Paul I, 40

Peasantry, 12, 69-74 passim, 91, 97, 102-9 passim, 172, 185, 193, 200-1, 246, 310f, 377; culture, 318-21; Nicolaevsky and, viii, 4, 19-20, 36; under occupation, 252, 254, 258-59; Latvian, 137-38

Pechkovskii, 120, 127f

Pension Congress, 125-26, 130-31, 132

People’s Will. See Narodnaia volia

Pereverzev, V. N., 117, 119f

Peter III, 48-49

Petrograd Garrison, 172-91

Petrushevskii, D. M., 296

Piatakov, Iurii, 194, 199, 380

Pilsudski, Joseph, 357

Piontkovskii, S. A., 300

Pipes, Richard, 56, 376

Pisarev, D. I., 7, 11

Plekhanov, G. V., 8, 11, 14, 77ff, 135, 149, 167, 205, 360f; on revolution, 55-74, 97-102 passim, 107f, 112

Pliekšans, Jānis (Rainis), 134-35, 367

Pluralism, 314-17 passim Pogrebinskii, A. P., 312

Pogroms, 8, 15-16, 83, 357

Pokrovskii, M. N., 129, 192, 203, 293-313, 381, 398f

Poland, 20, 122-24, 235, 249, 265-67; Social Democracy in, 75-81 passim, 168

Police: tsarist, 124, 127f, 135, 144f, 151, 174, 347; Soviet, 26, 31, 156, 210, 347; Kaminsky’s, 247, 250; agents, 26-27, 28, 144, 150-54 passim, 345f, 374; Stalin’s connections with, 162-63; archives, viii, 129, 158, 163

Polkovnikov, Gen., 186-87, 189

Pomialovskii, N. G., 7

Popular Socialist Party of Russia (NSPR), 246-47, 269

Populism, 4-14 passim, 19, 55-74 passim, 75f, 97f, 112, 246, 310

Pospelov, P. N., 290f

Pototskii, V. M., 14, 345

Power, abstention from, 55, 67f, 70, 74, 88, 92-111

Pozern, B. P., 344f Pravda, 28, 160, 166, 176

Preobrazhenskii, Evgenii, 193, 200

Preobrazhenskii, Prof., 6, 14

Press, 4-5, 12-13, 258, 283, 344; Marxist, 6, 8-9, 28, 82, 176, 180, 189, 205; in Latvia, 135-46 passim, 154. See also individual papers by name

Priedkalns, Dr. Andrei, 144, 146f

Programs, minimum and maximum, 15, 19, 68, 74, 99, 105ff, 117

Prokopovich, S. N., 62-63, 64

Prokopovich-Antonskii, A., 352

Proletariat, 20, 28-29, 30, 55-73 passim, 90-108 passim, 145f, 161, 196, 377; and intelligentsia, 16, 59ff, 63, 120f, 136, 147, 346; dictatorship of, 68, 99ff, 104f, 138, 198-99, 212, 218, 310; and skilled workers, 78-84 passim; of world, 204, 208, 224

“Protocols of the Elders of Zion,” ix

Protsiuk, 263, 277, 280, 391

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 69

Provisional Government, 89, 104, 173-91 passim

Purges, x, 342, 344

Pushkin, A. S., 7, 52

Quelch, Harry, 108

Rabochaia gazeta, vii, 30, 82

Radchenko, Liubov N., 27f

Radek, Karl, 212, 217-42 passim

Radishchev, A. N., 51, 53, 350

Railroad Union. See under Trade unions

Rainis. See Pliekšans, Jānis

Rakhia, I. A., 184

Rakhmetov, V., 57

Rakovskii, C. G., 236

Rapallo Treaty, 232, 236, 239

Rasputin, G. Y., 293, 313

Rathenau, Walter, 236

Renner, Karl, 169, 216

Research Program on the History of the CPSU, x

Research Program on the History of Menshevism, 38

Reshetnikov, F. M., 11

Revolution: bourgeois, 55, 63-68 passim, 88-112, 301; socialist, 55, 65-73 passim, 89-98 passim, 102, 107f, 195, 297, 301; planned, 61f, 65, 100-1, 310, 313; permanent, 74, 92f, 97, 105, 107f; costs of, 195-96, 201, 203; English, 67, 91; French (1789), 67, 72, 91, 97, 195; subsequent French, 89-94 passim, 108; in 1848, viii, 70f, 91-92, 96; 1905 Russian, 8-18 passim, 100, 102-3, 113-33, 137-41, 143, 172, 205, 310, 345, 362; February, 1917, 30, 88, 110, 154, 172ff, 178, 295, 310; October, 1917, 100, 112, 181-91, 201, 207f, 295, 297, 301, 308-14 passim

Riazanov, D. B. (Gol’dendakh), viii, 31, 57-58, 64f, 74, 76, 346

Rikveilis, V., 136, 145, 148, 154, 368

Romanov, V., 119f, 124, 130-31, 364

Romanovskii, Gen. G. D., 178-79

Romanticism, 39, 43, 48f, 51

Rosenberg, Alfred, 33, 265, 273, 292

Rothstein, Theodore, 108

Rozmirovich, E., 171

Rubsam, Col., 253, 390

Russell, Bertrand, 209

Russia: uniqueness of, 55, 196, 298, 311; backwardness of, 55, 62, 74, 88, 95-96, 98, 102, 106, 111f, 196-97, 294, 298. See also under Capitalism and Industrialization

Russian Association of Institutes for Scholarly Research (RANION), 296, 300

Russian Popular Army of Liberation (RONA), 254ff, 261-70 passim, 389

Russian Social Democratic Workers’ Party (RSDRP), x, 8-20 passim, 75-87 passim, 108-13 passim, 119-29 passim, 136; Bolshevik-Menshevik split, 14, 18, 25, 37, 99f, 107, 118, 134, 138-43 passim, 148, 152, 159, 205-7, 216-17, 344; Party Statute, 18; 1st Congress (Minsk, 1898), 85, 205; 2nd Congress (Brussels, London, 1903), 65, 82, 99, 136f, 159, 205, 344, 373; 3rd Congress (London, 1905), 13f, 19, 139, 162, 205, 344, 373; 4th Congress (Stockholm, 1906), 25, 141-42, 160, 164f, 206; 5th Congress (London, 1907), 144, 160, 165, 347; Prague Conference (1912), 14, 24, 148-49, 160, 163, 167f, 206, 370. See also Bolshevism, Menshevism, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Party organization, and Programs, minimum and maximum

Rykov, A. I., 342, 346

Ryzhov, N. S., 286

Saburov, Alexander, 248

Sarper, S., 286

Schapiro, Leonard, x-xi

Schapper, Karl, 93f, 98

Scheidemann, Philipp, 216, 227

Schelling, F. W. J., 53

Schiller, F., 43-48 passim, 53, 352f

Schmidt, Gen. Rudolf, 251f, 271

Schmidt, I., 185

Schreider, A., 219

Schwarz, Solomon, 56, 214

Self-determination, national, 170, 220, 231, 294

Semkovskii, S. Iu., 152

Sender, Tony, 212

Serfdom, 45, 49, 51

Sergievskii, N. L., 63, 73

Serrati, G., 211f, 219, 224, 231, 232-33, 237

Shaumian, Stepan, 25, 142, 161f

Shaw, Tom, 219, 229ff

Shchegolev, P. E., viii

Shehu, Mehmet, 290

Shelgunov, N. V., 12, 322

Shestakov, A. V. (Nikodim), 121

Shikin, I. V., 291

Shirokova, V. V., 310

Shliapnikov, A. G., 185

Shlikhter, A., 363

Shotman, A. V., 185

Sidorov, A. L., 293, 303f, 313

Skilling, Gordon, 316

Skobelev, M. I., 27, 110

Skrydlov, N. N., 12

Skrypnik, N. A., 184

Smirnov, Vladimir, 200

Snowden, Mrs. Philip, 209

Snowden, Philip, 208

Social Democracy of Latvia (SDL), 142-55. See also Latvian Social Democratic Workers’ Party

Socialist Revolutionaries, 9-20 passim, 36, 117-27 passim, 175, 182, 187f, 210, 227, 244, 344; Left, 188, 219; trial of, 228, 232-42 passim, 343

Society of Marxist Historians (OIM), 296, 300

Sokovnin, Catherine, 41-42, 351

Soldatskaia pravda, 176, 179f

Soshal’skii, Dmitrii, 274-75

Sosnovskii, L. S., 24

Sotsialisticheskii vestnik, viii, x, 35, 155, 213-14, 322

Souvarin, B., 218, 225, 376

Soviets, 103f, 113, 140, 209; in 1917, viii, 173-82 passim, 186-91 passim, 206-7, 295; Congress of, 177-90 passim

Space program, Soviet, 286-87, 288

Spain, 95-96, 216

Spandarian, S., 148

Sponti, E. I., 78, 80

Srednitskaia, M. D., 81

SS (German), 244, 253, 261-69 passim, 273, 276

Stalin, Joseph, 112, 145, 157-71, 182, 202, 223, 240, 297-311 passim, 372ff, 398f; Nicolaevsky and, 23-27, 28, 346f; regime, x, 247, 293, 305, 309, 314, 320f; de-Stalinization, 300-1, 312, 320

Stankevich, N., 47, 52f

Strikes, 8f, 16f, 75, 80-81, 113f, 159, 346; rail, 114-33, 139, 345; in Latvia, 135-42 passim, 147

Struve, P. B., 11, 98

Stučka, P., 137, 141, 143, 368

Sukhanov, N. N., 183

Suslov, M. A., 288, 290

Switzerland, 90; Socialist Party of, 209, 213

Tarasov, Major, 262

Tarle, E. V., 300

Tatars, 3, 25f, 170, 342

Taubert, Eberhardt, 273-74

Ter-Petrosian, S. A. (Kamo), 165

Terracini, U., 225-26

Terror, 22, 55-60 passim, 72f, 91f, 97f, 143, 237-38, 346; Soviet, x, 156, 207; of Kaminsky Brigade, 256, 263-67 passim, 279, 389-92 passim

Thalheimer, A., 226

Thompson, Llewellyn, 282

Tikhomirov, L. A., 62, 68f, 71

Tillett, B., 219

Timiriazev, K. A., 7

Tkachev, Peter, 62, 95-96, 98, 319

Toroshelidze, M., 167

Totalitarianism, 316, 401

Tovstukha, Ivan, 159-61, 162f, 165, 372

Trade unions, 17, 65, 100, 103, 113-19 passim, 169, 185, 218; in Latvia, 140, 144f; Railroad Union, 114-33, 363; Printers, 210

Transcaucasian Union Committee, 159, 164, 168

Transition period, economics of, 196-203 passim

Trapeznikov, V., 345

Treint, A., 225

Troianovskii, A., 171, 376

Trotsky, L., 148f, 167, 189-91 passim, 206, 209, 22If, 226f, 237; on revolution, 74, 99-100, 104-11 passim; on Stalin, 170, 372ff, 376; and Pokrovskii, 294-302 passim, 310

Tsarapkin, Semyon K., 289f Tsereteli, I., 29f, 110-11, 236, 247

Tskhakaia, Mikha, 161, 165, 167, 373f

Tsoglin (David Kats), 85

Tsulukidze, Alexander, 161

Tucker, Robert C., x

Turati, Filippo, 95, 102, 108

Turgenev, Alexander, 42, 47-53 passim, 352, 354

Turgenev, Andrei I., 39-54, 352, 354

Turgenev, Ivan Petrovich, 40, 44-45

Tvardovskaia, V. A., 310 “Twenty-one Conditions,” 208, 211ff

Ulmanis, K., 156

Union of Liberation, 14, 345

Union of Polish Workers, 75, 86

Union of Russian Social Democrats
Abroad, 62

Union of Unions, 120, 123

United Front, 216-242 passim

United States, 249, 311, 320, 401; emigration to, 76, 79, 141; Soviet relations with, 282-292, passim; Socialist Party in, 209

Universities, 7, 76ff, 83f, 295-96, 318; of Moscow, 40, 44

Unszlicht, J., 221

Ushakov, Fedor, 53

Uspenskii, G. I., 11

Usyshkin, Kh., 82

Vaganian, V., 57

Vailant, Edouard, 108

Vainshtein, O. L., 304

Vandervelde, E., 108, 216, 219, 227-42 passim

Vaniushkin (Borodin), M., 142

Vedeniapin, Mikhail, 343

Veltheim, Maj. von, 253, 256, 259, 388

Venevitinov, D., 52f

Vereshchak, Semeon, 162

Versailles Treaty, 226, 235, 238

Vienna Conference (1912), 149, 206

Vienna Union, 213-42 passim

Vigrabbe, J., 156

Vilenskii, I., 82

Vilna Social Democrats, 75, 76-82, 85

Vinogradov, Pavel, 293

Vipper, R. Iu., 300

Vlasov, Gen. A. A., 271f, 274ff, 396;
movement, 243, 270-79 passim, 346

Vliegen, W. N., 219

Voeikov, A. F., 48-49, 51

Voevodin, Petr, 14f, 345

Volodarskii, M. V., 185, 227

Vol’sky-Valentinov, N. V., 88

Voluntarism, 55, 57f, 65, 70-74 passim, 89, 94, 96, 112, 200, 308

Voprosy istorii, 301f

Voskoboinikov, K. P., 244-49, 252, 258f, 269, 278f, 386-87

Voskoboinikova, Anna, 250, 388

Vpered, 205

Vyshinskii, Andrei, 26

Waldeck-Rousseau, R., 109

Wallhead, R. C., 219

War communism, 192-203

Warsaw Pact, 291

Warsaw uprising, 244, 266-67

Weitling, Wilhelm, 89f, 112

Wels, Otto, 219, 236

Westernism, 50-51, 60, 66, 73, 294, 318

Williams, Raymond, 314

Willich, August, 93, 98

Wirth, J., 236

Witte, S., 131

Wolfe, Bertram D., 206, 376

World War I, 29-30, 154-55, 172, 191, 204, 206f, 308, 312

World War II, 33, 35, 243-80, 300, 309, 312, 314

Woytinsky, W. S., 180, 187

Yugoslavia, 227, 290

Zagoria, Janet D., x

Zaichnevskii, P. G., 310

Zakharov, M. V., 287

Zaslavskii, M. A., 76

Zasulich, Vera, 65-74 passim, 205, 360

Zemlia i volia, 55, 58, 61f, 65, 73

Zetkin, Clara, 229, 231f, 239f

Zheliabov, 63, 68, 73

Zhordania, Noah, 164, 169

Zhukovskii, V., 47f, 52f, 351f

Zimmerwald Conference, 204, 213

Zinoviev, G., 171, 183f, 211f, 216-28 passim, 238ff, 375

Zionism, 78, 83

Zlatovratskii, N. N., 11

Zvirbulis, E., 148