Index

Academies of Sciences, 161–62, 245, 275, 344–45

Aeroflot, 275, 304

African countries, 248–50, 285

Afrikaans National Congress, 335

Afro-Asian conferences, 248–49, 262

agriculture: socialist transformation of, 142; great leap forward and crop expectations, 145; communization of, 169; limited by low level of mechanization, 279; disorganized during cultural revolution, 298

air lines, 66, 275, 304

airspace violations, 319

Albanian issue, 182–87, 190–96, 232–36

Algiers, 307

All-Chinese Congress of Communist Youth, 237

America. See United States

Amur River, 100, 326–30, 341–42

anti-Sovietism: CCP launches, 95; and emerging nationalism of CCP leadership, 108–33; in 1945–1949, 121–23; as basis for new CCP ideology, 321–22; of 9th Congress of CCP, 328–30; as official policy of PRC, 328–30; international socialist movement rebuffs, 332–37; conclusions on, 348

Argentine Communists, 306

army, Chinese: role in CCP, 112–13; role in cultural revolution, 281–82, 287–88; power under Maoists, 320, 339–40; see also Red Guard

artists: Soviet groups visiting PRC, 165; Chinese used for propaganda purposes, 244–46; see also cultural cooperation

Asian countries, 248–50, 262, 285

atomic bomb, China’s, 254, 256

atomic energy, Soviet assistance on, 82

Avila, Victor, 335

bacteriological warfare, 44

Bandung Conference, 156

Baroyan, O. V., 58

“Basic Provisions of the Program,” 88–90

black market, 299

Blagoveshchensk, 330

“blind faith” in foreign experience, 148–49

Blum, Léon, 15

books, Soviet gifts of, 162

border disputes: Chinese-Indian, 156–58; PRC foments on Sino-Soviet border, Sinkiang mass exodus, 219–25; Chinese encouraged to violate borders, Sino-Soviet talks fail, 239–42; territorial claims of PRC, 263, 325–31 ; PRC attempts to seize Soviet territory, 267; Soviet concessions on boundaries, 274; PRC hostile activity during cultural revolution, 295; increased violations in 1967, issue of border war raised, 312–13; PRC claims violations of airspace by Soviet aircraft, 319; armed provocation at Damanskiy Island, 322–25; IndoChinese, 324; USSR attempts at bilateral settlement of, 327–28; further PRC island landings, 329–31; 9th CCP Congress’ twisted statement on, 330; Soviet program for settlement of, 332; attack on Gol’dinskiy Island, 337; PRC prepares for war over, Brezhnev’s stand on, 338–41; naviga-

border disputes (cont.) tion problems on border rivers, 341–42

boundaries. See border disputes

bourgeoisie, role in formation of CCP, 111–12

Brazilian Communist Party, 335

Brezhnev, L. I.: on Sino-Soviet friendship, 268; on splitting actions of CCP, 296, 314; on Maoism, 300, 334; on support to Vietnam, 313–14; and peaceful settlement of international disputes, 328; on Chinese territorial claims, 331; mentioned, 336; on border discussions, 338, 340–41

bridge rebuilding, 57–58

British, CCP overtures to, 127

broadcasting, 218, 238, 276

Bucharest meetings, 182–85, 265–66

Bulgarian Communist Party, 197, 251

Byrnes, James C., 11

capitalist industry in China, 129–30

capitalist states, Maoist rapprochement with, 286–87

Caribbean crisis, 175–76

CCP: Stalin’s involvement in affairs of, 19; 1942 “rectification” purge, 22; struggle with KMT, 22–23, 47–62; Northeastern Bureau, 52–62; struggle between international Marxist-Lenin-ists and bourgeois-nationalists, 85, 95, 113–16; 8th Congress of, 85–91; “Basic Provisions of the Program,” 88–90; rightists attack USSR, 95–97; leadership battles within, 96–97; approves 1957 Moscow Declaration, 99; emerging nationalism and anti-Sovietism of leaders, 108–33; historical background on, 109–16; 7th Congress of, 117; United Front with KMT, 120–21; anti-Sovietism in 1945–1949, 121–27; Comintern worry over membership’s composition, 122–23; underestimation of working class by, 128; composition of CC, 130; party membership, 130–31; factors leading to nationalism in, 128–33; anti-Sovietism of leadership in 1958–1959, 135–65; revisions of Five-Year Plans, 142–43; great leap forward, 142–48, 170–71; 8th Plenary Session, 146–47; campaign against “blind faith” in foreign experience, 148–49; great power foreign policy of, 152–58; provocation of USA-USSR conflict, 158; leadership turns to open struggle against CPSU, 165–251; 9th Plenary Session of, 169; foreign policy deviations from socialist principles, 173–80; leaders’ direct attacks on CPSU, 180–91; and Albanian anti-Sovietism, 182–84, 187, 190, 194–96; CPSU asks to cease “open polemics,” 200–3; 1960 meeting with CPSU, distributes anti-Soviet letter, 203–10; refuses to cease open polemics, obstructs calling of international fraternal meeting, 232–36; expands anti-Soviet campaign in China, 236–39; splitting activities among fraternal parties, 247–50; refuses to attend CPSU 23rd Congress, 273; 11th Plenary Session initiates cultural revolution, 278, 291–92, 296; purged during cultural revolution, 287–90; 12th Plenary Session, 320–22; “rectification” campaign’s mass purges, 320–22; 9th Congress’ anti-Soviet hysteria, pushes Maoism and militarism, 328–30; interferes in internal affairs of fraternal parties, 335; struggle between internationalists and nationalists summarized, 348; see also PRC

CCR, 50–58, 65, 72–73

CER, 18–19

Chang Hsueh-liang, 123

Chang Po-chun, 96

Chang Wen-tien, 52, 55, 126, 146, 171

Chao Su-li, 164

Ch’en Chun-ching, 152

Ch’en Min-shu, 96

Ch’en Po-ta, 289

Chen Shao-yü. See Wang Ming

Chen Tsi-hsian, 317

Chen Yi, 96, 179, 262–63, 301, 313

Chen Yuong-chuan, 241

Cheng Chen-do, 344

Cheng Feng movement, 22

Chenpao Islands, 322–25

Chia Kuan-hua, 338

Chiang Ch’ung, 289

Chiang Kai-shek: and Soviet rights in Manchuria, 6, 8, 24; Soviet support of, 18–21; relations with US, 23, 127; and Stalin, 25–26; Soviet aid in CCP struggle against, 39–40; after defeat of Japan, 47–48; and Formosa Strait attacks, 153–54; see also KMT

Chiehfang Jihpao, 331–32

Chien-Fang Jihpao, 47

Ch’in Yu-hai, 95

China: historical background on, 109–16; role in world development, 172–73; social structure of, 290–91; see also CCP; PRC; Soviet-Chinese relations

China, People’s Republic of. See PRC

china factory anecdote, 284

Chinese Changchun Railroad, 50–58, 65, 72–73

Chinese Communist Party. See CCP

Chinese Eastern Railway, 18–19

Chinese National People’s Congress. See National People’s Congress

Chinese Revolution, 34, 39–62

Chinese-Soviet relations. See Soviet-Chinese relations

Chou En-lai: on Soviet railroad transfer, 72–73; Moscow visits, 72, 93; on Soviet assistance, 75; on Soviet friendship, 80; on Hungary, 92; on benefits of studying Soviet experience, 96–97; on Mao’s works, 132; speech at CPSU 21st Congress, 138; on economic cooperation, 140; on PRC’s 10th anniversary, 140; on “blind faith,” 148; on Soviet specialists, 161; mentioned, 179; at CPSU 22nd Congress, 19293; and bilateral meeting, 204; Moscow talks of 1964, 256; and nuclear weapons, 261; in Bucharest, 266; anti-Sovietism of, 266, 269, 273; on productivity, 298; and anti-Soviet demonstration, 301; on border war, 313; on USSR attacking China, 319; 1969 meeting with Soviet leaders, 338

Chou Li-po, 344

Chou Yang, 171

Ch’ü Ch’iu-pai, 35, 344

Chu Teh, 46, 72, 85

Chu Yu-wen, 95

Churchill, Winston S., 5–8, 42

CIA, 335

cinema, 165, 217

class struggle, 282

Clay, Lucius, 10

coal production, 298

colonialism, and socialism, 178–79

Cominform, 9

Comintern: and Soviet foreign policy, 3–4; Stalin’s domination of, 13–16; nationalism vs. internationalism in, 14–17; directions to CCP, 19; 7th Congress of, 20; dealings with Mao, 21–24; and CCP-KMT relations, 26; assistance to Chinese Revolution, 34; Mao’s campaign against, 119; role in war against Japan, 120; concern over CCP membership, 122–23

commerce. See trade

commodity deliveries, 213, 217

communes: people’s, 143, 146, 169, 171; of cultural revolution, 290

communications cooperation, 276

communism: and Soviet international relations, 1–28; Chinese, and Stalin, 18–28; international movement and history of CCP, 116–21; and PRC’s foreign policy, 175; Maoist attacks on internationalism of, 180–91; CCP letter of June 14, 1963 on proposed “line” for, 204–10, 257; CCP’s anti-Soviet activities aimed at splitting, 247–51; Maoist failure in splitting, 284–87; Maoists use as cloak, 320; CCP 9th Congress affirms struggle against internationalism of, 329; international conferences rebuff PRC’s anti-Sovietism, 332–37; see also CCP; Communist and Workers’ Parties; CPSU; fraternal parties; Marxism-Leninism

Communist and Workers’ Parties: 1957 Moscow Conference, 97–99; CCP criticizes Declaration of, 180–85;

Communist and Workers’ Parties (cont.) 1960 Moscow Conference, 187–91; and nuclear testing, 227–28, 230; CCP hinders preparations for international meeting, 233–36; condemn CCP splitting activities, 250–51; issue of drafting committee, 258–59; conferences rebuff CCP’s anti-Sovietism; see also fraternal parties

Communist Party of China. See CCP

Communist Party of Russia. See CPSU

companies, joint Soviet-Chinese, 66–67, 69–70, 81

Constitution of PRC, 77–79

consular treaty, 140

consulate closings, 224–25

consumption in China, in 1957 vs. 1963, 238–39

cooperation, Sino-Soviet: in industry, 66–67, 79, 100, 136–37, 159; in trade, 67–74, 79–82, 138–40, 162–63, 274, 343; scientific and technical, 73–74, 83, 100–2, 136–37, 160–62, 275; expansion of, 77–99; cultural, 83, 104, 163–65, 213, 217–18, 244–47, 275–77; mutual advantages of, 84; on foreign policy, 92–99; in concluding years of First Five-Year Plan, 99–105; summary of, 159–65; in education, 159–60, 165; military, 162; CCP curtails, 210–19; Soviet specialists recalled, 211–14; further curtailed in 1962–1964, 242–47; PRC refuses to engage in with socialist countries, 273–77; PRC virtually halts in 1967–69, 341–44

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 318–19, 333, 342

CPSU: international relations of, 2–4; Stalin’s management of, 14; contact with Northeastern Bureau of CCP, 53; 20th Congress of, 85–87, 187–88; 21st Congress of, 138, 187–88; CCP attempts to isolate, 175; Maoists’ direct attacks on, 180; 22nd Congress attacked by Maoists, 191–94; letter to CCP attempts to overcome split, 194–96; asks CCP to cease “public polemics,” 200–3 ; tries to improve relations with CCP, 203–10; discontinues publication of polemics, 231; October, 1964 leadership shift, 254; again attempts to normalize interstate relations, 261–65; CCP calls upon to alter program, 268; 23rd Congress strengthens unity of revolutionary forces, 271–73; cultural revolution’s attacks on, 291–97; reaffirms defense of general line, 296–97; resolution on friendship with China, 336–37; role in Sino-Soviet relations summarized, 348–49; see also Soviet-Chinese relations

credit, Soviet extended to PRC, 65–66, 124, 162

crop yields, 145

Cuban crisis, 175–76

cult of personality, 86, 116–17, 131–32, 151, 187, 283–84, 329

cultural cooperation: early development of, 75; in 1949 to 1958, 83; Chinese refusal to exchange ideological workers, 104; PRC’s 1958 withdrawal from, 152; summarized, 163–65; CCP curtailment of, 213, 217–18; PRC propaganda use of artists’ visits, 244–47, 277; Soviet attempts to resume, 262; in 1965 and 1966, 275–77

cultural revolution: initiation of, 278; origins of, 278–91; Mao’s attacks on world culture, 280–81; anti-Sovietism of, 291–97, 300–15, 348; economic crisis of, 297–300

Czechoslovakia, 250, 318, 319, 334

Dal’dok Yard, 69–70

Dal’niy, 51, 54, 60, 65, 69, 294–95, 310, 342–43

Dal’vneshtrans, 55

Damanskiy Island, 322–25, 330

dance groups, 246–47

Danelius, G., 336

Declaration of 1957, 97–99, 180–85, 205

defense aid to China, 71, 100, 162

defense industry, 298

democratic traditions, absent in China, 112

demonstrations, anti-Soviet, 300–12

developing countries, Maoism in, 247–50

diaries of Comintern representative to Mao, 21–24

diplomats and diplomacy:consular treaty, 140; consulate closings, 224–25; anti-Sovietism of Chinese, 255–56; provocative outrages against Soviet’s in Peking, 292–93, 303–12, 318; provocations by Chinese in Moscow, 301–2; families of Soviet staff unsafe, 303–7

Djakarta conference, 249

Djilas, Milovan, 26–27

“Do Not Fear Suffering” campaign, 169

Douglas-Home, Alec, 177

Druzhba, 105, 186

Dubna Joint Institute, 277

“East Wind Will Prevail over West Wind,” 135, 179

Eastern Europe, 8–10, 16–17

ECC, 19

economic cooperation: increase in 1956 and 1957, 99–100; in 1959, 138–40; Chou’s comment on, 140; in 19491959, summarized, 162–63; CCP curtails, 210–19; further curtailment in 1962–1964, 242–44; in 1965–1966, 273–74; at lowest level in 1969, 344; see also trade

economic development of China: Soviet assistance to, 68–71; Five-Year Plans for, 77–105, 140–45, 279; backwardness of, 109; acceleration under “great leap forward,” 142–48; decline at beginning of 1960s, 168–73; and cost accounting, 172; precarious in 1964, 238; agriculture as basis of, 279; Mao’s theories on, 279–80; recession under cultural revolution, 297–300

education: Soviet aid to PRC, 74; China’s departure from Soviet model of, 104; Soviet specialists in China, 159–60, 164–65; PRC cut in expenditures for, 170; PRC slander on educational programs of USSR, 245

8th Plenary Session of CCP, 171

Eighth Route Army, 121

11th Plenary Session of CCP, 291–92, 296

Embassy of PRC in Moscow, 301–2

Embassy of USSR in Peking, 225, 292–93, 303–12, 317–18, 323

émigrés, White Russian, 247

engineering, cooperation in, 136

engineering standards, 149–50

epidemics, Soviet aid during, 58–59

equipment deliveries, 215

Exhibition of Economic and Cultural Achievements ..., 82

expulsion of Chinese from USSR, 203–10, 317

Fang Chih-min, 35

Far East: and international communism, 18; USSR territory in, 326

Far East Institute, 344–45

Far Eastern Economic Review, 297

Far Eastern Foreign Trade Transportation Trust, 55

fascism, 15–16

Federal Republic of Germany, 318, 324, 336

“Fire on the Staffs,” 322

First Five-Year Plan, 77–105, 140–42, 279

Five-Year Plans: First, 77–105, 140–42, 279; Second, 142–45, 279

food purchases, 243

foreign correspondents, 276–78

foreign experience, Maoist campaign against, 148–49

foreign policy: Soviet’s, and conflict with China, 3–28; cooperation in, 92–99; PRC’s, 135–65, 173–80, 284–87; see also Soviet-Chinese relations

foreign trade. See trade

Formosa Strait, 153–55

“Fourth International,” 247

Fourth Route Army, 121

fractioning, 187

fraternal parties: CCP splitting actions among, 182–83; Bucharest conference of, 183–85; Maoists struggle against, 191–94; CCP attacks on congresses of, 197–98; CCP hinders preparations for meeting of, 232–36; reaction to

fraternal parties (cont.) CCP’s anti-Soviet campaign, 305–6; rebuff PRC’s anti-Sovietism, 332–37; CCP interference in internal affairs of, 335–36; see also Communist and Workers’ Parties

French Communist Party, 251

friendship associations, 62, 94, 105, 124–25, 262, 293–94, 343–45

friendship between nations, 81, 93, 124, 155–56, 190

Gagarin, Yu. A., 218

Genghis Khan, 222, 325

German Democratic Republic, 307

German Socialist Unity Party, 200, 250

Germany: Stalin’s concern with, 10–11; PRC trade with, 274

Gheorghiu-Dej, Gheorghe, 265

Gidrograf, 310

Gol’dinskiy Island, 337

GPU-NKVD-MVD, 14, 15

Great Britain: Stalin’s relationship with, 4–9; CCP overtures to, 127

Great Decade, The, 140

“great leap forward”: as accelerated march to communism, described, 142–48; economic failure of, 168–73; CCP leadership’s differences of opinion on, 170–71; see also Three Red Banners

Great October Socialist Revolution, 33–34, 94, 102–3, 110–11, 315

great-power tendencies of PRC, 152–58

Gromyko, A. A., 337, 343

Han Yung, 344

Hang Shao-hsun, 96

Harbin, 55, 57, 224

Hata, General, 45–46

“head of the Soviet government.” See Khrushchev

Heilungkiang Jihpao, 95

Hitler, Adolf, 6, 15–16

Ho Chi Minh, 338

Hofei Pedagogical Institute, 178

Hong Kong, 286–87

housing construction, 281–82

Hoxha, Enver, 319

Hsi Chung-hsun, 283

Hsiao Chung-ya, 62

Hsieh Fu-chih, 300, 338

Hsinhua Agency, 131, 203, 207, 246, 266, 296

Hsüeh-hsi, 149

Hung-ch’i, 179, 230, 259, 268

Hungarian revolt, 92

Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party, 197, 335

Husak, Gustav, 334

“ideas of Mao Tse-tung,” 117, 132, 172, 178–79

illiteracy, Chinese, 131, 281

imperialism: Maoist stand on, 180–81; PRC flirtation with, 324; Maoism as aiding international, 335–36, 349

In Fu, 344

India: and Maoism, 125; border disputes, 156–58, 176–77, 327

Indonesia: and Maoism, 125; Communists in, 282; relations with PRC, 285

industry: Soviet aid to PRC in building, 66–67, 79, 100, 159; socialist sector of, in 1951, 70; established by Five-Year Plans, 80; and socialist construction, 103–4, 142; private capitalism in PRC, 129–30; Sino-Soviet cooperation on, 136–37, 159; 1959 production increases over 1954, 140–42; production increases under “great leap forward,” 142–48; breakdowns following departures from Soviet specifications, 149–51; USSR trains Chinese for, 161; decline of 1960s, 169; recession during cultural revolution, 297–98; see also trade

information services, cooperation between, 276

intellectuals, purge of, 280

international Communist movement. See communism; Communist and Workers’ Parties; fraternal parties

international conferences: Maoism at, 125, 248–50; CCP delaying tactics in preparing for, 232–36; anti-Sovietism at, 256, 260–61,296

“Intourist,” 343

Israel, 314

Italian Communist Party, 203

Italy-China Association, 203

Ivanov, S. V., 310

Izvestiya, 319

Jackson, James, 306

Japan: World War II rout of, 39–62; CCP and Mao’s actions following attack on Russia, 119; PRC policy on, 175; relations with China, 179; CCP’s anti-Sovietism in, 260; PRC uses Kurile Islands issue in, 262–63; attempts to seize Soviet land, 326

Jen Min Ch’u Pan She, 267

Jen Min Jihpao, 67, 73, 78, 104–5, 115, 173, 185, 197–98, 201–2, 208, 229, 241, 255–56, 260, 268, 297, 314–18, 331

Kadar, Janos, 335

Kang Chiang Jihpao, 95

Kang Sheng, 22, 113, 192, 289

Kao Kang, 25, 52–54, 126

Kapitonov, I. V., 328

Karlovy Vary conference, 33

Katushev, K. F., 338

Khrushchev, Nikita (“head of the Soviet government”): on Stalin’s paranoia, 9; condemnation of Stalin, 11; and Taiwan Strait shelling, 154–55; removal from leadership, 254n, 257n

Kirkinskiy Island, 312

KMT: Soviet support of, 18–21; struggle with CCP, 22–23, 47–62; influence on formation of CCP, 113; United Front with CCP, 120–21; recruits to CCP from ranks of, 122; see also Chiang Kai-shek

Kommunist, 322

Komsomolets Ukrainy, 316

Komsomols, 273

Korean War, 28, 71, 83, 127

Korzhov, V. A., 310

Kosygin, A. N., 263–64, 303, 311, 338

Kraft, Joseph, 306

Kuldja, 223–24

Kultuk Island, 330

Kungjen Jihpao, 97

Kungmin Jihpao, 173, 318, 331

Kuo Mo-jo, 135

Kuomintang. See KMT

Kurile Islands, 263

Kuznetsov, V. V., 338

Kwantung Army, 36, 40–46

Lao She, 164

leap in economic development. See“great leap forward”

Lenin, V. L: and China, 33–35; Maoists ignore teachings of, 115, 116; on public controversy, 201; Chinese refuse to hang placards honoring, 244; and learning, 281; reading of Maoism at tomb of, 302; and Far Eastern lands, 326; influence on China, 345; on internationalism, 349; see also Marxism-Leninism

Leninism. See Marxism-Leninism

“Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom . . .” campaign, 91, 95, 97

letters: CCP’s of June, 1963 sets forth proposed “line” for international communism, 204–10, 257; CPSU’s Open Letter on Sino-Soviet relations, 209, 229–30

Letters from China, 263

Li Fu-chun, 52, 104

Li Hsien-nien, 338

Li Li-san, 20

Li Ta-chao, 34, 35, 344

Liaotung Peninsula, 53–54

libraries, Soviet gifts to Chinese, 162

Lin Piao: and CCP struggles against KMT, 25–26, 52; Soviet aid to troops of, 59; and Maoism, 278, 300, 321, 322; anti-Sovietism at 9th CCP Congress, 329–30, 334

literature: Soviet in China, 105, 151: exchanges of translated, 163–64; anti-Soviet distributed by Chinese, 206–10, 238

Liu Hsiao, 262

Liu Shao-ch’i: Moscow visits, 53, 72; on USSR, 79; on Sino-Soviet cooperation, 102–3; on Mao, 117; mentioned, 171; heads delegation to Moscow Conference, 190; position weakened, 288; dismissal of, 289

Lo Fu. See Chang Wen-t’ien

Lo Jui-ching, 289

Lo Lung-chi, 96

Long Live Leninism, 180–81, 185

“Lu Hsing She,” 343

Lu Hsün, 164, 325, 344

Lu Ting-yi, 263, 289

Lung Yun, 96

Malik, Ya. A., 44

Malinovskiy, R. Ya., 43

Manchukuo, 40, 42

Manchuria: Soviet rights in, 6, 8, 18, 23–24; and KMT-Soviet relations, 19; Japanese in, 40–42; after rout of Japan, 47–52; CCP revolutionary base in, 52–62

Mao Tse-tung: relations with KMT during World War II, 20–24; dealings with Comintern, 21–24; relations with Stalin, 23–24; and US entry into war, 43; slanderous remarks on Stalin, 60; “petty bourgeois notions” of, 60–61; on Treaty of Friendship, 65; on Sino-Soviet treaties, 67–68; Moscow visit, 72; thanks Soviet for help, 78; on Soviet friendship towards Chinese, 81, 93–94, 124; comment on Soviet exhibition, 82; and 20th Congress of CPSU, 85; cult of personality, 86, 116–17, 131–32, 151, 187, 283–84, 329; on learning from Soviet experience, 89–90, 102; hypocritical statement on China’s destiny and Soviet, 94–95; position on war, 98; on industrialization, 104; as ignoring theory and practice of socialism, 115–16; as Chinese Lenin, 117; and Yenan “rectification” campaign, 117–19; and Japanese attack on Russia, 119–20; and United Front with KMT, 120–21; anti-Sovietism of, 1945–1949, 121–23; and Stalin’s death, 126; study of works of, 131–32; and “great leap forward,” 143–47; on people’s communes, 146; and Soviet aid in Taiwan Strait incident, 155; ignores efforts to improve Sino-Soviet relations, 158; relinquishes chairmanship after “great leap” failure, 171; propaganda on “ideas” of, 172; “ideas” as new development of Marxism-Leninism, 178–79; invited to visit USSR, 180–81; statement on Sino-Soviet friendship, 190; on Soviet treaty, 220; on Sino-Soviet border, 241; welcomes Moscow delegation, 259; Kosygin meets with, 264; interview on Vietnam War, 270; and initiation of cultural revolution, 278; economic theories of, 279–80; intensification of cult of, 283–84; china factory anecdote on, 284; Soviet people as “supporting,” 296; on workers’ discontent, 299; US interest in, 306; on struggle against USSR, 319; theories replace Marxism-Leninism as basis for CCP ideology, 321; personal devotion to stressed in CCP “rectification and reorganization” purge, 321

Mao Tun, 164, 280

Maritime Provinces, 326

Marshall, George C., 27

Marx, John B., 335

Marxism-Leninism: internal CCP struggles against, 85; CCP’s early achievements in, 89–91; CCP activates campaign against, 95; relationship to Chinese socialist construction, 103; history of development in China, 110–16; “ideas of Mao” as a contribution to, 117, 132, 178–79; Maoist direct attacks on, 180–91; stand on learning, 281; replaced by Maoism as official CCP ideology, 321; see also Lenin; socialism

Matsu islands, 153–55

Matsumura, Kenzo, 179

medical aid to China, 58–59

membership of CCP, 122–23, 130–31

Meretskov, K. A., 42

metallurgical industry, 66, 297

Middle East, 314

Mikoyan, A. I., 99

militarization of China, 282, 290–91, 336, 339–40

military aid to PRC, 71, 100, 162

Mingshui Tuan-ch’i, 221

mining, Chinese, 297

minorities, national, 263

Mongolian People’s Republic: Japanese militarism in, 41 ; Revolutionary Army of, 43–44; Revolutionary Party of, 250; anti-Soviet provocations in, 307

Moscow Conference of Communist and Workers’ Parties (1960), 187–91, 205

Moscow Declaration of 1957, 97–99, 180–85, 205

motion pictures, 165, 217

Mussolini, Benito, 15, 16

Narkomindel, 13

national liberation movements: PRC attempts to manipulate, 175, 178–79; Maoists fail to control, 285; CCP interference in as aid to imperialism, 335–36

national minorities issue, 263

National People’s Congress: adopts PRC Constitution, 77–79; elections to, 79; delegation visits USSR, 92–93; 1959 session, 140; Fourth, 230; anti-Sovietism at 1964 session, 260; Maoist purge of, 289

nationalism in CCP leadership, 108–33, 148–49

Naushki border incident, 228–29

navigation, cooperation in, 136–37

navigation on boundary rivers, 328, 341–42

The New York Times, 176

newspapers: Russian-language in China, 105; Chinese, 198, 229–30, 237–38, 255–56

Nikolayev, N. I., 58

1957 Moscow Conference, 97–99, 180–85, 205

Ninghsia Hui Autonomous Region, 237

NKVD, 14, 15

Northeast Bureau of CCP, 52–62

nuclear test ban, 153, 225–29, 256, 261–62

Nuestra Palabra, 306

The Observer, 270

October Socialist Revolution, 33–34, 94, 102–3, 110–11, 315

offshore islands, 153–55

“open polemics,” 200–3, 231–35, 257–58, 267

Pacha Island, 337

Pacific Ocean research, 101

Patching Wan Pao, 171

Pakistan border dispute, 327

Pan Zi-li, 200

Panama Communist Party, 335

Pavlychev, G. I., 46

peasantry: rich, 128; disorganization during cultural revolution, 298

Peking University, 239, 288

P’eng Chen, 52, 93, 183, 289

P’eng P’ai, 35, 344

P’eng Teh-huai, 94, 126, 146–17, 171, 282

People, 256

people’s communes, 143, 146, 169, 171; see also Three Red Banners

People’s Congress. See National People’s Congress

People’s Democratic Administration, 52–62

People’s Liberation Army, 36, 57–58, 246

People’s Republic of China. See PRC

personality cult. See cult of personality

Pestovskiy, A. S., 149

petroleum industry, 66

PLA, 36, 57–58, 246

plague epidemics, 58–59

Po Yi-po, 74

Poland:Communist Party of, 16; United Workers’ Party of, 251

polemics, public, 200–3, 231–35, 257–58, 267

Ponomarchuk, A. P., 316

population size of China, 113

Port Arthur, 51, 53, 65, 81; see alsoDal’niy

Port Dal’niy. See Dal’niy

Potsdam Declaration, 45

Pravda, 177, 200, 305

PRC: deviation from friendship policy with USSR, 36–38; Soviet aid to in years of its molding; 64–76; economic assistance from Soviet, 68–71; achievements of restoration period, 75–76; National People’s Congress adopts Constitution for, 77–78; foreign policy and anti-Sovietism of CCP leadership, 135–65; 10th anniversary of, 140, 158; great power foreign policy of, 152–58; nationalist policy of 1960s, 168–73; deviation from socialism, 175–80; anti-Sovietism stirred up by CCP, 236–39; militarization of, 282, 290–91; weakening of foreign policy position of, 284–87; preparation for war with USSR, 338–39; for most entries see under CCP; Soviet-Chinese relations

press, Chinese, 198, 229–30, 237–38, 255–56

Prestes, Luis Carlos, 335

private industry, 129–30, 142

production. See industry

proletariat, weakness of Chinese, 111

propaganda; of ideas of Mao, 172; on China’s role in world history, 172–73; and national liberation movement, 179; Maoist anti-Soviet circulated in Russia, 185–86; anti-Soviet Chinese “bulletins,” 193–94; PRC attacks on fraternal parties, USIA anecdote,’ 198–99; anti-Soviet indoctrination of Chinese population, 199–200; CCP steps up, 202–3; and border station hooliganism, 228–29; intensification of anti-Soviet indoctrination in China, 236–37; radio broadcasts into Soviet territory, 238; by Chinese artists in USSR, 246; by Chinese press, 255–56; CCP unleashes new series of, 266–67; Maoist literature distributed in USSR, 269; anti-Soviet demonstrations, 300–12; preparing Chinese for war with Soviet, 339

Pu-yi, Henry, 46

“public polemics,” 200–3, 231–35, 257–58, 267.

publications: Soviet translated into Chinese, 151, 164; Chinese in USSR, 164

purges of cultural revolution, 282–83, 288–89

Quemoy, 153–55

racism, Chinese, 173, 179, 249

radio broadcasting, 218, 238, 276

railroads: Soviet restoration of Chinese, 55–58, 72; anti-Soviet incidents on, 302–3, 309; PRC abrogates agreements on, 341

rectification campaigns, 22, 116–18, 123, 320–22

Red Army Song and Dance Ensemble, 246–47.

Red Guards, 288, 292, 296–99, 304, 307–11, 321

“rehabilitation through labor,” 283

Reiman, M., 336

Renaissance, 256

research, cooperation in, 136, 160–61

“revolutionary committees,” 290

revolutionary forces, worldwide unity of, 271–73

Revolutions: Chinese, 39–62; Great October Socialist, 33–34, 94, 102–3, 110–11, 315

Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 16, 41

river navigation, 327–28, 341–42

Roosevelt, Franklin D., 5–10

Rumanian Workers’ Party, 182–84

Russia. See Soviet Union

Russian language: taught in China, 74–75; Chinese literature translated into, 164

satellites, Soviet, 9

scientific and technical cooperation: in 1952, 73–74; visits of Soviet scientists to China, 83; on Amur River problems, 100; exchange of technical plans and drawings, 101–2; 1958 agreements on, 136–37; Soviet specialists working in China from 1949 to 1960, 159–61; summarized, 160–62; CCP curtails, 210–16; PRC severs, 243, 245; Soviet attempts to resume, 262; in 1965 and 1966, 275; no agreement in 1967, 343

The Scotsman, 286

Second Five-Year Plan, 142–45, 279

Selected Works of Mao, 132

Shelakhov, G. A., 45

Shelepin, A. N., 272

shipbuilding company, 69–70

shipping: Chinese attacks on Soviet, 294–95, 310–11, 316–18, 342–43; agreement on distress at sea, 341

Shirendyb, B., 222

Sinkiang, 221–25, 237, 263

Sino-Soviet Friendship Association, 62, 94, 105, 124–25, 262, 293–94, 343–45

Sino-Soviet relations. See Soviet-Chinese relations

SKOGA, 66, 81

Sladovskiy, M. I., 53

Snow, Edgar, 270

social organizations, PRC forbids visits by, 244

social structure of China, 290–91

socialism: international relations among socialist states, 1–4; Soviet aid to PRC in constructing, 74; PRC achievements in, 89–91; Chinese study Soviet experience in, 102–3; Maoism as ignoring theory and practice of, 115–16; Mao’s views on building in China, 121–22; under First Five-Year Plan, 142; and acceleration of “great leap forward,” 143–44; Maoists see 3 types of, 151 ; CCP foreign policy as deviation from principles of, 173–80; CCP ideological disagreements with, 231; PRC claims “socialist camp” no longer exists, 318–19; CCP proclaims socialist countries as China’s main enemy, 329; see also Marxism-Leninism

Soong Ch’ing-ling, 58, 59, 69, 94

sources of Sino-Soviet dispute, 1–28

South Africa, Republic of, 250, 335

Sovetsko-kitayskaya druzhba, 186

“Sovfrakht,” 225

Soviet Far East, 18

Soviet Union: and international communism, 1–28; relations with Japan, 262–63; as first state to recognize PRC, 64; possible war with USA, 158; relations with Albania, 182–87, 190–96, 232–36; as an Asian country? 249; relations with Arabs, 314; see also CPSU; Soviet-Chinese relations

Soviet-Chinese relations: sources of conflict in, 1–28; historical development of, 33–38; in 1945–1949, 39–62; and rout of Japan, 39–62; in 1949–1952, 64–76; and molding of PRC, 64–76; in 1953–1957, 77–105; expansion of cooperation, 77–84; in 1956–1957, 84–99; cooperation in foreign policy, 92–99; economic, scientific and technical cooperation, 99–105; CCP leaders’ emerging nationalism and anti-Sovietism, 108–33; and Mao’s anti-Soviet strategy and tactics, 126; in 1958–1959, 135–65; and anti-Sovietism of CCP leadership, 135–65; PRC shelling of Formosa Strait without warning Soviet, 153–55; USSR and PRC’s differing approaches to divisive issues, 155–56; Soviet’s friendship moves at 1958 summit meeting, 156; cooperation in 1949–1959 summarized, 159–65; in 1960, summarized, 168; CCP turns to open struggle against CPSU, 168–251; and CCP deviations from Leninism, 173–80; Maoist attacks on CPSU, 180–91; CCP’s splitting tactics at fraternal parties’ international meetings, 182–83,197–200; CCP letter attacks CPSU, 186–87; Moscow Conference disagreements, 187–90; CCP intensifies struggle against fraternal parties at CPSU 22nd Congress, 191–94; and Soviet-Albanian relations, 194–96; “open polemics” issue, 200–3, 231–35, 257–58, 267; bilateral meeting of July, 1963, CCP distribution of letter on, 203–10; Chinese citizens expelled from USSR, 207–10; interstate relations worsen, 210–19; border tensions, 219–25; PRC opposition to nuclear test ban, 225–29; from October 1964 to August 1966, 253–77; Moscow talks in November of 1964, 256–59; drafting committee for international conference, 258–59; CCP resumes openly hostile relations, 259–77; CPSU again attempts to normalize relations, 261–65; Peking meetings of 264–65; in late 1960s, 278–345; anti-Sovietism of cultural revolution, 291–97; staging of anti-Soviet demonstrations, 300–12; domestic economic crisis leads Maoists to intensify anti-Soviet campaign, 300–15; PRC seizure of Soviet tanker, 316–17; harassment of Soviet citizens in China, 318; PRC fabrications of “hostile” Soviet actions, 319; PRC armed provocation at Sino-Soviet border, territorial claims, 322–28; PRC officially claims USSR as “hostile,” prophesies war, 331–32; heads of state meet in Sept., 1969, 337–39; Soviet’s basic policy of friendship with China, 337, 347–50; interstate in 1968, 343–44; Soviet continues to stress friendship, 344–45; summarized, 347–50; CPSU’s role in, 348

“Sovkitneft” company, 66, 81

“Sovkitmetall” company, 66, 81

space flight, 218

Spanish Communist Party, 15

Special Border Area Region, 20

specialists, Soviet in China: aid provided by in early days of PRC, 59–60, 74; misuse by PRC, 125; advice ignored by Chinese, 149–51; numbers sent in 1950 to 1960, 159–60; work summarized, 164–65; recall of, 211–14

splinter groups, 196–200

splitting activities of CCP, 196–203

sports, cooperation in, 276

Stalin, Josef: and evolution of Soviet foreign policy, 4–28; World War II relationship with Britain and US, 4–9; paranoia of, 9; as a “bad” Communist, 11–12; and international communism, 11–18; and Chinese Communists, 18–28; and Mao, 20–24; and Chiang Kai-shek, 25–26; and revolutions, 26–27; mentioned, 34, 72; Mao’s slanderous story on, 60; CCP assessment of, 86–87; and Maoism in Indonesia, 125

Statement of 1960, 187–91, 205

steel production, 145

stock companies, joint Soviet-Chinese, 66–67, 69–70, 81

Strong, Anna Louise, 263

students: Chinese in USSR, 161, 165; unrest among Peking, 239; Chinese demonstrate in Moscow, 266; recall of both Chinese and Soviet, 293

Sulimenko, M. I., 53

Sun Yat-sen, 18, 344

Sun Ye-fang, 172

Suslov, M. A., 233, 313

Svirsk, 310–11, 316

Szechwan Jihpao, 131

Ta Kung Pao, 255

Taiwan Strait shelling, 153–55

Tashkent Conference, 285, 327

TASS, 157–58, 317–18

teaching specialists, 159–60, 165

technical cooperation. See scientific and technical cooperation

technological discipline, PRC violations of, 149–51

Teheran Conference, 6–7

Teng Chung-hsia, 35

Teng Hsiao-p’ing, 94, 171, 186, 191

Teng T’o, 82, 171

Teng Tzu-hui, 283

territorial disputes. See border disputes

territorial waters, 137

Test Ban Treaty. See nuclear test ban

Third World, 156, 248–50, 285

Three Red Banners, 142–48, 170, 212, 279; see also “great leap forward”

Tito, Marshal, 2, 9, 11, 18

Togo, Shigenori, 44

tourist exchanges, 343

trade: between Soviet and CCP Northeastern Provinces, 53–54; agreement on legal aspects of Sino-Soviet, 67; in years of PRC’s molding, 69–71; in 1952, 73–74; in 1953, 79–80; in 1954, 82; 1958 treaty on, 136; in 1959, 138–40; USSR as main buyer of Chinese goods, 163; in 1949–1959, summarized, 162–63; CCP curtailment of, 213, 216, 219; CPSU proposals on, 231–32; reduction in 1962–1964, 243–44; China’s with socialist countries, 274; Sino-Soviet in 1965–1966, 274; Soviet shipping denied entrance to PRC ports, 342–43; Sino-Soviet in 1967, 343

translated literature, 163–64

transportation: disorganization during cultural revolution, 298; anti-Soviet provocations on, 303

Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance, 65, 72, 74, 124, 175, 265, 269, 326–27

Trotsky, Leon, 11, 12, 19

Trotskyites, and Maoists, 247

Ts’ai Ho-shen, 35

Ts’an K’ao bulletins, 193–94

Tsan Kao Shou-tse, 255

Tsao Ching-hua, 164

Tung Pi-Wu, 103

Tung Yang-ch’in, 50

20th Congress of CPSU, 85–87, 187–88

21st Congress of CPSU, 187–88

22nd Congress of CPSU, 191–94

23rd Congress of CPSU, 271–73

“25 Points,” 204, 257

UDA, 52

Ukrainian nationalists, 247

Ulbricht, Walter, 336

Umezu, Yoshijiro, 44

United Democratic Army, 52

United Front, 120–21

United Nations: China’s rights in, 261–62; Maoist failures in, 285

United States: Stalin’s relationship with, 4–11; Mao’s 1940 hopes of support from, 23; aid to KMT, 47–18, 51; CCP overtures to, 127, 286–87; relations with China, 127; response to Formosa Strait shelling, 154–55; and Sino-Indian border dispute, 158; war with USSR as PRC’s goal, 158, 176–77; and Vietnam War, 264, 269–71, 313; PRC charges Soviet collusion with, 266, 268; Maoists claim USSR will aid in attack on China, 294; interest in maintaining Mao in power, 306

United States Information Agency, 199, 306

U.S. News and World Report, 306

USSR. See Soviet Union

Ussuri River, 322, 326–27, 341–42

Vasilevskiy, A. M., 43, 45–46

Vietnam War: PRC’s position on, 264, 266, 269–71, 313–14; PRC refuses passage to shipments for, 341

Vil’ne slovo, 247

Vladimirov, P. L., 21

Vlasov, Yu. P., 21

voluntarist aims, 91

Voroshilov, K. Ye., 93, 96

Voytinskiy, G., 110

Wang Chia-hsiang, 283

Wang Hsiao-ch’uan, 171

Wang Ming, 117–18, 126

Wang Tao-hang, 150

war: Maoist stand on, 98, 181; between USA and USSR as goal of PRC, 158; as possibility between USSR and PRC, 313, 319; PRC sees as inevitable, 331–32, 336; Maoist preparations for, 339–40

Warsaw Pact, 318–19, 333

Washington Post, 270, 306

Wen Hui Pao, 62

West Germany, 318, 324, 336

Whampoa, 316–17

White Guard Russians, 247

The Worker, 306

working class: weak role in China, 111–12; CCP underestimation of, 128–29; disintegration under cultural revolution, 291

World Federation of Trade Unions, 182–84

World War III, Maoist stand on, 331–32, 336

writers, Soviet celebrations honor China’s greatest, 344

Yalta Conference, 42

“Yamada,” General, 44, 46

Yang Fang-shi, 150

Yang Hsian-chen, 172

Yao Yuan-fang, 163

Yasnov, M. A., 338

Yenan government, 20–23, 52, 116–21

Young Communist Leagues, 273, 288

youth delegations, 244

Yudin, P. F., 129

Yugoslavian resistance to Stalin, 2, 18

Zagorsk ship seizure, 294–95

Zeri i Popullit, 202

Zgonnik, N. P., 150

Zyryanov, P. I., 241, 332