Index

A-1 nuclear reactor (Czech.), 154–55, 160

Academies of science, 34, 45–46, 49–50

Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 198

Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 50

Academy of Sciences of the USSR: research and development, 19, 21, 27; oil and gas research, 45–46; electric power research, 48–50; geothermal energy research, 51, 191, 194

Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, 51–52, 198–99

Agriculture, 14

Air pollution. See Environmental problems

Aircraft engines, 214, 216, 218

Aleksandrov, A. P„ 151, 155–56, 167

All-Union Geological Fund, 1–2

All-Union Oil and Gas Research Institute, 42

All-Union Research Institute of the Peat Industry, 52

All-Union Scientific Research Institute for the Construction of Pipelines, 226–27

All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Drilling Equipment, 42

Aluminum reduction industry, 5

Armenian nuclear power station, 141

Artsimovich, L. M., 158

Augers, 131

Austenitic steel, 74

Autoclave coal processing, 180

Automation, 65

Automobiles, 12

Baltic coast oil shale reserves, 6

Base-load electric power generation, 74-79

BelAZ-series trucks, 127, 128, 129, 135

Beloiarsk nuclear power station, 139, 140, 15c, 151, 166

Belovo power station, 171, 172

Bernstein, L., 197

Bilibino nuclear power station, 140, 151

Black Mesa slurry pipeline (US), 172, 174

Block-design electric power generation, 74–79

BN-series nuclear power stations, 150–51, 164, 165, 166

Boiling-water nuclear reactors. See BWR-series nuclear reactors

Bratchenko, B. V., 107, 116

Breeder nuclear reactors: technological level, 142, 163–64; reprocessed fuel, 144–45, 159–63; plutonium fuel, 146; commercialization, 150–51; safety, 159, 168. See also BN-series nuclear power stations; Fast-breeder nuclear reactors

Briquets, 178

Bucket-wheel excavators, 104–5, 125–26, 136

Bulldozers, 104–5, 131

BWR-series nuclear reactors, 140–41

Cadiz-Eastlake slurry pipeline (US), 171, 173

Capital costs of energy, 25–26

Carryall scrapers, 104–5

Caspian oil fields, 4

Central Asia, gas resources, 3, 5

Central Boiler and Turbine Institute, 48

Channel-type light water graphite nuclear reactors. See RBMK-series nuclear reactors

Chemical machinebuilding, 44–45

Chemistry Institute (Estonian Acad. of Sci.), 52

Cheremkhovo coal field, 121

Cherepovets power station, 74, 75

Chernobyl nuclear power station, 141, 149

Chukhanov, Z. F., 177

Coal: resources, 1–2; production, 10; exports, .11; heat rate, 68; gas-steam combine turbines, 95; slurry transport, 170–75; gasification, 176–77; complex processing, 177–80

Coal conversion, 241–42

Coal mining: management, 20; use of resources, 20; development, 23, 24; labor and planning, 26; research and development, 30–31, 40–41, 43, 46–47, 54, 238–39, 246–47; machinery, 40–41, 46, 99–137, machine building, 46, 115– 16; investment, 100, 102, 104–5; US-USSR compared (tables), 100–1, 104– 5; loading machines, 101; technology imports, 203. See also Strip mining

Co-generation of energy, 15–16

Coke, 11, 178

Coking coal, 116–17

Combined cycle electric power generation, 64, 94–95

“Complex problems” of five-year plans, 28

Complex processing of coal, 177–80

Compressors for gas pipelines, 206, 2079, 212–20, 227–29

Condensing power stations, 71, 74–79, 80

Condensing turbines, 63

Construction industry: energy use, 14

Container pipelines, 174

Conveyor transport, 117–18

“Coordination plans,” 28

Cost-effectiveness, 32

Council for the Study of Productive Forces, 51

Council of Ministers, 19

Council on Reprocessing of Spent Fuel, 160

Current Sources, Research Institute of, 52

Czechoslovakia:A-1 nuclear reactor, 154—55; and USSR nuclear technology, 160–61; nuclear technology, 165

Demonstration projects, 35

Department of Chief Designer, 37

Design bureaus (KB), 37, 42–43, 46, 47–48

Design work, 36–37

DET tractor-dozer, 131

Diesel locomotives, 13, 126

Diffused-gas turbine, 89

Dmitrovgrad nuclear power station, 140

Dnepr coal mines, 117, 125

Dombrovskii, N. G., 124

Donbass coal basin, 111

Donbass-series wide-web mining com bine, 109–10

Donets coal basin, 2

Donets Coal Institution, 46

Donetsk machine building plant, 125

Dongiprouglemash, 109–10

Dragline excavators, 122–25, 134, 136

Drilling equipment, 131–32

DU-1 narrow-web combine, 111

Dumpcars, 26, 130

Dvorov, M., 193

Eastern Coke-chemical Institute, 179

Educational Institutes, 34

“Effective” energy plan, 23–24

EGL-series mechanical shovels, 121

Eighth Five Year Plan (1966–1970), 28, 29, 117

EKG-series mechanical shovels, 120–21, 130

Ekibastuz-Center electric line, 182–83

Ekibastuz coal basin: production, 2, 23; bucket-wheel excavators, 125; electrical generation, 181–82

Electric locomotives, 101, 126, 130

Electric motor gas compressors, 209, 217

Electric power: exports, 11; research and development, 40–41, 47, 48–50, 5960, 95–98, 242–43; technology export, 203

Electric power generation: peat fuel, 56; energy consumption, 13–16; natural gas, oil fuels, 16; thermal generation, 62–98; USSR-US compared (table), 66; equipment, 70–74; installed capacity (table), 72; base-load block condensing stations, 74–79; heat and power combines, 79–84; load variations, 86; magnetohydrodynamic generation, 184–91

Electric Power Institute (Latvian Acad. of Sci.), 49

Electric Power Institute (Minenergo) (ENIN), 34, 52, 198

Electric Power Research Institute (US), 157

Electric power stations, 6, 73, 75, 78, 89, 91, 94, 141, 171, 172, 178, 192

Electric power transmission:equipment, 47–48; research and development, 60; from Siberia, 181–84

Electric pumps for oil industry, 221–25

Electron-beam fusion, 157

Elektroset’proekt, 21

Employment: in research and development, 38–57; in coal mining, 100, 104–5

Energy: resources, 1–12; consumption, 8–12; production (table), 10; trade, 10, 11, 24–25; conservation of, 17, 53, 55; management, 18–25; planning, 21; novel sources, 202

Energy Research and Development Administration (US), 29–30

Environmental problems: oil shale recovery, 6; damage to land, 7; research and development, 53, 55, 58; electricity generation, 65; nuclear power, 158–591; magnetohydrodynamic generators, 187

ERG-series bucket excavators, 125–26

Ermakov power plant, 75

ESh-series dragline excavators, 122–24

ETKh-series coal converters, 178, 179

EVG-series mechanical shovels, 120, 122

Excavators, 119–26, 133

Experimental-design work (OKR), 36, 43

Fast breeder (FBR-series) nuclear reactors, 140–41

Finland, nuclear technology, 160, 162

Firewood, 6, 9, 10

Five year plans, 27–28. See also Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth Five Year Plans

Fluidized bed coal processing, 179

Forecasting: energy demands, 22–25; nuclear research, 145–48

Foreign exchange, 24, 230

Fossil fuels: research and development, 53, 54, 59; electric power generation, 62–98. See also Coal; Lignite; Natural gas; Oil; Oil shale; Peat

Freon-12, 193–94

Front-end loaders, 104–5

Fuel: production by type (table), 10; consumption by sector (table), 15; rationing, 17; electric power generation, 63. See also specific fuels

Fuel oil, 95

Fusion nuclear power, 155–58

Gas. See Natural gas

Gas condensate, 2–3

Gas-cooled nuclear reactors, 153–54

Gas Industry, Research Institute of the, 43

Gas Institute (Ukrainian Acad, of Sci.), 45

Gas turbine compressors, 209, 212–14, 215, 218, 228

Gas turbines: electric power generation, 63, 88–92; US, 91–92; steam turbine combination, 94–95

Gasification, 175, 176–77

Geliotekhnika (solar energy journal), 51–52

General Electric (US) gas compressors, 218–19, 228

Geological Sciences Institute (Armenian Acad. of Sci.), 51

Geology, research and development, 40–41. 53

Geology and Production of Mineral Fuels Institute, 42–43

Geophysics Institute (Georgian Acad. of Sci.), 50, 51

Geothermal energy: resources, 7; research and distribution, 51, 53, 54, 191–96; power stations, 191–96

German Democratic Republic: bucket-wheel excavators, 125–26; nuclear power, 155

German Federal Republic, nuclear technology, 164

Gidroproekt. See Project-making organizations

Giprotsentroshakt, 135

Giprouglemash, 113, 114

GK-series gas turbine compressors, 214 Golovnoi obrazets (prototype equipment), 96–97

Golovnye institutes, 47

Gosplan, 19, 21, 27, 44–45

GPA-series gas compressors, 216, 218

Great Britain, nuclear equipment, 165

Grigoriants, A., 152, 159

Gross National Product, 9

GT-series gas turbine compressors, 213

GTN-series gas compressors, 216–17, 228

Gubkin Institute, 45, 46

Heat: by-product of power generation, 16; supply by nuclear reactors, 144, 151, 152

Heat and power combines, 79–84, 186

Heat content of coal, 100

Heat load of heat and power combines, 81–82

Heat rate: electric power generation, 62, 66–68; steam condensing generators, 77–78; heat and power combines, 80–81; gas turbines, 91–92

Heat turbines, 63

Heliotechnology, 198–202

High Temperature Institute (Moscow Power Inst.), 49, 185

High-voltage power transmission, 181–84

Household consumption of energy, 14

HTGR-series nuclear reactors, 153

Hybrid nuclear reactors, 156–57

Hydraulic coal transport. See slurry pipelines

Hydraulic strip mining, 117

Hydroelectric power:resources, 4–5; share of energy sources, 12; capital costs, 26; peak demand generation, 88

Hydrogenation of coal, 175, 179–80

Hydrogeology and Geothermics, Commissions on, 191

Hydropower, 10

IaKZ-series dump trucks, 127

Iaroslav heavy truck plant, 127

Ignalina (Lithuanian) nuclear power station, 141, 145

“Import equivalent,” 226

Import of energy, 10, 24–25

Industry, energy used, 13–15, 16, 17

Inskoe coal mine, 171

Installed capacity of power stations, 69–70

“Integrated systems approach,” 32–33

Ioffe Physico-technical Institute, 50

Irrigation projects, 5

Irsha-Borodinsk coal mine, 125

Iterative hierachical modeling, 145–46

Iubileinaia coal mine, 171

Izhorsk machine building plant, 120, 121

Japan: uranium purchases, 160; control equipment supplier, 164–65

K-52M narrow-web combine, 111, 113

Kalinin nuclear power station, 141

Kansk-Achinsk coal: gasification of lignite 176–77; liquid fuel processing, 177–80

Kansk-Achinsk coal basin: production, 2, 23, 24; strip mines, 117: mechanical shovels, 122: dragline excavators, 124: hydraulic coal transport, 171; slurry pipeline projects, 173–75; lignite transport, 175–76; electric power generation, 181–82

Karaganda coal basin, 2

Kazakh SSR, natural gas resources, 3

Kerogen, 6, 52

Khar’kov Turbine Factory, 74, 75, 164

Khar’kov Turbogenerator Plant, 89

Kiev-1 magnetohydrodynamic generator, 185

Kirillin, V. A., 180, 185, 189, 199–200

Kislaia Bay tidal power station, 197

KM-87 narrow-web mining complex, 112–14

Kola nuclear power station, 139, 140

Komi ASSR, natural gas resources, 3

Konstruktorskaia rabota (design work), 36–37

Krasnodar power plant, 91

Krasnoiarsk heat and power combine, 178

KrAz-series dump trucks, 127

Krivoi Rog regional power station, 73

Krylov, A. P., 221

Krzhizhanovskii Power Institute, 177, 178, 179, 185

Kupianskaia gas compressor station, 216

Kurchatov Institute, 50, 155, 157, 185

Kursk nuclear power station, 141

Kuzbass coal basin, 121, 171–74

Kuznetsk coal basin, 2

Labor: energy planning component, 26; in research and development, 57; power plants, 64–65; coal mining, 98, 106–8; blast-hole drilling, 131–32

Laboratory of Geothermics and Hydrogeochemistry (USSR Acad. of Sci.), 51

Lalaiants, A., 174

Lebedev Physics Institute, 50

Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute, 49–50

Leningrad Metal Factory, 74, 75, 89, 94

Leningrad Mining Institute, 47, 51

Leningrad nuclear power station, 140, 142, 145, 164, 167

Leningrad Polytechnical Institute, 49

Light-water graphite nuclear reactors, 140–41

Lignite, 175. See also Kansk-Achinsk coal

Liquid hydrocarbons, 6

Liquifaction, 175

Lithuanian nuclear power station, 141, 145

Locomotives, 12–13, 101, 104–5, 126, 130

Long-wall coal mining, 106, 108–9

Loviisa nuclear power plant (Finland), 162

Low-grade fuels, 7, 11, 12

LWGR-series nuclear reactors, 140–41

Magnetic confinement nuclear reactor, 157

Magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 184–91

Makhachkala geothermal power station, 192

Malakovskii machine building factory, 111, 113

Marine gas turbines, 216

MAZ-series trucks, 127

Mechanical shovels, 119–22

Meyerhoff, A. A., 223

Mezen tidal power location, 196, 197

Mine-mouth electric power stations, 181

Mineral Fuels, Institute for Research on, 177

Ministries, research and development, 30–31 40–41

Ministry for the Construction of Oil and Gas Enterprises (Minneftegazstroi), 40–41

Ministry of Agriculture, 195

Ministry of Chemical and Petroleum Machinebuilding (Minkhimmash), 40–41, 44–45

Ministry of Control Equipment (Minpribor), 18–19

Ministry of Electric Equipment (Minelektrotekhprom), 18, 40–41, 47–48

Ministry of Electric Power and Electrification (Minenergo):organization, 18; coal research and development, 30–31; project-making institutions, 35–36; research and development expenditures, 40–41, 47; geothermal research, 51; electric power generation, 82, 83; peaking problems, 92; pumped water storage generation, 93; electric power research and development, 98; nuclear research, 166–67; coal combine design, 178–79; magnetohydrodynamic power generation, 189; geothermal research, 194–95; tidal power research, 235; technological advances, 237, 247

Ministry of Ferrous Metals (Mincher-met), 19

Ministry of Geology (Mingeo): organization, 18, 20; research and development, 39–42; geothermal research, 51, 191, 193

Ministry of Heavy, Energy, and Transport Machine Building (Mintiazhmash), 19, 20, 44, 115–16 Ministry of Oil Extraction (Minneft’), 18, 20, 40–41, 42–43 Ministry of Oil Refining and Petrochemicals (Minneftekhim), 18, 40–41, 43–44

Ministry of Petroleum Machine Building (Minneftemash), 19

Ministry of Power Equipment (Minenergomash), 40–41, 48

Ministry of the Coal Industry (Minugol’): organization, 18, 20; research and development, 30–31, 40–41, 46–47, 116

Ministry of the Gas Industry (Mingaz): organization, 18, 20; research and development, 40–41, 43; geothermal research, 51, 194, 195; gas pipelines (tables), 205, 206

Ministry of Water Economy, 201

Minsk automobile factory, 127

MK-1 narrow-web mining complex, 114

Modeling: energy policies, 21–25; research and development, 30–33; nuclear research, 145–48

Moscow coal basin, 111, 117

Moscow Electric Power Institute, 49

Motor fuel, 177

Narrow-web mining combines, 109, 111–16

National Science Foundation (US), 5657

National security, and plutonium, 159–63

Natural gas; resources, 2–3, 176; production, 10; electric power generation, 16; role in energy planning, 23, 24; exploration for, 39–42; magnetohydrodynamic generators, 185–86

Natural gas industry; management, 20; research and development, 36, 40–41, 43, 45–46, 53, 54; technology imports, 203, 209–21

Natural gas pipelines, 204–21. See also Compressors for gas pipelines

Nazarovo coal mine, 124

Nazarovo power station, 78

Nebit-Dag power station, 89

Neporozhnyi, P. S., 47, 83, 150, 162, 193, 197

Neva Machine Plant, 89

Nevinnomysskaia power station, 94

Nevskii machine building plant, 213

Ninth Five Year Plan (1971–1975): oil and gas, 45–46; gas turbines, 90; strip mining, 117; dragline excavators, 124; heavy trucks, 128; nuclear reactors, 142; electrical transmission lines, 183; gas compressors, 217

NK-12-ST aircraft engine, 214

Novo - Kramatorsk machine - building plant, 122, 126

Novo-Voronezh nuclear power station, 139, 140, 162, 166

Nuclear fuel: resources, 6–7; reserves, 143–441 supply, 144, 146; product of breeder reactors, 149, 150, 156; reprocessing, 159–63

Nuclear Physics Institute (Belorussian Acad, of Sci.), 50, 152

Nuclear power: energy alternative, 7; production, 10; development, 11–12; dependence on, 23, 24; problems, 25; research and development, 40–41, 50–51, 53, 54, 58–59, 143–59, 165–69; 241; electric power generation, 62–63; growth, 139; aid in geothermal energy recovery, 193–94

Nuclear power stations: research and development, 35–36; heat and power combine design, 79, 83; peak electrical demand, 88; use with pumped water stations, 93; individual stations, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 145. 149, 150, 151, 162, 164, 166, 167; characteristics (table), 140–41; BN-series, 150–51, 164, 165, 166

Nuclear reactors: installed in power stations (table), 140–41; export, 203. See also Breeder; BWR-series; HTGR-series; LWGR-series; RBMK-series; and VVER-series nuclear reactors

Nuclear Reactors Research Institute, 50

Nuclear waste, 161–62

Obninsk nuclear power station, 138, 139, 166

Offshore natural gas, 3, 4

Oil: reserves, 3–4; production, 9, 10, 21, 36; exports, 11; generation of electricity, 16; use by transport, 16; production planning, 21; role in energy plans, 23, 24; exploration, 39–42; research and development, 40–41, 4244. 45–46, 53–54

Oil industry: machine building, 44–45; technology imports, 203; submersible electric pumps, 221–25

Oil pipelines, 210

Oil shale, 6, 10, 52, 175

OMKT narrow-web mining complex, 111, 112

Open-pit mining. See Strip mining

“Optimal” energy plan, 23

Orenburg gas field, 3

Orudzhev, S. A., 216

Paratunka geothermal field, 193

Paratunka geothermal power station, 193

Pauzhetsk power station, 191, 192

Peak electrical loads, 85–89

Peat: resources, 5–6; production, 10; research and development, 52; electrical power generation, 62

Peat Institute (Belorussian Acad. of Sci.), 52

Perlitic steel, 74

Petrochemicals, 43–44

Petroleum. See Oil

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii geothermal power station, 193

Petrosiants, A. M., 50, 143, 144, 150, 161

Physico-technical Institute (Turkmen Acad. of Sci.), 50, 52, 199

Physico-technical Institute (Ukrainian Acad. of Sci.), 50

Pipe: natural gas, 204–21; production, 211 ; research and development versus importation, 225–27

Piston gas compressors, 209, 217

Plutonium: supply, 144, 146; breeder reactor source, 149, 156; reprocessing, 159–63

Pollution. See Environmental problems

Power and Hydraulics Institute (Armenian Acad. of Sci.), 198

Power Institute (ENIN). See Electric Power Institute

Pressurized-light-water nuclear reactors. See VVER-series nuclear reactors Price policy, as energy conservation method, 17

Pridniepr power station, 75, 172

Problems of Deep Fields Institute, 45

“Problems” of five year plans, 28

“Programs” of five year plans, 28, 29

Project-design organizations (PRO), 21, 36, 44

Project-making organizations: functions, 35–36, 167; Minenergo, 47; pumped water storage, 92; nuclear power station design, 166–67; tidal power development, 197

Promenergoproekt, 179

Prototype equipment, 96–97

Pumped water storage power generation, 63, 88, 92–93, 196

Pumps: for slurry pipelines, 173; submersible electric, 221–25

Railroads, 13, 118–19, 126, 130, 170. See also Locomotives

“Rational” energy plan, 24

RBMK-series nuclear reactors: installations, 140–41; Leningrad power station, 142, 145; development, 148–50, 163; Czech equipment, 165; design, 166–67; problems, 243

Refrigeration Machinery Institute, 193

Relevance tree for nuclear power forecasting, 146, 147

Reprocessing centers for nuclear fuel, 161

Research and development: ministries’ control over, 19–21; planning, 27–33; expenditures (table), 40–41; US, 53–60; USSR-US compared, 57–60; import alternative, 225–30; assessments of USSR programs, 231–49. See also specific fields of research

Research and project-making institutions (NIPI), 36, 42–43

Reserve electrical capacity, 63, 69

Rolls Royce Avon engines, 219

Room and pillar coal mining, 103–4

Rudakov, L. I., 157

Rudins, G., 188, 190

Safety: research and development, 53, 155; neglect of, 58; strip mines, 116; nuclear power, 142–43, 158–59, 167–68

Scientific Council on Geothermal Problems, 51, 191

Scientific-production associations (NPO), 43

Scientific Research Institute for Shale, 52

Scientific-research institutes (NII), 35, 37, 42–43, 44, 46, 47–48

Scientific-research work (NIR), 36, 49

Scientific workers, 38–57

Scrapers, 131

SE-3 mechanical shovel, 120

Secondary-fluid geothermal power station, 192–93

Semicoke, 178

Semipeak electric power equipment, 93–94

Seventh Five Year Plan (1959–1965): gas turbines, 89; heavy trucks, 128

Shale. See Oil shale

Shashin, V. D., 222

Shatskaia power station, 89

Shatura electric power station, 6

Shchekino gasification plant, 176

Sheindlin, A. E., 185, 188

Shevchenko nuclear power station, 140

Shuttle cars, 101

Siberia: hydroelectric resources, 5; natural gas reserves, 3, 4

Siberian Energy Institute, 21, 49

Siberian nuclear power station, 78, 139, 140, 161

Siberian transmission line, 183–84

Single bucket excavators, 103, 104–5

Slurry pipelines, 170–75

Smolensk nuclear power station, 141, 149

Sodium coolant in nuclear reactors, 152

Solar cells, 199–200

Solar Energy Institute, 201

Solar furnace, 199

Solar power, 7, 51–52, 53, 54, 198–202

Solid fuel conversion, 175–80

Solvent refining, 175

South Ukrainian nuclear power station, 141

Space heating, 144, 151

Starodubtsev Physico-technical Institute, 51–52, 198–99

State Committee for the Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy, 19, 34, 50, 166–67

State Committee for Science and Technology, 27, 28, 30, 31, 228

State Secrets Act, 3

Steam condensing power generation, 71, 74–79, 80

Steam locomotives, 12–13, 126, 130

Steam pressure, and electric power generation, 64

Steam shovels. See mechanical shovels

Steam turbines, 94–95

Steam turbogenerators, 70

Steel: in turbines, 74; boilers, 76; strip mine equipment, 134; pipe, 212

Strip mines: environmental problems, 7; USSR-US compared, 100, 102–3, 104–5; machinery, 116–32; research and development, 135–36

Styrikovich, M. A., 49, 91

Submersible electric pumps, 221–25

Sulfurous oil, 186

Superconducting magnet, 187

Sverdlovsk power station, 178

Synthetic liquid fuels, 177–80

“Systems approach” to forecasting, 32–33

T-20 magnetic confinement reactor, 157

Tashkent Communications Institute, 52

“Tasks” of five year plans, 28

Technology transfer, 203–30

Tenth Five Year Plan (1976–1980); energy goals, 21; research and development, 28; steam-condensing power stations, 78–79; semipeaking electrical equipment, 93–94; pumped water storage research, 93; gas-steam combines, 95; strip mining, 117; heavy trucks, 128; nuclear reactors, 142, 151–52; nuclear fuels, 143–44; electrical transmission lines, 182–83; solar energy, 200–1

Teploenergoproekt (Minenergo):organization, 35; nuclear research, 166; coal conversion, 178; geothermal power, 192

Teplofikatsiia (heat and power combines), 79–84, 186

Teploproekt, 47

Tiumen’ oblast’, natural gas reserves, 3

Thermal-contact coal processing, 178–79

Thermal-neutron gas-cooled nuclear reactors, 153

Thermal power generation, 62–98

Thermophysics Institute (USSR Acad. of Sci.), 49

Tidal energy, 7, 196–98, 235

TKKU-series coal processors, 179

Tokamak-series nuclear reactors, 156

Toretskii machine building plant, 113

Tractors, 101

Transport system of strip mining, 117–19

Transportation: costs and energy planning, 7, 25; energy use, 12–13, 15, 16

Transportless strip mining, 117, 118

Troitsk (Siberian) nuclear power station, 78, 139, 140

Trolleivoz diesel-electric truck, 129

Trucks, 118–19, 126–30

Turbodrill, 236

Turboprop aircraft engine, 214

U-25 magnetohydrodynamic generator, 35, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 242–43

Uglegorsk power station, 78

Ukrainian SSR, research and design enterprises, 37

Underground coal mining, 100, 102, 103–7, 108–16

United States: energy research and development, 29, 53–60, 244, 245; environmental problems, 55; electric power generation, 59–60, 66; gas turbines, 91–92; underground coal mining, 100; strip mining, 100, 102–3, 104–5; slurry pipelines, 171; magnetohydrodynamic generator research, 187–88; solar energy, 200, 201; gas pipelines, 206–8; gas compressors, 218–19; submersible electric pumps, 222–24

Ural Heavy Machine Building Plant (Uralmashzavod), 120, 123–24

Uranium: resources, 6–7; reserves, 143–44; U-233, 150; sale to Japan, 160

Uranium nuclear reactors, 154–55

Velikov, E., 156

Vilenskii, M.A., 83

Volga basin: hydroelectric power, 5; oil shale reserves, 6

Volga-Ural oil region, 9, 222

Voltage regulation, 88

VVER-series nuclear reactors: installations, 139–41; research and development, 145, 148–50, 163; in Czechoslovakia, 155, 160; plutonium fuel, 160; containment structure, 162;

Czech equipment, 165; problems, 243

Wage bill, 40–41, 42–57

Walking dragline excavator, 122–25, 136

Wall cutters, 101

West Ukrainian nuclear power station, 141

Wheeled loaders, 131

Wide-web mining combines, 109–11

Wood. See Firewood

Zagorsk pumped water storage plant, 93, 198

Zaporozh’e power station, 78