Index

Abezgauz, G., criteria of efficiency, 92-93

agriculture: classical economic

theory, 56-57; collectivization, 72, 73, 83, 85, 100; industry and, 8, 20, 100, 108; “kulaks,” 24, 25, 69; Lenin’s theory, 57-58; macro-economic models and, 45, 48, 52; Marxian theory, 57; planning and, 99, 100, 104, 107, 108, 114, 117; “scissors” crisis, 59-61; strategies of development, and industry, 59-74, 123-124, 125, 126, 127

allocation: factors, 116; intermediate products, 94; prices and, 36, 117; see also investment; resources

balances: “Balance of National Economy of USSR for 1923/ 24,” 46-50; input-output analysis and, 47, 87, 103, 111; Marxian theory, 39-40; planning and, 103, 106, 108, 109-110, 111, 112; Soviet practice, 46, 49, 52, 116, 117, 118

banking, Soviet: debate on money in state sector, 36; nationalization, 24; see also money

Barengol’ts, M.: input-output analysis, 9, 52, 111, 118, 124; planning, 111

Barun, M., criteria of efficiency, 93

Bazarov, V. A.: fate under Stalin, 8; Menshevik trial, 86, 105; planning, 104, 126; rate of growth, 80; strategies of development, 71-72

Birbraer, M., planning, 110-111

Bogdanov, A. A.: “Bogdanovism,” 51; economic laws of socialism, 31, 32, 34

Boiarskii, A., rate of growth, 81

Bolsheviks, see Communist Party of Soviet Union (CPSU)

branches of the economy: allocation among, 62, 83; balances and, 47, 48, 50, 108; differential growth rates, 98, 112, 125126; planning and, 83, 98, 101, 102, 106-107, 108, 112, 113, 114, 116, 117, 122; strategies of development and, 20, 64-65, 72, 74, 83, 108, 112, 116, 117, 122, 124, 126, 127-128

Brazil, comparison with Soviet Union, 18, 21-23

Bukharin, N. I.: economics of socialism, 29-30, 31-32; fate un-

Bukharin—Cont. der Stalin, 8; member of Right Opposition, 32, 54, 55, 64-66, 70, 71, 72; planning, 105, 110

capacity, productive: economic development and, 23; economic plans and, 88; rate of growth and, 85; Soviet goals, 21, 23, 37, 55, 83, 95, 112; strategies of development and, 83, 112, 116; United States, 95

capital: construction, 61, 86, 88, 108; criteria of efficiency and, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93; intensity, 46, 58, 67, 89, 93; labor and, 67, 91; mobility, 93; productivity, 85; rate of growth and, 40-43; stock, 40, 41, 43, 68; technology and, 68; total, 40, 41, 42, 43; see also investment, allocation of

capital formation: debates of 1920’s and, 59; economic development and, 56, 126, 128; pace, 56, 59, 66, 70, 72, 79, 80, 81; pattern, 56, 59, 66, 86, 89; planning and, 31; rate of growth and, 40-43, 45, 68, 70, 80-81; size, 50, 80, 81, 86, 94; Soviet, 58, 72, 73, 86, 122; strategies of development and, 70; technology and, 66-67, 68, 126

capital goods: criteria of efficiency and, 87; economics of socialism and, 33, 35; Lenin’s theory, 58; macro-economic models and, 38, 44, 45, 48; Marxian theory, 38, 39, 47, 57; planning and, 105, 107, 112, 117; relation to consumer goods, 126; strategies of development and, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 73, 105

capital-output ratio (capital coefficient) : criteria of efficiency and, 92; economic development and, 56; planning and, 89; rate of growth and, 40-43; strategies of development and, 63

capitalism: “commodities,” 30; comparison with socialism, 31, 32, 37, 51, 54, 55, 80, 82-83, 93, 97-98, 128, 129; Lenin’s theory, 57-59, 97; Marxian theory, 30, 38, 57, 69, 97-98; “planlessness,” 97, 119; Soviet regime and, 23, 56, 67; transition to communism, 29, 30, 59

“Center” faction of Communist Party: construction of socialism and, 55; Left-wing strategy of development and, 62, 69, 73-74, 84; political power of party and, 55-56; rate of economic growth, 81; Stalin as leader, 55, 62, 69, 84

Central Statistical Administration, 49, 51, 114

centralized management of the economy: debates of 1920’s and, 26; level of economic development and, 124; limits of, 99; New Economic Policy and, 100; operational management and, 128-129; planning and, 98, 99, 100, 103, 116; price mechanism and, 116; problems raised by, 24, 25

China: comparison with Soviet Union, 21; electrification and strategies of development, 75; Soviet planning model and, 129

Cobb-Douglas production function, 91

collectivization, 72-73, 83, 85, 100

commodity: economics of socialism, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35;

commodity—Cont. in Soviet economy, 58; Marxian theory, 29, 30, 57; Stalin’s theory, 33; under communism, 30, 35

communism; economic theory and, 29-30, 31, 35-36; “full communism,” 82; “power of Soviets plus electricity,” 75; reign of abundance, 35-36; scarcity and, 35-36; transition to, 29, 30, 59, 82; War Communism, 99

Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) : attainment of socialism and, 29, 55; Central Committee, 24, 84; Communist Academy, 89-90, 109; Conferences: XIII, 20, 61; XV, 66, 79; Congresses: IX, 113; XI, 24; XII, 20; XIV, 21; XV, 84, 88, 116; debates of 1920’s and, 26, 29, 61; goals, 21, 79; management of firms and, 119; New Economic Policy and, 100; planning and, 102, 103, 109, 112, 113, 120; political power, 24, 55-56; resources allocation and, 119; revolution of 1917, 98, 119; “scissors” crisis and, 61; strategies of development, 73, 116; trials, 8, 85-86; see also “Center” faction, CPSU; Left Opposition, CPSU; Right Opposition, CPSU

consistency: among goals, 25, 105, 106, 118; in planning, 9, 72, 105, 106, 108, 109, 127; organizational, 25

consumer goods: criteria of efficiency and, 87; economics of socialism and, 33; Lenin’s theory, 58; macro-economic models and, 38, 40, 41, 42, 44, 45. 48; Marxian theory, 38, 39, 47,

consumer goods—Cont. 57; planning and, 105; Soviet corporate processes and, 121-122; strategies of development and, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 73, 105, 126

consumption: macro-economic models and, 42, 50; governmental, 128; Marxian theory, 39; planning and, 31, 43, 83, 90, 111, 121, 124; ratio of investment to, 125; under socialism, 80

corporate processes and problems (Soviet): 119-123; comparison with Western, 121-123; Western planning and, 120-121; see also debates of 1920’s

corporation: Soviet economy as, 25, 54, 119, 121; Western, 53, 121, 122, 123

cost: cost-price relationships, 34, 86, 94, 121; criteria of efficiency and, 87, 88, 89, 92; Marxian theory, 39; of production, 31, 33; planning and, 31, 127; relation to profit and investment, 121; under communism, 31

Council of Labor and Defense, 113

debates of 1920’s: background, 20-26; consequences in Soviet economy, 8, 36-37, 43-44, 49, 55, 59, 61, 62, 68-70, 72-74, 83-86, 94-95, 112, 124, 126-127; current Soviet economic thought and, 9-10, 33-36, 37, 52; economic development and, 7, 8, 9, 20, 46, 59, 64, 123-129; on corporate processes and problems, 119-123; on criteria of efficiency, 89-94; on economics of socialism, 28-37; on macro-economic models, 37-52;

debates of 1920’s—Cont. on planning, 97-118; on rate of growth, 79-87; on strategies of development, 53-77

demand: economic development and, 64; strategies of development and, 63, 64, 73

determinists: and economics of socialism, 29, 31, 37; see also geneticists

development, economic: back wardness and, 8, 22, 23, 67; debates of 1920’s and, 7, 8, 9, 20, 46, 59, 64, 123-124, 126; definition, 17; electrification and, 75-76; pace, 21, 56, 84-85, 125; plan, 123-124; policy requirements, 27, 56, 104, 105; relative levels of, 17-19, 21; Soviet concepts of, 9, 10; Soviet goals of, 9, 21, 79; Soviet model of industrialization and, 127; yardsticks, 17, 19, 21; see also strategies of development

distribution of national product, 33, 47, 121

Dobb, Maurice, 59

Domar, E. D., Soviet macro-economic theory and, 38, 43-44

Dzerzinski, Felix, 61

eastern Europe, 75, 76

economic accounting: Marxian theory, 39, 45; material accounting, 30, 50; national income accounts, 51; planning an d, 31, 36; Soviet, 36, 52; value added in production, 47

economic plan: abstract form, 112; construction of, 106-112; “core,” 102, 103, 106; corporate, 122-123; criteria of efficiency and, 94; definition, 7, 101; Five-Year Plans, 82, 84,

economic plan—Cont. 85, 109, 114, 115, 116; implementation (harmonization), 103, 107, 112; Marxian theory, 119; objective conditions, 104; perspective, 84, 89, 93, 98, 101, 107; “planlessness” and market imperfections, 97, 119; price mechanism and, 105; Soviet, 75, 83, 88, 94, 113-118, 119, 123; transition to communism and, 82; workability, 110; working hypothesis of, 112; see also planning

economics of socialism: 29-37; consumption, 80; criteria of efficiency, 93; “law of primitive socialist accumulation,” 67, 69, 72; planning, 81, 97-98; see also debates of 1920’s

efficiency, economic: 86-95; as criterion for planners’ goals, 104; at enterprise level, 91; criteria, 89-94; debates of 1920’s and, 8, 9, 126; economic information and, 126; output mix and, 88-89; planning and, 98, 104, 118; rate of growth and, 80, 81

electrification: economic development and, 75-76; energy concept of the economy, 75, 76; of agriculture, 75; Plan GOELRO, 75, 113; planning and, 107, 113; strategies of development and, 71, 74, 75, 83, 87

Engels, F., 31, 97

Fel’dman, G. A.: fate under Stalin, 51; macro-economic models, 38, 40-44, 46, 51, 89, 112; planning, 108, 110, 111-112, 126; rate of growth, 82; Western planning and, 118

Five-Year Plans, 82, 84, 85, 109, 114, 115, 116

foreign trade, 64, 125

Gartvan, 114

geneticists: and planning, 99, 103-105, 105-106, 108-112, 117; see also determinists

Germany, 75

Ginzburg, A. M.: Menshevik trial, 86; planning and, 115

goals: auxiliary, 23-25; catching and surpassing capitalism, 21, 23, 54. 79, 82, 95, 128; consistency, 25, 98, 105, 106, 118; firm (enterprise), 53-54; flexibility, and time, 101; fulfillment, 80, 112; “full socialism,” 21; in market-directed economy, 53; industrialization, 55, 56; operational, 108; planning and, 98, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 123, 126; setting of, 86, 92, 108, 112, 117, 118, 120, 122, 123; Soviet, 21, 23, 54, 55, 56, 79, 88, 92, 109, 118, 126

GOELRO Commission, 113

Gol’dberg, R., criteria of efficiency, 90-91

Gosplan, 83, 84, 88, 93, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115-116; see also State Planning Committee

Groman, V. G.: fate under Stalin, 8; macro-economic models, 49-50; Menshevik trial, 86, 105; planning, 103-104, 105

growth, economic: as public concern in West, 120; balanced, 105, 106; classical economic theory, 57; debates of 1920’s and, 8, 9, 59, 70; economic transformation and, 58; Lenin’s theory, 58; limits on, 31, 43, 57,

growth, economic—Cont. 65, 109; living standards and, 105; macro-economic models and, 40-43, 45, 46; Marxian theory, 38, 57; planning and, 25, 98, 99, 105, 109, 112; policies, 17-18; rate, 8, 25, 31, 40, 41, 42, 43, 68, 70, 79-85, 98, 120, 121, 126; ratio of investment to output and, 85; relative level of development and, 17; Soviet, 94, 109; Soviet theory of, 66; strategies, 64, 65, 70, 75, 79, 99, 105, 125, 127; United States-Soviet comparison, 95; see also debates of 1920’s

Harrod, R. F., 43

income: balance with outlays, 116; Marxian theory, 38, 39, 45; per capita, 18, 21, 23; rate and distribution of investment and, 51; structure, 22, 83, 85, 90, 121

India, comparison with Soviet Union, 21

industrialization: debates of 1920’s and, 20, 55, 61; intensity (degree) of, 41, 42, 86, 125; investment and, 125; level of development and, 124; pace, 124, 125; pattern, 90, 124; Soviet, 7, 20, 64, 69, 73. 83, 85, 95, 125, 127; Soviet concepts of, 20-21, 55-56, 86; Soviet goal of, 55-56, 69, 79; “Soviet model” of, 62, 63, 74, 76, 77, 127-128; strategies of development and, 56, 63, 64, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 76, 77; technological options and, 74, 77, 124, 125; “United States pattern” of, 71

industry: agriculture and, 8, 20, 100, 108; classical economic

industry—Cont. theory, 56-57; “dictatorship of industry,” 54, 55, 60; in Soviet macro-economic models, 44, 48; Lenin’s theory, 57-58; Marxian theory, 57; nationalization, 24, 119; New Economic Policy and, 73; planning and, 100, 104, 107, 108, 114; “scissors” crisis, 5961; strategies of development and agriculture, 59-74, 123-124, 125, 126, 127

information, economic: economic development and, 8, 27, 126, 128; in Western corporation, 123; planning and, 31, 103, 128; Soviet, 27, 52, 87, 113, 126, 128

input-output analysis: 46-50, 111, 124; planning and, 103, 111; Soviet practice and, 52, 87, 124, 129; Western, 52, 118

intersectoral relationships: between industry and agriculture, 8, 20, 56-74, 100, 108, 123-124, 125, 126, 127; debates of 1920’s and, 59; disproportions, 25, 60, 68, 103; economic development and, 27, 123-124; goal of catching and surpassing capitalism and, 82-83; Lenin’s theory, 58; macro-economic models, 40-49, 52; Marxian theory, 37-40, 57; planning and, 98, 102; Soviet model of, 83

investment (accumulation) : allocation of, 25, 27, 31, 40, 41, 43, 66, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 112; criteria of efficiency, 89, 90, 91-92, 92-93; debates of 1920’s and, 59, 62, 123; dispersion, and rate of growth, 81; industry and, 70,

investment—Cont. 127; “law of primitive socialist accumulation,” 67, 69, 72; macro-economic models and, 38, 40-43, 46; Marxian theory, 38, 39; priorities, 127; rate, 51, 66, 68, 124; rate of growth and, 51, 81, 85; ratio to consumption, 125; ratio to total output, and economic growth, 85; “scissors” crisis and, 63; size, 80, 92, 125, 127; Soviet, 94, 121, 124; strategies of development and, 65, 66, 67, 68, 72, 123-124, 125; targets, 36, 91-92; technology and, 19-20, 90; under socialism, 80

Iushkov, L., criteria of efficiency, 91-92

Kalinnikov, 114

Katsenelenbaum, Z. S., strategies of economic development, 70

Khrennikov, 114

Khrushchev, N. S.: Soviet strategy of economic development and, 74; Stalin’s heritage and, 8-9

Kon, A., criteria of efficiency, 90

Kondrat’ev, N. D.: Five-Year Plan for Agriculture, 114; planning, 72, 86, 104, 108, 110, 126

Kovalevskii, N. K.: criteria of efficiency, 89-90; fate under Stalin, 51; Fel’dman’s model in planning and, 43, 51, 89, 112; rate of growth, 82-83; Soviet planning practice, 109

Krzhizhanovskii, Gleb: criteria of efficiency, 94; rate of growth, 81; strategies of development, 75

labor force: criteria of efficiency and, 88, 89, 90, 91; distribution

labor force—Cont. of, 37, 56, 86; Lenin’s theory, 58; Marxian theory, 28, 51; skilled, 8, 94; Soviet, 94; strategies of development and, 67, 125

labor theory of value, 51, 127

Lange, Oskar, economics of socialism, 34-35

Left Opposition of the Communist Party: attacks against, 32, 61, 84; “dictatorship of industry,” 54, 55; planning, 100; rate of growth, 81; strategies of development, 62, 66-68, 69, 70, 72, 73

Lenin, V. I. : on electrification, 75; on New Economic Policy, 24; suppression of Right and Left Oppositions and, 32; theory of Russian capitalism, 57-58, 97

Leontief, Wassily: input-output analysis, 49; Soviet macro-economic theory and, 38, 49, 50

linear programming, 129

Litoshenko, L. N.: criteria of efficiency, 93-94; fate under Stalin, 51; input-output analysis, 9, 38, 46-49, 50, 52, 111, 188, 124; macro-economic models, 46-49, 50, 51

machine-building industry, and Soviet strategy of development, 76, 83

macro-economic models: 37-52; Marxian theory, 37-40, 44, 46, 47-48, 57, 58, 105; see also debates of 1920’s

management of firms: 99, 123, 129; Soviet, 94, 112-113, 117, 121, 122, 127

market mechanism, see price mechanism

Marx, Karl: 47, 50; Capital, 38; see also Marxian theory

Marxian theory: application in Soviet economy, 27; balances, 39-40; capitalism, 97, 119; class, production, and property relations, 27-28; classical economic theory and, 57, 97; economic accounting, 39; economics of socialism, 29; influence of Quesnay, 40; labor theory of value, 51, 127; “law of value,” 86; Lenin’s theory and, 57-58, 97; macro-economic model, 37-40, 44, 46, 47-48, 57, 58, 105; planning and, 39, 97, 108-109; product and income categories, 45; productivity, 21; schools of Soviet thought and, 28-32, 100-112; socialism, 54; see also de-terminists; voluntarists

mathematical economics: attitude of Soviet leaders toward, 51-52, 117; in macro-economic models, 42-43; planning and, 117

Mensheviks, 26, 85, 86, 105

money: economics of socialism, 30, 34, 35, 36; in Soviet econ-omy, 32; under communism, 29-30

Myrdal, Gunnar, on Western planning, 120

nationalization: of key economic sectors, 24; Soviet policies, 99, 100, 119

Neopikhanov, 114

New Economic Policy (NEP): 103; centralized management and, 99-100; Lenin on, 24; party’s attitude toward, 24, 25, 100, 115; planning and, 100, 113, 115, 117; reconstruction

New Economic Policy—Cont, of the Soviet economy and, 73, 80

Obolenskii-Ossinskii, economics of socialism, 31

operations research, 129

output: agricultural, 65; balance with end-use, 98, 102-103, 109-110, 112; criteria of efficiency and, 89, 90, 91, 92; gross, 48; in macro-economic models, 40, 41, 42; Marxian theory, 38; mix, 89; net, 48; of firms, 53; Soviet, in comparison with capitalism, 55; targets, 90, 91, 112; United States-Soviet comparison, 95; see also input-output analysis

People’s Commissariats, 114

Petrov, A. I., criteria of efficiency, 90

Piatakov: member of Left Opposition, 61, 68; Soviet planning practice, 114; strategies of development, 68

planned economy, 118, 125, 127

planner: 8, 18, 30, 37, 42-43, 53, 59, 93, 101, 104, 105, 107, 108, 112, 117, 118; limits on, 101, 104, 105, 110, 127; Soviet, 28, 36, 51, 74, 79, So, 83, 84, 87, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98, 103, 116, 127; see also policy maker

planning: 97-118; Communist Party and, 102, 103, 109, 112, 113, 120; consistency, 9, 72, 105, 108; “core” planning, 102, 112; economic accounting and, 31; efficiency, 9, 104, 108; Gos-plan, 49, 83, 84, 88, 93, 109, 111, 113, 114, 115-116; in agriculture, 99, 117; Lenin’s the-

planning—Cont. ory, 97; Marxian theory, 39, 97, 108-109; methods, 7, 8, 10, 25, 29, 30, 36, 37, 39, 80, 86, 90, 93, 98, 99, 101, 103, 106-112, 113-118, 126-127, 128, 129; of intermediate products, 76, 94; open-end planning, 102; optimality, 9, 106, 108; organization of, 86, 87, 113-116, 120, 123; perspective, 83, 89, 98, 114; physical, 36, 94, 126, 128, 129; “planlessness” and market imperfections, 97; “planning principle,” 30, 32, 127; pragmatic, 112, 117; price mechanism and, 25, 30, 31, 37, 97, 99, 100, 102, 104, 105, 116, 120, 122, 128; prices and, 117; principles, 7, 8, 29, 30, 31, 42-43, 60, 81, 82, 86, 97, 98, 99, 100-105, 118, 120-121, 126, 128, 129; rate of growth and, 31, 82, 99; requirements of, 25, 31, 98, 105; resources allocation and, 94; role of economists and engineers, 37, 86, 87, 93; sequence, 106, 107-108; Soviet, 29, 36, 37, 49, 72, 76, 97, 112, 113-118, 121-123, 126-127; Soviet documents, 80-81; strategies of economic growth and, 60, 99, 116, 129; successive approximations, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117; time and, 101; under socialism, 31, 81; value relationships, 31, 34, 36, 86-89, 127, 129; Western, 118, 120-121, 126; see also debates of 1920’s; economic plan

policy maker: 7, 8, 9, 18, 19, 53, 101, 103, 107, 108, 120, 125; limits on, 101; Soviet, 20, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 36, 50, 56, 61, 70, 71, 74, 79, 80, 86, 87, 88, 90, 92, 98, 116, 117,

policy maker—Cont. 122, 124, 126, 127, 128, 129; see also planner

Popov, P. I.: fate under Stalin, 51; input-output analysis, 9, 38, 4649, 50, 52, 111, 118, 124; macro-economic models, 46-49, 50, 51

population, Soviet, 21-22

Populists (Narodniki), 26, 58

Preobrazhenskii, E. A.: economics of socialism, 29-32; fate under Stalin, 8, 51; macro-economic models, 38, 44-46, 51; member of Left Opposition, 32, 61, 66-69, 72, 73; strategies of development, 66-68, 72, 73

price formation, Soviet; distortions, and “law of value,” 33, 36, 87, 127; economic calculation and, 128; labor theory of value and, 127; planning and, 127, 128

price mechanism; development of new industrial branches and, 122; imperfections, 97, 119; in market-directed economy, 53; Lenin’s theory, 97; Marxian theory, 97; New Economic Policy and, 100; planning and, 25, 30, 37, 97, 98, 99, 102, 104, 105, 116, 117, 120, 122, 126, 127, 128; unresponsiveness in backward economies, 8, 18, 126, 128

prices; agricultural, 73; capital goods, 71; consumer goods, 71, 81; corporate, 53-54; cost-price relationships, 34, 86, 94, 121; planned, 70, 83; planning and, 117, 127; resources allocation and, 36, 117; “scissors” crisis and, 61, 65, 66; Soviet distortion of, 33, 36, 127; under communism, 29-30, 31, 33; under

prices—Cont. New Economic Policy, 117

producers goods, see capital goods

product; Marxian theory, 38, 45; net, 47, 50; per capita, 17, 21; total, 17, 40

productivity; in agriculture and industry, and economic development, 56; Marxian theory, 21, 54; new technology and, 82; of capital, and rate of growth, 85; of labor, 90; Soviet goals, 21, 23; Soviet, compared with capitalist, 54, 55

profitability: assessment of, 91, 92; at enterprise level, 87, 90-91, 92; capital allocation and, 93; pattern of industrialization and, 90; resources allocation and, 92

Quesnay, François: 47, 50; influence on Marx, 40

recovery and reconstruction of Soviet economy, 62, 66, 73, 75, 80, 81, 82, 88, 100

resources allocation: among branches, 25, 62, 68, 92, 94, 108; among processes, 25, 88, 93; between present and future, 25; by government, 119-120, 128; goals and, 108; in Western corporation, 122; prices and, 36, 117; Soviet practice, 119-120, 121; under capitalism, 30; under socialism, 30

Riabushkin, R., 52

Right Opposition of the Communist Party: attacks against, 32, 69, 84; planning, 83, 100, 105, 113; strategies of development, 55, 62-66, 70, 105

Rozenfel’d, la., criteria of efficiency, 92

Rozentul, S., criteria of efficiency, 91

Rykov, 113

Sabsovich, L. M., rate of growth, 82

“scissors” crisis: 59-61, 64; debates of 1920’s and, 59, 61; industrialization debate and, 61; New Economic Policy and, 59; Soviet attitudes toward economic development and, 59

sectors of the economy: allocations among, 83; balances of, 108; corporate, 119; differential growth rates, 98; goal of catching and surpassing capitalism and, 82-83; macro-economic models, 40-49; planning and, 98, 99, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108; strategies of development and, 20, 106, 126

Shafiev, K. N., economics of socialism, 35

Shanin, Lev, strategies of development, 63-64, 65, 66, 70, 71

Shaposhnikov, N. N., criteria of efficiency, 90-91

Social Democrats, 26; see also Mensheviks

socialism: communism and, 30; Marxian theory, 54, 97-98, 119; “socialism in one country,” 21, 54, 69; Soviet completion of, 55; transition to, 20, 21, 29, 59; utopianism and, 103; see also economics of socialism

Sokolnikov, G. Y., 54

Soviet economy: as single corporation, 25, 54, 119-120, 121, 122, 123; chemization, 76; comparison with Brazil, 18, 21-23; comparison with China, 21; comparison with India, 21; comparison with United States,

Soviet economy—Cont. 21, 22-23, 54, 67, 79, 82-83, 95; competition and, 119, 121; consequences of debates of 1920’s, 36-37, 49, 51-52, 68-70, 72-77, 84-86, 88, 92, 94, 102-103, 112, 113-118, 124, 126-127, 128-129; economic information, 27, 87, 113, 126, 128; economic theory and, 32-34, 38, 44, 46, 47, 51-52, 86-88, 116-117, 128-129; “energy concept,” 75, 76; growth rate of output, 85, 94; industrialization debate and, 59, 61-62; Marxian theory and, 27, 51; New Economic Policy, 24, 25, 73, 80, 99-100, 103, 115, 117; organization, 7-8, 72, 99, 100; plans of, 113-116; recovery and reconstruction, 62, 75, 88; role of money, 32, 36; “scissors” crisis, 59-61; “war economy” methods, 94-95, 116; working principles, 25, 27, 50-51, 128, 129

Soviet state: budget, 116; goals, 79; peasantry and, 59; political power, 24

Soviet Union: population in 1920’s, 21-22; Stalin’s heritage, 8-9; territory in 1920’s, 21-22; under Khrushchev, 8-9, 74

“Special Commission on the Reproduction of Fixed Capital” (OSVOK), 114-115

Stalin, Joseph V.: debates of 1920’s and, 8, 51, 69, 85, 86, 118; economics of socialism, 33-35; heritage of, 8-9, 52; leader of “Center” faction, CPSU, 55, 62, 69, 84; Right and Left Oppositions and, 32, 62, 69, 70; Soviet strategy of development and, 70, 71, 74, 127

State Planning Committee, 49, 113; see also Gosplan

steel industry: direct allocation, 94; in planning sequence, 107; Soviet strategies of development and, 76, 83, 87

Stepanov-Skortsov, I. I., economics of socialism, 31-32, 34

strategies of development: 53-77; choice of, 7; definition, 53, 56; formulation, 27, 46, 123-124; in market-directed economy, 53; investment requirements and, 124, 125; planning and, 100, 101, 116, 129; relation between industry and agriculture, 59-74, 123-124, 125, 126, 127; Soviet, 8, 9, 27, 29, 79, 99, 127, 128; Soviet, and economic development in general, 8, 127-128; see also debates of 1920’s

Strumilin, S. G.: macro-economic models, 49; planning, 101, 106-108, 110, 111

Supreme Council of the National Economy, 61, 83, 84, 111, 114, 115

technology: changes in, 18, 19, 23, 37, 44, 55, 66, 73, 81-82, 122; criteria of efficiency and, 88; “dualism,” 46; economic plans and, 122; example of others, 19, 23, 74, 82, 117, 127-128; in agriculture, 73; in Soviet economic plans, 88; in underdeveloped economies, 22; input-output coefficients and, 111; investment and, 19-20, 66-67, 68, 90, 93, 125; lags, 18,

technology—C ont. 19; macro-economic models and, 66-67, 68; Marxian theory, 27-28; options, 74, 75, 76, 83, 86, 124, 125, 126; relative level of development and, 18, 19, 23; resources and, 19; strategies of development and, 55, 66-67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 125

teleologists, and planning, 99, 101-103, 105-106, 106-108, 127; see also voluntarists

trade, nationalization of, 24

transport, nationalization of, 24

Trotsky, Leon: leader of Left Opposition, 54; planning, 113, 115; strategies of economic development, 54, 60, 85

United States: Cobb-Douglas analysis, 91; comparison with Soviet Union, 21, 22-23, 54, 67, 79, 82-83, 95; “United States pattern of industrialization,” 71

Vaisberg, R. E., criteria of efficiency, 90

voluntarists, and economics of socialism, 29-31, 31-32; see also teleologists

von Clausewitz, on military strategy, 53

Western economic theory and practice: corporate processes and problems, 121-123; input-output analysis, 52, 118; planning, 118, 120-121, 126

Zolotarev, rate of growth, 82