“Speech Writing and Sign” in “Speech Writing And Sign”
Abstraction, 81
Activities, 122, 126, 133-134
Agglutinating languages, 120-121
Ambiguity, 41-42
American descriptive linguistics, 16-17, 31
American structuralism, 29, 96, 108-109
American Indian languages, 16-17, 109-111
American Plains Indian Sign Language, 19, 208, 219, 224-230, 233-236, 241-248
See also Comparison of sign languages; Sign language; Signing communities
American Sign Language, 11, 20, 31, 75, 78, 83, 205, 207-224, 232-235, 241-253, 256, 258-259
See also Comparison of sign languages; Sign language; Signing communities
American structuralism. See American descriptive linguistics
A posteriori languages, 50, 52, 60-62
Applicability, 133
A priori languages, 50, 52, 55, 60-62, 67
Arbitrariness of the linguistic sign, 10, 32, 102, 173, 249. See also Linguistic sign
Areal classification. See Classification
Armenians, 97-98
ASL. See American Sign Language
Auditory representation, 89
Autistic children, 253-254, 256-258
Basic object level, 253
Bayeux Tapestry, 154, 158, 160-161
Bilingualism, 111-112
Black English, 85, 112
Boasian tradition, 111-112
Brevity, 124, 129
Cargo cults, 183-184
Caroline Islands, 45-47
Categories, 64, 66-71
Categorization, 63, 81
linguistic categories, 64, 66-71
ontological categories, 64-65
Causation, 96-97
Cave paintings, 150, 154, 161
CB, 129-130
Chimpanzees, 75, 173, 241, 253
Chomskian linguistics, 31, 38, 84, 86, 113
Circumlocution. See Comparison of sign languages; Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
Cistercian Sign Language, 220, 230-234, 237-248
See also Sign language; Signing communities
Classification, 116, 120-121, 214, 218-219
areal, 117-119
formational, 215-216
genetic, 117, 119, 214-215
sign-speech continuum, 216-218
typological, 119-120
See also Sign language
Codes, 129
Codex Bodley, 158
Codex Nuttall, 158-162
Codex Seiden, 158
Codices Beck I and II, 158
Collocation rules, 79
Common language, 5, 10
Common names, 81
Communication, 72-77
gestural, 78-79
linguistic, 77-79
non-linguistic, 78, 91-92
Communicative breakdown, 3, 5-6, 8-14, 42-43
Comparison of sign languages
circumlocution, 242-243
contextual dependence, 247-248
semantic range, 246-247
sources of vocabulary and syntax, 234-241
stability, 232-234
word order, 241-242
See also Iconicity; Redundancy; Sign language; Signing space
Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
circumlocution, 137, 140, 144-146
complexity of syntax, 137, 139, 140, 144
source of syntax, 137, 139-140, 142-144
source of vocabulary, 136-137, 139-140, 142
stability, 136-137, 139-142
See also Redundancy
Competence
Chomskian, 5, 7, 84, 86, 108, 110
communicative, 5
Complexity of syntax. See Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
Componential analysis, 67
Contact languages, 205
Context, 8-9
Contextual dependence. See Comparison of sign languages
Cratylus, 32
Crime and Custom in Savage Society, 109
CSL. See Cistercian Sign Language
Decontextualization, 108, 110
De Generatione Animalium, 64
De Partibus Animalium, 64
Design features, 10, 72
Diachronie study, 19
Dictionary of American Sign Language, 245
Direct reference, 25
Direct representation, 26
Discipline of linguistics, 14, 48
Discourse, 94-95
Discourse Concerning a New Planet, 65
Displacement, 25, 213
Distinguishes, 63
Division of continuous phenomena, 30-31
Double bind hypothesis, 13
Durability, 89
Durable visual representation, 89, 149-150, 168
English composition, 6-7
Ephemeral visual representation, 91, 201-202
Eskimos, 25
Esperanto, 50, 61
Essay Towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language, 50, 52, 55-58, 60, 65
Etak, 45-47
Exclusion, 125-126, 129
Experience, 4-5, 10, 25, 30-31, 33, 35-37, 41-42, 122, 132-134
Facial expression, 243-244
See also Comparison of sign languages; Redundancy
Family resemblances of words, 6
Fieldwork, 109
Filters, 33-34
biological, 37-41
idiosyncratic, 41-43
innate, 38-41
modality, 47-48
no filters, 34-38
sociocultural, 43-47
Finger spelling, 216-218
See also Sign language
First Germanic consonant shift, 99
First order representation, 26-29, 48, 149, 165-167, 207
Fluency, 7-8
Formational classification. See Classification
French Sign Language, 20, 216-217, 235
Functional load, 93
Functional perspective, 15, 21, 75, 92, 98-100, 108, 112-113, 152, 218-219
See also Discourse; Language acquisition; Language change; Phoneticism; Reading; Sentential; Sign language; Social linguistics; Well-designed; Writing
Functional sentence perspective, 94
Generativist tradition, 108
Genetic classification. See Classification
Gestuno, 204
Gesture, 115-116, 140, 201-205
Gilbert Island, 43-45
Grammatical rules, 6, 83-86
Great Instauration, The, 51
Handbook of American Indian Languages, 17
Harvard Educational Review, 85
Heredity vs. environment. See Nature vs. nurture
Historia Animalium, 64
Historical context, 11
History of the Royal Society, 51
Homogeneity, 85, 111, 117
Human language
analysis of structure, 3-5
function, 3-4
definition of, 21, 25, 33, 72-91, 114-116, 165-175, 178, 184, 188, 198-202, 207-214
See also Sign language
Human perception, 34-35
Iconicity, 32, 102, 173, 207
and the learning of sign language, 248-262
in sign formation, 244-245
Ideal speaker-hearer, 8, 75, 108, 111, 173
Idealization, 112
Ideograms, 169
Ideographic writing, 82, 169-170
Indirect reference, 25
Individual, 4-5, 41
Informants, 107-111
Innateness, 31, 37-38, 99
Interface languages, 132, 134-135, 137, 146-147, 205
Interjections, 32
Interlanguage, 58
International language, 49, 53, 60
Isoglosses, 80
Isolating languages, 120
Koko, 82
Language, 17
Language acquisition, 95-96, 106-107
sign, 252-262
Language as a formal system, 78
Language as social activity, 10
Language change, 97, 99-107
Language deficient children, 254
Language, definition of. See Human language
Language universals. See Universals Langue, 5, 108
Latin, 16-17, 67, 104-105
“Legend of the True Cross,” 154-158, 160
Lexicon, 9, 79-82
Linear B, 177, 181, 183
Lingua Franca, 54, 225-228
Linguistic diversity, 96, 112
Linguistic equality, 110-112
Linguistic level, 105
Linguistic relativists, 64
Linguistic science, 29
Linguistic sign, 5-6, 15, 30-33, 48, 168-169, 249-250
shared signs, 8-10
See also Arbitrariness of the linguistic sign
Linguistic stasis, 61
Linguistic structure, 4-5, 21, 77, 79, 110, 121
Linguistic theory, 29, 48, 75, 110
Linguistic variation, 31, 84-85, 223-224
free variation, 86
Linguistics of Visual English, 217-218
See also Sign language
Literacy, 179-188
Logograms, 169
Logographic writing, 170
Manual English, 217-218
See also Sign language
Marshall Islands, 43
Martha’s Vineyard, 130-131, 221
Mayan, 170-173
Meaning, 8-10
general/specific, 9
literal/metaphoric, 11
shared, 9
Meno, 38
Mentally retarded children, 253-254, 256, 259-260
Metalinguistic abilities, 255
Metaphor, 41-42, 82
Missionaries, 55
Mixtec, 191-200
Mnemonic function of writing, 176-178
Model, 26-29
of scientific theories, 28-29
Modes of linguistic representation, 15, 20-21, 87
Müller-Lyer illusion, 40
Nature vs. nurture, 98
Navigation, South Seas, 43-47
Neogrammarians, 18, 29
Nim Chimsky, 241
North American Indian picture writing, 189-200
Novum Organum, 50-51
Of the Advancement of Learning, 51
Ogham script, 163-164
Onomatopoeia, 10, 32
Optical illusion, 38-42
Oralism, 20, 222-223
Oroko, 164-165, 170, 196
Pantomime, 207, 246
Paradigmatic, 125-126, 129
Paralanguage, 12, 78, 116
Parole, 108, 110
Perception, 38
Performance, 82, 85
Chomskian, 7, 86, 110
Petroglyphs. See Rock art
Phatic communication, 87
Philology, 18
Philosophical argument, 8-10
Philosophical languages. See A priori languages
Philosophy of Language, The, 71
Phoneticism, 161, 165, 170-173, 189, 196-200
Physical science, 29
Pictographic writing, 82, 171
Pictographs, 167, 189
Pictorial representation, 154, 158, 163, 165
Picture-Writing of the American Indians, 225
Pidgin languages, 19, 54-55, 80, 87, 106-107, 129, 131-132, 134, 136-137, 140-148, 205
See also Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
Prague school, 93-94
Precision, 123, 126-127
Prescriptivism, 85-86, 102
Presentation, 23-25
Presuppositions, 43, 49, 62, 85, 87, 108, 112, 168
Primacy of speech, 18-19
Primitive languages, 17-18, 81, 83
Primitive societies, 122
Principles of organization, 105-106
Productivity, 86-87, 152, 212
Proper names, 81, 188-200
Pseudo-scientific language, 127-129
PSL. See American Plains Indian Sign Language
Psycholinguistics, 31
Punctuation, 180
Range, semantic, 246
Reading, 180, 186-187
Rebus, 165, 189, 195-196, 199
Recursion, 86
Redundancy, 60, 106, 129, 137, 140, 146-147, 243-244
Reference, 24-25, 30, 48
Representation
cartography, 25-29
function of in language, 25-26, 152
in linguistics, 29, 48
in sciences, 25, 29
modalities, 11
nonlinguistic, 21
See also Modes of linguistic representation
Rock art, 150-154, 167
Royal Society of London, 52, 55
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, 61
Saturation, 133
Schizophrenic language, 13
Scientific theories, 28-29
Second-language learning, 254, 256
Second-order representation, 26-28, 48, 149, 165, 207
SEE (Seeing Essential English)
SEE I, 48
SEE II, 48
See also Sign language
Semantic range
See Comparison of sign languages
Semantics, 48, 103
categories, 66-71
development, 95
features, 63
markers, 63, 66-71
theories, 31, 48-49, 63, 65-71
Sentential, 94
Shared signs. See Linguistic sign
Shona, 31
Siglish, 217-218
See also Sign language
Sign language, 18-21, 48, 102, 202-205, 207-216, 218-232, 248-262
See also American Plains Indian Sign Language; American Sign Language; Cistercian Sign Language; Classification, formational; Classification, genetic; Classification, sign-speech continuum; Comparison of sign languages; Finger spelling; Human language, definition of; Linguistics of Visual English; Manual English; SEE; Siglish; Signed English
Signed English, 217-218
See also Sign language
Signifiant, 10, 30, 32
Signifié, 10, 30, 32, 168-169, 173
Signing communities, 219-220, 251-252
See also American Plains Indian Sign Language; American Sign Language; Cistercian Sign Language
Signing Exact English, 259
Signing space, 207, 245-246
Slips of the tongue, 7
Social conventions, appropriateness, 11
Social identification, 127-131, 221
Social linguistics, 96, 121
Society, 4-5
Sociolinguistics, 75, 100, 110
Source of syntax. See Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
Source of vocabulary. See Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
Sources of vocabulary and syntax. See Comparison of sign languages
Speech acts, 76
Spoken language, 18
and written language, 89-91
Stability. See Comparison of sign languages; Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
Sublanguages, 80, 121-131
Superordinate term, 81
Suprasegmentals, 115
Syntactic features, 143-144
Syntactic structure, 143-144
Syntactic Structures, 63, 77
Syntax, 9, 103-105
Synthetic structure, 81
Teleology, 263
Theory, 26, 28-29
Third-order representation, 26-28
Total communication, 244
Trade jargons, 19, 54, 132, 134, 136-140, 142, 147-148, 178, 205, 227-228, 234, 236
See also Comparison of trade jargons and pidgins
Transcription, 18, 184-185
Transformational grammar, 6, 29, 42, 48, 63
Translation, problems, 3, 11
Tree of Porphyry, 71
Typological classification. See Classification
Universal categories, 33
Universal language, 16, 50-62, 64-65
Universal language movements, 31, 49-50, 54
Universality of gesture, 202-205
Universality of grammatical competence, 7
Universals
language universals, 17, 38, 81, 120
substantive universals, 66, 99
Visual representation, 15, 89, 162, 164, 208
Vocal-auditory channel, 78
Washoe, 82, 241
Well-designed, 93-94
Well-formed, 79, 84
Word, 22, 30
Word order. See Comparison of sign languages
Work. See Activities
Writing, 175-188
Written language, 19-20, 25, 152, 162-188
and sign language, 16, 18, 91
Yerkish, 260
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