The historical past is linked intimately with the present in Thailand. Today’s bureaucracy, for example, is an outgrowth of the great reformation of King Chulalongkorn and the events that followed it. The items in this section, however, focus upon the contemporary era, which has so far been the subject of relatively few systematic and system-wide political studies.

This section is divided into six parts: (1) political leaders and the political system; (2) interests and associations; (3) law, justice, and the courts; (4) the military, national security, and communism; (5) subnational government — an awkward term, but one more appropriate than “local government” for Thailand; and (6) contemporary diplomacy and international relations. Relevant material will also be found in other sections, particularly among the histories cited in Section A, as well as in the social structure and social change literature cited in Section G-4.

The standard general study of contemporary Thai politics is David Wilson’s Politics in Thailand, published in 1962. A growing number of studies of a more specialized nature, however, have appeared in recent years. The study by Fred Riggs, Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity, is perhaps the best example of this type. Riggs describes and analyzes the changing structure of Thai politics and the central place of what he calls the “bureaucratic polity” in the political system.

Studies about interest groups and the Thai legal system remain comparatively rare. This paucity, in Western-language studies at least, marks an area of opportunity — and need —for future research. The Thai political system differs considerably from systems characterized by the existence and ordered operation of political interest groups. It also manifests the working of forms of authority not consistent with overt, systematic interest mobilization. The Chinese are, in a sense, a significant “interest,” and among the Chinese exist a number of associations which funetion somewhat as interest groups. Yet political interest groups in the Western sense are not vital elements in Thai politics.

The literature on military affairs, national security, and communism is of varying quality — indeed, much of it is relatively poor. At one extreme is the recent rash of studies which purport to compare present national security conditions in Thailand with those of Vietnam some years ago. Few, if any, of these studies are convincingly comparative. The subsection treating this literature also contains several examples of the research output of the American military (or its contractors) in Thailand, which tends to be encyclopedic rather than analytical. The studies that attempt to gauge the role of the military in the political life of Thailand, while necessarily somewhat speculative (military expenditures and military manpower data are not public information in Thailand), are nonetheless interesting. The book by Morris Janowitz, The Military in the Political Development of New Nations is a general study of the role of the military as a modernizing force in the poor countries; David Wilson’s article in the book edited by John J. Johnson considers the place of the military in Thai politics. Communism in Thailand is usually treated as one subpart of communism in Asia, often on the dubious assumption that Asian communism is a unified thing, or as a phenomenon of the Northeast or Southern provinces. Very little in the way of “hard” information is available to support these assumptions.

The literature on subnational government covers a broad spectrum, from surveys of provincial government to village studies. The latter is impressive literature, reflecting the modern social scientists’ concern for precision and analytical rigor, which are easier to attain at the village level, and the recognition by both social scientists and funding agencies that the rural areas are critical elements in national development. The study of a Thai-Lao village in northeastern Thailand by Charles Key e s is a fine example of this “new” literature. (See also Section G-l for items on rural and village life and affairs.) While there is no really good study of metropolitan Bangkok, Thailand’s only metropolis, T. G. McGee’s The Southeast Asian City is a useful study of the principal cities of Southeast Asia — Bangkok, of course, being one.

The literature on contemporary diplomacy and international relations suffers from an almost total reliance on secondary sources. Practically all of it is written from the perspective of the Western observer concerned primarily with the place of Thailand in the struggle for power in Asia.

1. Political Leaders and the Political System

Ayal, Eliezer B. “Public Policies in Thailand Under the Constitutional Regime: A Case Study of an Underdeveloped Country.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1961. 350 pages.

An analysis of economic policy and policy-making in Thailand from 1932-1957, providing information on economic history and economic aspects of Thai politics during that period.

Coast, John. Some Aspects of Siamese Politics. New York: Institute of Pacific Relations, 1953. 58 pages.

A readable, journalistic account of political developments in Thailand from 1932 to 1952, with a first-hand account of some of former Premier Pibul’s bizarre attempts to promote Westernization and nationalism.

Coughlin, Richard J. Double Identity: The Chinese in Modern Thailand. See Section G-4.

Darling, Frank C. “Marshal Sarit and Absolutist Rule in Thailand.” Pacific Affairs, December, 1960, pp. 347-360.

This article is interesting in that it views the rule of former Prime Minister Sarit as a reversion to the pre-1932 style of government.

Darling, Frank C. “Modern Politics in Thailand.” The Review of Politics, April, 1962, pp. 163-182.

An examination of Thailand’s recent political past, along with an assessment based upon certain highly subjective assumptions: that at the end of World War II there may have been an alternative to the re-establishment of political control based upon military power; and that Thailand should be moving in the direction of a constitutional democratic state; but that this potential trend may be thwarted by the persistence of military leadership.

Evers, Hans-Dieter, and T. H. Silcock. “Elites and Selection,” in T. H. Silcock (ed.), Thailand: Social and Economic Studies in Development. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1967, pp. 84-104.

A good description and analysis of the selection, composition, and development of military, bureaucratic, Chinese, and other Thai elite groups. Analyzes inter-elite group relationships and the possible effects of these relationships upon economic development in Thailand. A selective review of the literature (Embree, Hanks, Mosel, Kaufman, Skinner, Textor, Sharp, and others) on the Thai social system.

Hanks, Lucien M. “American Aid Is Damaging Thai Society.” See Section G-l.

Hindley, Donald. “Thailand: The Politics of Passivity.” Pacific Affairs, Fall, 1968, pp. 355-371.

An interesting and informative essay which attempts to account for political passivity of Thai non-elite groups: peasantry, bureaucracy, and the commercial middle class (see Evers, cited above). Two kinds of explanations are offered. The first examines the extent to which Thailand has experienced conditions that have impelled significant groups in other countries into active opposition to an entrenched and resistant regime. The second identifies those characteristics of the Thai world view which discourage political action.

Huff, Lee. “The Thai Movile Development Unit Program,” in Peter Kunstradter (ed.), Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities, and Nations. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967, pp. 425-486.

A detailed evaluation of the Mobile Development Units program. The MDU program is one of a number of rural-oriented programs (Community Development, Mobile Information teams, Accelerated Rural Development, and the Developing Democracy Program) designed to improve relations between the central government and Thai peasants by upgrading rural conditions of life.

Keyes, Charles F. Local Leadership in Rural Thailand. Los Angeles: Academic Advisory Council for Thailand, University of California at Los Angeles, 1969. 50 pages.

This paper, presented at a Conference on Local Authority in Thailand, systematically distinguishes different types of local leaders, and contains a perceptive analysis of variations in the articulation of official government and peasant communities. Analyzes the impact of inadequate integration of peasant and administrative systems in typical Central Thai villages. A seminal statement.

MacDonald, Alexander. Bangkok Editor. See Section A.

Mokarapong, Thawatt. “The June Revolution of 1932 in Thailand: A Study in Political Behavior.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1962. 308 pages.

A detailed description of the revolution, the revolutionary leaders, their aims, and the outcome of the overthrow of the monarchy. An authoritative source of information on the coup and the members of the revolutionary factions.

Mosel, James N. “Thai Administrative Behavior.” See Section D-l.

Nairn, Ronald C. International Aid to Thailand: The New Colonialism. See Section F-2.

Neuchterlein, Donald E. “Thailand after Sarit.” Asian Survey, May, 1964, pp. 842-850.

An interim analysis of the shifting power configuration at the top of the Thai system. Asserts that the king serves as more than a national symbol — i.e., that he also plays a critical part in legitimizing any group which would command the government. Discusses the rumored role of the king in the transfer of power to Prime Minister Sarit and in the stabilization of the position of Sarit’s successor, Field Marshal Thanom.

Phillips, Herbert P. “The Election Ritual in a Thai Village.” Journal of Social Issues, December, 1958, pp. 36-50.

A discerning examination of the forces which produced voting behavior in a Thai village. The widespread turnout in the village was found to be a response to traditional social force and bureaucratic authority, rather than an expression of political interest.

Pickerell, Albert, and Daniel E. Moore. “Elections in Thailand.” Far Eastern Survey, June and July, 1957, pp. 92-97, 103-111.

A journalistic account of events during the national elections of February, 1957.

Pye, Lucien W. Southeast Asian Political Systems. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1967. 98 pages.

An attempt to analyze Southeast Asian political systems in terms of political foundations, political dynamics, and the formal decision-making organs of government on the input side, and short and long-run governmental efficiency and performance on the output side. The Thai data are neither as current nor as accurate as they might be; the Thai analysis is perhaps the least satisfactory.

Riggs, Fred W. Thailand: The Modernization of a Bureaucratic Polity. Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1966. 470 pages. Systematically examines contemporary Thai government as a “bureaucratic polity.” Using the governmental promotion of rice production and control over various apsects of rice marketing as a focus, Riggs traces changing patterns of government and government-social systems relations. A detailed description and analysis of the Thai political decisional structure as of the late 1950’s.

Rozental, Alek A. “Branch Banking in Thailand.” See Section E-l.

Sharp, Lauriston. “Peasants and Politics in Thailand.” Far Eastern Survey, September, 1950, pp. 157-161.

An examination of the political attitudes of some Thai peasants toward the Bangkok government. Although now out-of-date, it remains important because it contains many of the ideas about peasant relationships with the Thai government that have since become unquestioned stereotypes.

Silcock, T. H. “Money and Banking.” See Section E-l.

Simmonds, Stuart. “Thailand--A Conservative State,” in Saul Rose (ed.), Politics in Southern Asia. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1963, pp. 119-142.

A resume of recent Thai domestic and diplomatic history and an impressionistic assessment of the authoritarian basis of Thai politics. Simmonds opines that the political characteristics of contemporary Thailand are acceptable to most Thais and consistent with continuing economic development, but suggests that the future may bring demands for broader political participation.

Singh, L. P. The Politics of Economic Cooperation in Asia. A Study of Asian International Organizations. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1966. 271 pages.

The obstacles to economic development in Asia, the author contends, are psychological, economic, and political — most of all, political. This is largely a study of organizations: ECAFE, Colombo Plan, SEATO, the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), and the Asian Productivity Organization.

Sivaram, M. The New Siam in the Making. Bangkok: Stationers Printing Press, 1936. 158 pages.

A subjective examination of the efforts to erect a stable political structure in the politically fluid years following the 1932 revolution.

Sutton, Joseph L. “Political and Administrative Leadership,” in Joseph L. Sutton (ed.), Problems of Politics and Administration in Thailand. Bloomington: Institute of Training for Public Service, Indiana University, 1962, pp. 1-22.

A brief subjective essay about the influence of Buddhism and the tradition of the absolutist state on Thai political and administrative leadership.

Thomas, M. Ladd. Socio-Economic Approach to Political Integration of the Thai-Islam: An Appraisal. DeKalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1969. 27 pages.

Based upon field work during 1966-1968, the study assesses Thai government efforts to promote political integration, identifies basic limitations to achieve such goals, offers recommendations, and concludes that by adroit and patient efforts the Thai government might, over two or three decades, achieve a substantial practical identification of Thai-Islam individuals and communities with the Thai government.

Tulyathorn, Prasit. “The First Decade of Constitutional Government in Thailand.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, University of Hawaii, 1964. 87 pages.

Political history (1932-1942), containing policy changes of successive cabinets and some translated government statements.

Tunsiri, Vichai. “The Social Background and the Legislative Recruitment of the Thai Members of Parliament and Their Political Consequences.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1971. 300 pages.

Analyzes relation of legislators’ behavior to their socioeconomic backgrounds, 1933-1970. Presents observed patterns and an empirically-grounded model of Thai legislative behavior.

Wilson, David A. Politics in Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962. 307 pages.

Authoritative study of modern Thai government and politics. Wilson’s views of the Thai political leadership coincide with those of Riggs and Mosel, but his study covers more, and amounts to a survey of the contemporary political system.

Wilson, David A. “Thailand,” in George McT. Kahin (ed.), Governments and Politics of Southeast Asia. Revised edition. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1964, pp. 3-72.

An updated version of Wilson’s lengthier work, cited above.

Wilson, David A. “Thailand: A New Leader.” Asian Survey, February, 1964, pp. 171-175.

A brief survey of political conditions at the end of the Sarit regime and the beginning of the premiership of Marshal Thanom.

Wilson, David Α., and Herbert P. Phillips. “Elections and Parties in Thailand.” Far Eastern Survey, August, 1958, pp. 113119.

Places the election process in its larger political and social context. (See also Phillips, cited above.)

Yang, Shu-Chin. A Multiple Exchange Rate System: An Appraisal of Thailand’s Experience, 1946-1955. See Section E-1.

Young, Stephen B. “The Northeastern Thai Village: A Non-Participatory Democracy.” Asian Survey, November, 1968, pp. 873-886.

Examines political behavior in four northeastern villages — a large and prosperous village in Udorn province and three small, isolated, poor villages in Mahasarakham province — and concludes that villagers in all four conceive the legitimate role of government to be very limited.

2. Interests and Associations

Atibaed, Sanee. “Occupational Restriction Affecting Aliens in Thailand Since World War I.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, 1960. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University. 87 pages.

A summarization of official police and legislative measures aimed at restricting the access of aliens to certain occupations. As the measures have been largely directed against the Chinese, this formal study is relevant to an examination of relationships between Chinese and the Thai government.

Dulayachinda, Medhi. “The Development of Labor Legislation in Thailand.” International Labor Review, vol. 60, 1949, pp.467- 486.

A sketch of Thailand’s labor laws. Discusses governmental efforts to use law as an instrument for promoting labor welfare without creating a politically effective labor group.

Riggs, Fred W. Census and Notes on Clientele Groups in Thai Politics and Administration. Bloomington: Institute of Training for Public Service, Indiana University, 1963. 42 pages.

A summary of voluntary associations found in Thailand in 1958, with detailed notes, based upon interviews, on some of these associations. In addition, there is a summary description of mass media in Thailand as of 1957.

Riggs, Fred W. “Interest and Clientele Groups,” in Joseph L. Sutton (ed.), Problems of Politics and Administration in Thailand. Bloomington: Institute of Training for Public Service, Indiana University, 1962, pp. 152-192.

A brief description and analysis of the character and funetions of interest groups in the Thai political system.

Riggs, Fred W. “A Model for the Study of Thai Society.” Thai Journal of Public Administration, April, 1961, pp. 83-120.

Although this is essentially a conceptual scheme, it takes into account the nature and functioning of interests and interest groups in the Thai political sphere.

3. Law, Justice, and the Courts

Darling, Frank C. “Aspects of Thai Law.” (Paper delivered at the Midwest Conference on Asian Affairs, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, November 10-11, 1967.) 26 pages.

Sketches the development of Thai law. Notes that despite radical changes which have taken place in the Thai legal system, it remains a mixture of the traditional and the modern.

Dulayachinda, Medhi. “The Development of Labor Legislation in Thailand.” See Section C-2.

Lingat, Robert. “Evolution of the Conception of Law in Burma and Siam.” Journal of the Siam Society, January, 1950, pp. 9- 31.

Describes the Burmese and Siamese view of law as synonymous with a notion of a universal moral order, and asserts that this view imposes and reflects limitations upon rulers, in the form of their own conception of their obligations and in the form of general expectations within the society.

Lyman, Albert. “The Judicial System in Thailand.” Journal of the Bar Association of the District of Columbia, February, 1955, pp. 85-92.

A brief sketch of the Thai judicial system by an American lawyer practicing in Bangkok, with emphasis on jurisdiction. Essentially concerned with formal characteristics of the judiciai system.

Revenue Laws and Their Administration. Bangkok: Ministry of Finance, 1955. 250 pages.

A consultant’s report prepared by Howell & Company. Essentially a study of revenue administration, but also an interesting and revealing description of the Thai tax structure and revenue law administration as of the early 1950’s.

Sayre, Francis Bowes. “The Passing of Extraterritoriality in Siam.” See Section B-2.

Van Roy, Edward. “Economic Dualism and Economic Change Among the Hill Tribes of Thailand.” See Section G-4.

Wit, Daniel. Labor Law and Practice in Thailand. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1964. 53 pages.

A descriptive background report on labor and labor law.

Wood, W. A. R. Notes on the Jurisdiction of Consular and International Courts in Siam. Bloomington: Department of Political Science, Indiana University, October, 1964. 19 pages.

Personal account of the development of consular and international courts in Thailand, from the first British consular court in 1865 to the end of extraterritoriality in 1925. The author was for many years involved in the administration of the British courts in Thailand.

4. The Military, National Security, and Communism

Blakeslee, D. J., L. W. Huff, and R. W. Kickert. Village Security Pilot Study. Bangkok: Joint Thai-U.S. Military Research and Development Center, May, 1965. 387 pages.

An attempt to develop a data base of information relevant to village security in remote areas of Thailand. Forty villages in Northeast Thailand were studied in terms of (a) general and locational data (names of village officials, population, latitude and longitude, police posts, etc.); (b) defense perimeter data (areas and village shapes); (c) physical structural characteristics (local industries, fuel storage, etc.); (d) transportation; and (e) topographic features.

Block, Edward Leigh. “Accelerated Rural Development: A Counter-Insurgency Program in Northeast Thailand.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Northern Illinois University, 1968. 105 pages.

A case study of the American-sponsored Accelerated Rural Development (ARD) program for Northeast Thailand, intended to counter insurgency by improving rural living standards. Concludes that while the ARD program may conceivably be effective in the long run, its current security orientation and absence of concern for felt needs in the villages, are not promising signs.

Brinimell, J. H. Communism in South East Asia, A Political Analysis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1959. 415 pages.

Communism is considered by the author to be by far the most dynamic political influence at work within Southeast Asia, although the movement in Thailand was in 1959 apparently feeble. The pattern of communist organization in Thailand is described.

Buss, Claude A. The Arc of Crisis. See Section A.

Changwad Handbook on Changwad Nakhon Phanom. See Section C-5.

Clubb, Oliver E., Jr. The United States and the Sino-Soviet Bloc in Southeast Asia. See Section C-6.

Coward, H. Roberts. Military Technology in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1964. 51 pages + appendices.

A source of data and estimates concerning the Thai military forces, including “most current available data” on the size of the Thai armed forces, comparative estimates and projections of the ratio of Thai forces to the Thai population, and relation of the Thai defense budget to GNP. Also contains manpower and defense budget extrapolation from 1961 through 1975.

Girling, J. C. S. “Northeast Thailand: Tomorrow’s Viet Nam?” Foreign Affairs, January, 1968, pp. 388-397.

Concludes that while there are historic, economic, and political reasons for insurgency in Northeast Thailand, the situation is not comparable to that of Vietnam.

Janowitz, Morris. The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964. 134 pages.

Sketches a variety of types of civil-military relations in the developing nations and formulates a number of hypotheses about the political capacity of the military to govern and to modernize. Passing description of the Thai military.

Modelski, George (ed.). SEATO: Six Studies. Melbourne: Australian National University Press, 1962. 302 pages.

These studies have one common denominator — they all see SEATO as a Western Great Power arrangement. Three describe the place of the small member-states in the alliance; two deal with policies of Lidia and China vis-à-vis SEATO; one describes the role of the Great Powers in Asian trade relationships.

Perlo, Victor, and Kumar Goshal. Bitter End in Southeast Asia. New York: Marzani and Munsell, 1964. 128 pages.

An attack on American policy in Vietnam and SEATO. SEATO is described as “A Dulles Nightmare.”

SEATO Record. See Section 1-2.

Stanton, Edwin F. “Communist Pressures in Thailand.” Current History, February, 1960, pp. 102-109.

A former American ambassador to Thailand sketches the apparent dimensions of communist power and influence within the country as of 1960.

Warner, Denis. “Aggression by Seepage in Northeast Thailand.” Reporter, October 25, 1962, pp. 33-37.

A journalistic discussion of communist infiltration in rural Northeast Thailand. This and two other complementary articies on Thailand appear in Warner’s Reporting Southeast Asia (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1966).

Wilson, David A. “The Military in Thai Politics,” in John J. Johnson (ed.), The Role of the Military in Underdeveloped Countries. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1962, pp. 253- 275.

Traces the historical background of the military in Thai politics: the emergence of a modern professional military apparatus; military participation in the 1932 revolution; and the military envelopment of Thai politics in the years which followed. Suggests that the army fills apolitical vacuum, exercising power rather than authority, and that it works to help preserve the political status quo.

Wilson, David A. “Thailand and Marxism,” in Frank N. Trager (ed.), Marxism in Southeast Asia: A Study of Four Countries. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1959, pp. 58-101.

Asserts a limited significance for Marxism in Thailand, because political, social, and cultural factors have made the Marxist appeal one of small relevance to Thais.

5. Subnational Government

Amphoe-Tambon Statistical Directory of 14 ARD Changwads.Bangkok: Department of Local Administration, National Statistical Office, U.S. Agency for International Development, March, 1967. 301 pages.

Maps and tabular data on amphoes and tambons in the fourteen provinces earmarked for special assistance by the Agency for International Development-Department of Local Administration ARD (Accelerated Rural Development) program. Data on number of villages, households, schools, teachers, pupils, crop holdings, rice production, land in crops, land under irrigation, rice planted.

Changwad Handbook on Changwad Nakhon Phanom. 6 vols. Bangkok: Joint Thai-U.S. Military Research and Development Center, prepared for the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Office of the Secretary of Defense, Washington, D.C., 1967 and 1968.

A detailed compilation of data on the physical, social, economic and political characteristics of this northeastern province. Volume I: Physical Environment; Volume II: Social Environment; Volume III: Economic Environment; Volume IV: Public Administration Environment; Volume V: Summary and Bibliography; Volume VI: Special Village Maps. Volumes are descriptive and encyclopedic rather than analytic. (In English and Thai.)

de Young, John E. Village Life in Modern Thailand. See Section G-l.

Fraser, Thomas M., Jr. Fishermen of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1966. 110 pages.

A shorter version of the author’s Rusembilan: A Malay Fishing Village in Southern Thailand, cited below.

Fraser, Thomas M., Jr. Rusembilan: A Malay Fishing Village in Southern Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1960. 281 pages.

This is a study of the Malay fishing village of Rusembilan on the Gulf of Thailand in Pattani province — one of the four predominantly Malay provinces in the south of Thailand. The first published account of any Malay community in Thailand, this study of the cultural behavior of a Moslem-Malay peasant group is well done.

Hanna, Willard A. A Series of Reports on Thailand. New York: American Universities Field Staff, 1965-1966.

This particular set of AUFS reports consists of twenty-five separate documents, of four to sixteen pages each. Fifteen are entitled “Change irf Chiengmai.” (They are separately subtitled, and identified as Southeast Asia Series, vol. XIII, nos. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12-19. They were issued from February through May, 1965. Together they provide a perceptive portrait of salient features of this northern area.) Five are titled “Peninsular Thailand.” (Also separately subtitled, these reports deal with the southernmost provinces. Southeast Asia Series, vol. ΧΠΙ, nos. 22-26.) A single report sketches a few aspects of change in “Thailand’s Strategic Northeast.” (Southeast Asia Series, vol. XIV, no. 1, January, 1966. 18 pages.)

Hoath, James R. Local Government in Thailand — Development Implications. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1968. 25 pages.

A general discussion of how development is affecting the system of local administration. Describes the general structure of local government and considers ways in which village structures might be used as the locus of developmental efforts.

Horrigan, Frederick James. “Local Government and Administration in Thailand: A Study of Institutions and Their Cultural Setting.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Indiana University, 1959. 338 pages.

Traces the evolution of provincial government, and discusses the structure and general operating characteristics of Thai provincial and subprovincial government as of the latter 1950’s.

Horrigan, Frederick James. “Provincial Government and Administration,” in Joseph L. Sutton (ed.), Problems of Politics and Administration in Thailand. Bloomington: Institute of Training for Public Service, Indiana University, 1962, pp. 41-72.

A short description of provincial and local government, drawn from Horrigan’s doctoral dissertation, cited above.

Impact of USOM Support Programs in Changwad Sakon Nakhon.Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1967. 138 pages.

Examines the impact of assistance programs in an ARD province upon the attitudes and behavior of rural people. Ineludes a project-by-project analysis of success in planning and coordination, security, and the satisfaction of village development needs as compared with two control amphurs in which no AID programs exist.

Janlekha, Kamol Odd. A Study of the Economy of a Rice-Growing Village in Central Thailand. See Section E-l.

Judd, Laurence C. “A Study of the Cultural Organization of Tong Taa Village in Thailand.” Unpublished Master’s thesis, Cornell University, 1954.

A brief, discerning, unpretentious study of Tong Taa village, near Pitsanuloke, by a missionary in the area. Covers geography and history, population, education, socio-economic patterns, health conditions, recreation, religion, leadership, and apparent patterns of change.

Karnjanaprakorn, Choop. Community Development and Local Government in Thailand. See Section G-l.

Karnjanaprakorn, Choop. Municipal Government in Thailand as an Institution and Process of Self-Government. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1962. 253 pages.

A reprint of a doctoral dissertation submitted to Indiana University, 1959. The author participated in drafting the Municipalities Act in 1952 and has had extensive personal experience in local government in Thailand.

Kaufman, Howard K. Bangkhuad: A Community Study in Thailand. New York: J. J. Augustin, for the Association for Asian Studies, 1960. 235 pages.

A perceptive, detailed, and readable anthropological study of a village in the central basin of Thailand. Describes the pattern of daily life, the typical life cycle, the community structure, economy, government, and educational and religious institutions. Informative appendices, including the “Ten Most Common Proverbs Used by the Farmers of Bangkhuad,” and a list of thirty common superstitions. See also Section G-l.

Keyes, Charles F. Isan: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand. See Section G-l.

Keyes, Charles F. “Peasant and Nation: Thai-Lao Village in a Thai State.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1966. 384 pages.

An anthropological case study of the village of Ban Nong, Mahasarakam province, northeastern Thailand, which offers not only systematic information about socio-cultural characteristics of the village, but an extensive orientation of the village within its larger setting ־־־ bureaucratic and political, educational, religious, economic, and informational. Perceptive observations include a comprehensive portrait of the structure and process of education in the village and of the impact of school teachers upon the shaping of villagers’ views of the larger world.

Keyfitz, Nathan. “Political-Economic Aspects of Urbanization in South and Southeast Asia,” in Philip Hauser and Leo Schnore (eds.), The Study of Urbanization. New York: Wiley, 1965, pp. 265-309.

Examines the political-economic relationship between urban and rural areas, asserting that “an imbalance in the exchange of goods between city and countryside is made up by the exercise of power on the part of the city, and that the decline in food surplus available in the countryside [due to population growth] attenuates the base which the city had in colonial and precolonial times.” A worthy contribution to a valuable book.

Kingshill, Konrad. Ku Daeng - The Red Tomb. A Village Study in Northern Thailand. Chiengmai and Bangkok: The Prince Royal’s College, 1960. Distributed by The Siam Society, Bangkok. 310 pages.

A socio-anthropological survey based on extended residence in this particular village. Describes the economy, family, educational patterns, government, religion, and other social patterns. Vivid and informative.

Litchfield, Whiting, Boune & Associates. Greater Bangkok Plan. Bangkok: Ministry of Interior, 1960. 210 pages.

A report of a two-year study of the problems and prospects of the Greater Bangkok metropolitan area, by a consulting firm. Includes descriptive material on characteristics of the nation’s only metropolitan area.

Luykx, Nicolaas G.M. “Some Comparative Aspects of Rural Publie Institutions in Thailand, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1962. 905 pages.

Includes a description through case studies of formal and actual patterns of rural local government in parts of Thailand.

McGee, T. G. The Southeast Asian City: A Social Geography of the Primate Cities of Southeast Asia. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1967. 204 pages.

Focuses on the growth, characteristics, and roles of the great cities of Southeast Asia — Bangkok, Rangoon, Singapore, Siagon-Cholon, Djakarta, and Manila. Points to the fact that the economic, political, and social conditions underlying urban growth in these Southeast Asian cities differ greatly from conditions in Western Europe at the time of the first urban explosion. Tables, maps, and a brief but excellent bibliography of Southeast Asian urbanization.

Madge, Charles. Survey Before Development in Thai Villages. New York: United Nations Secretariat (U.N. Series on Community Development), 1957. 90 pages. (Also other versions, including one in Thai.)

This study,prepared by a British sociologist,provides valuable material on the social conditions of several rural villages near Ubol. The major purpose of the study, made under the auspices of TUFEC (Thailand-UNESCO Fundamental Education Center), was to determine a sociocultural “baseline” of Northeastern Thai villages before community development programs were introduced.

Madge, Charles. Village Communities in Northeast Thailand: Survey of the Thailand-UNESCO Fundamental Education Center (TUFEC). Bangkok: United Nations Technical Assistance Program, 1955. 99 pages.

Madge’s final report to the Thai government on the TUFEC program at Ubol, Northeast Thailand. Describes the social and economic setting and concludes with proposals for community development in the Northeast.

Maynard, Paul, and Charles Murray (eds.). Thai Local Administration: A Study of Villager Interaction with Community and Amphoe Administration. Fort Washington, Pennsylvania: Education and Technical Services Division, Philco-Ford Corporation, 1968. 166 pages + 14 appendices.

Prepared for AID-Thailand, this is a substantial field study undertaken in four villages in the northeastern changwad, Nakhon Phanom. Its major conclusions are that villager attitudes toward government have not been highly influenced by developmental activities, that village self-governing capabilities tend to be underestimated, and that village development is adversely affected by existing relations between changwad and amphoe. The study offers impressive and valuable insights into patterns of political organization and behavior at the village level, and rather vivid portraits of village relationships with official government for the four villages in the two amphoe.

Meksawan, Arsa. The Role of the Provincial Governor in Thailand. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1962. 370 pages. Reissued, 1966.

A reprint of a doctoral dissertation, submitted to Indiana University, 1961. Describes the evolution of the system of provincial government and examines the role of the governor in contemporary Thailand.

Neher, Clark D. Development in Rural Thailand. See Section D-l.

Neher, Clark D. “District Level Politics in Thailand.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles,1969.

A study of decision-making (primarily in the allocation of resources by district officials) at the district level, focusing on three districts in Chiengmai province.

Neher, Clark D. Rural Thai Government: The Politics of the Budgetary Process. DeKalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1970. 60 pages.

Detailed description of the governmental budgetary process in Chieng Mai Province, including the collection and allocation of the local development tax and the actual roles of commune councils, district officers, and provincial authorities. An informed case study of authority patterns in Thai rural local government drawn from the author’s dissertation research.

Nims, Cyrus R. City Planning in Thailand. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1963. 61 pages.

The final report of the USOM city planning advisor to the Thai government. Reviews and evaluates Thai successes and failures in the field of city planning.

Noranitipandungkarn, Chakrit. Elites, Power Structure and Politics in Thai Communities. Bangkok: Research Center, National Institute of Development Administration, 1970. 199 pages.

An elite-community power study of two small urban places, each about 100 kilometers from Bangkok. Interesting, informative, and containing vivid biographical sketches of elite members, this carefully-crafted study reveals a substantial pluralism and dynamism within and among the elite structures. It gives valuable insights into social, cultural, economic, and political factors and their interplay in two municipalities. After the fashion of our times, the title is misleading; the book is about two Thai communities.

Pattiya, Akom. “Local Government in Songkhla.” Unpublished Master’s thesis. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1958. 102 pages.

A case study of the formal government of a provincial Thai city. Brief description of Songkhla’s relationship to the central government, and of personnel and fiscal administration within the city government.

Phowaathii, Dharmmakhaam. “An Account of Past Events in the Municipalities of Thailand,” in Some Problems in Public Administration in Developing Countries. Honolulu: East-West Center Press, 1966, pp. 24-43.

A paper presented at the first assembly of the Municipal League in Thailand, held at Chiengmai in 1960; an interesting anecdotal account of some major episodes in the development of municipalities in Thailand from the 1890’s into the present era. Suggests the perspective from which some of the Thais involved in it view municipal government.

Piker, Steven. “Sources of Stability and Instability in Rural Thai Society.” See Section G-l.

Poowanatnuruk, Prakarn. “The Development of City Zoning in the Bangkok Metropolitan Area.” Unpublished Master’s thesis. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1960. 133 pages.

A case description, showing the interaction of the Thai government and a city planning consulting firm in evolving an improved land-use plan for the metropolitan area in the late 1950’s. An appendix includes translations of the proceedings of a series of conferences on planning and zoning held in the Ministry of Interior.

Ryan, John William. “Municipal Government and Administration,” in Joseph L. Sutton (ed.), Problems of Politics and Administration in Thailand. Bloomington: Institute of Training for Public Service, Indiana University, 1962, pp. 73-121.

A short study of the development of Thai municipal government, based upon the author’s unpublished Ph.D. dissertation on Bangkok government (Indiana University, 1959). Emphasizes the inconsistency between the ideal of local urban selfgovernment and the Thai tradition of national dominance and control.

Sharp, Lauriston, et al. Siamese Rice Village: A Preliminary Study of Bang Chan, 1948-1949. See Section G-l.

Silabhundhu, Charoensook. “Study of National Control of Sukhaphiban Finance.” Unpublished Master’s thesis. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1960. 149 pages.

A detailed description of the patterns of financial administration and control of minor urban governmental units sometimes described as “sanitary districts.” Some discussion of problems of revenue administration, as well as of actual practice in financial administration.

Sommers, William A. Report on Amphoe Administration. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1966. 73 pages.

Includes a description of district administrative organization and administrative problems, and an evaluation of administrative characteristics of the central government mechanism for directing and controlling district administration.

Sommers, William A. Statistics on Municipal Revenues in Thailand, 1963 to 1966. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, October, 1967. n.p., 9 tables.

Statistics on revenues for 120 municipalities, plus population data, ranking of municipalities according to per capita revenue, and a list of sources of municipal revenue.

Sommers, William A. A Summary of the Budget Process for the Changwad Local Government. See Section D-3.

Starbird, Ann, et al. Annotated Bibliography of Northeast Thailand. See Section H.

“Symposium on Northeast Thailand.” See Section G-4.

Vilaichitt, Snit. Kamnan and Puyaiban: Their Origin, History and Importance to Village Development in Thailand. See Section D-l.

Wijeyewardene, G. “Some Aspects of Rural Life in Thailand.” See Section G-l.

Yatsushiro, Toshio (ed.). Studies of Northeast Villages in Thailand. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, September, 1968. Unpaged.

A two-volume collection of field reports prepared by, or under the direction of, Dr. Yatsushiro when he served on the US-AID mission research staff. Volume I, subtitled “Village Summaries,” contains his twenty-five page summary report on attitudes toward security and perceptions of security conditions in seventeen villages in Sakon Nakorn and Mahasarakham provinces, as of 1966 and 1967, plus a summary report on each village by a Thai field investigator. Volume II, “Village Meetings,” contains twenty-one transcriptions of conversations with groups of village leaders, a transcription of an interview with a surrendered communist terrorist, an account of a village “brain-washing” episode, background data on six surrendered communist terrorists, and a summary report on village attitudes in Northeast Thailand. Together the volumes present more than eight hundred pages of valuable source material, some in analytic reports and some in field notes. In 1970 Dr. Yatsushiro had completed a yet unpublished monograph, “Northeast Thailand: Its Land, People, and Culture,” based partly on these village studies.

Yatsushiro, Toshio. Village Organization and Leadership in Northeast Thailand. Bangkok: Department of Community Development, Ministry of Interior, and U.S. Agency for International Development, 1966. 152 pages.

Reports findings of an attitudinal survey of 524 household heads in five villages in the Renu area of Northeast Thailand. The survey covered village problems and needs, attitudes toward the central government and Western and communist nations, and patterns of village leadership.

6. Contemporary Diplomacy and International Relations

Clubb, Oliver E., Jr. The United States and the Sino-Soviet Bloc in Southeast Asia. Washington: The Brookings Institute, 1962. 173 pages.

A survey of Southeast Asian involvement in the confrontation between communist and noncommunist forces. Some discussion of communist pressures in Thailand, but the major value of this work lies in its treatment of the context of Thai diplomacy and Thai foreign relations.

Crosby, Sir Josiah. Siam: The Crossroads. See Section B-l.

Crozier, Brian. Southeast Asia in Turmoil. See Section A.

Darling, Frank C. Thailand and the United States. Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1965. 243 pages.

Detailed information about Thai politics and Thai-U.S. relations in the post-World War II period. Also numerous personai opinions and prescriptions of the author, some of which are quite debatable.

Darling, Frank C. Thailand: New Challenge and the Struggle for a Political and Economic “Take-Off.” New York: American- Asian Education Exchange, March 1969. 49 pages.

Examines external (China and North Vietnam) and internal (geographic sectionalism and ethnic diversity) threats to Thailand, and Thai efforts to counter these perceived dangers. Argues for a continuation of the current American policy of “containment and construction” in Thailand.

Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreements, 1950-1961.Bangkok: National Economic Development Board, 1961. 169 pages.

A bilingual (Thai-English) record of the formal agreements providing for economic and technical cooperation between Thailand and other nations, including the United States.

Elsbree, Willard H. Japan’s Role in Southeast Asian Nationalist Movements, 1940 to 1945. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1953. 182 pages.

Relevant to the study of Japanese impact upon Thailand’s colonial neighbors at the time of World War II.

Fifield, Russell H. The Diplomacy of Southeast Asia, 1945-1948. New York: Harper & Row, 1958. 584 pages.

An excellent guide to the political framework of the region and its literature from 1945-1948. Chapter 7, “Kingdom of Thailand,” is a substantial account of Thai foreign relations and foreign policy during that period.

Foreign Affairs Bulletin. See Section 1-5.

Fourth Annual Compendium of Assistance to Thailand. Bangkok: Development Assistance Committee, 1966. 97 pages.

A tabular compilation of basic data on foreign aid activities in Thailand, exclusive of military assistance. Sums projects by category: agriculture, education, health and sanitation, industry and technology, and public administration and related. Includes financial data, numbers of experts, students and trainees involved, and in some cases notes on possible future action.

Gordon, Bernard K. The Dimensions of Conflict in Southeast Asia. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1966. 201 pages.

Describes several of the attempts at cooperation among the states of the region. One chapter is devoted to ASA (the Association of Southeast Asia), involving Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. Also describes various intra-regional conflicts: the Philippines’ claim to Sabah, the Indonesian- Malaysian confrontation, Cambodia’s problems with its neighbors.

Gordon, Bernard K. Toward Disengagement in Asia: A Strategy for American Foreign Policy. See Section A.

Halpern, A. M. (ed.). Policies Toward China: Views from Six Countries. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965. 528 pages + appendices.

A valuable and careful inquiry into the foreign policy of a number of nations toward the same set of issues — those posed by post-war, mainland China. Thirteen substantive chapters deal with individual countries, Thailand included; three focus on clusters of countries.

Inoki, Masamichi. “Japan and the National and Social Revolutions in Southeast Asia: A Policy Proposal.” Japan’s Future in Southeast Asia, Symposium Series II, The Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, July, 1966, pp. 167-174.

Concludes that American policy in Southeast Asia “has not been successful,” except with countries, such as Thailand, that have allied themselves with the West.

Landon, Kenneth Perry. “Siam.” See Section B-l.

Lomax, Louis E. Thailand: The War That Is, the War That Will Be. New York: Random House, 1967. 175 pages.

Argues that the American military assistance program to Thailand is similar to the earlier one in Vietnam and thus the results are likely to be much the same. Superficial and unconvincing.

McLane, Charles B. Soviet Strategies in Southeast Asia: An Exploration of Eastern Policy under Lenin and Stalin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1966. 563 pages.

Relatively little in this book deals directly with Thailand, though much of it may have implications for Thailand.

Martin, James V., Jr. “A History of the Diplomatic Relations Between Siam and the United States of America, 1933-1939, 1939-1948.” 2 vols. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, 1948.

Detailed and thorough description of Thai-U.S. diplomatic relations during the period indicated.

Martin, James V., Jr. “Thai-American Relations in World War II.” Journal of Asian Studies, August, 1963, pp. 467-541.

A brief but authoritative account drawn from the abovecited work by Martin.

Modelski, George (ed.). SEATO: Six Studies. See Section C-4.

Montgomery, John D. The Politics of Foreign Aid: American Experiences in Southeast Asia. New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1962. 336 pages.

An analysis of foreign aid as an instrument of foreign policy, with reference to American experience in Burma, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam. Less attention to Thailand than to Taiwan and Vietnam.

Mozingo, David. “Containment in Asia Reconsidered.” World Politics, April, 1967, pp. 361-377.

Of interest here for its argument that China is willing to live at peace with any Southeast Asian state that does not associate itself closely with the United States. Contends that China’s vilification of the Thai government began after the United States was permitted to use Thai territory for American military purposes. (For a contrary view see Gordon’s Toward Disengagement in Asia in Section A.)

Neuchterlein, Donald E. Thailand and the Struggle for Southeast Asia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1965. 279 pages.

A thoughtful, subjective examination of Thailand’s foreign relations during and after World War Π. Considers Thailand’s involvement in SEATO, the Thai posture toward Laos, and Thai-U.S. relations.

Peterson, Alex. “Britain and Siam: The Last Phase.” Pacific Affairs, December, 1946, pp. 364-372.

An account of negotiatiöns between Britain and Thailand following the Second World War.

Sayre, Francis Bowes. “The Passing of Extraterritoriality in Siam.” See Section B-2.

Siam: Treaties with Foreign Powers, 1920-1927. See Section B-2.

Singh, L. P. “Thai Foreign Policy: The Current Phase.” Asian Survey, November 1963, pp. 535-543.

A summary of major themes in current Thai foreign policy, with some mention of forces which may affect the future.

Singh, L.P., “The Thai-Cambodian Temple Dispute.” Asian Survey, October, 1962, pp. 23-26.

A brief statement on a traumatic post-war event in Thai foreign relations—the loss of Kao Phra Wiharn to Cambodia through a decision of the World Court.

Singh, L. P. The Politics of Economic Cooperation in Asia: A Study of Asian International Organizations. See Section C-l.

Stanton, Edwin F. Brief Authority. New York: Harper & Bros., 1956. 290 pages.

A sympathetic personal account of developments in Thailand, 1946-1953, by a former U.S. ambassador to Thailand.

Stanton, Edwin F. “Spotlight on Thailand.” Foreign Affairs, October, 1954, pp. 72-85.

Discusses international forces bearing on Thailand.

Wenk, Klaus. “Die Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und Thailand,” in Jayanama, Wenk, and Biehl, Thailand. Hamburg: Das Institut für Asienkunde; Frankfurt and Berlin: Alfred Metzner Verlag, 1960.

Discusses Thai-German foreign relations.

Wit, Daniel. Thailand Another Vietnam? New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1968. 205 pages.

An essayistic sketch of Thai government drawn from secondary sources, with observations on Thai diplomatic and security prospects. No systematic comparisons of Thailand and Vietnam.

Wolf, Charles. Foreign Aid: Theory and Practice in Southern Asia. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960. 442pages.

Includes thirty to forty brief references to specific aspects of foreign aid to Thailand, but provides no extended, systematic treatment of this particular topic.

Young, Kenneth T., Jr. “The Foreign Policies of Thailand.” A Paper prepared for the Asia Association and the Association for Asian Studies Conference on the Foreign Policies of Southeast Asian States, May 14-15, 1965. 71 pages.

An historical account of Thai foreign policy to early 1965. Concludes that, although Thailand’s policies will continue to take their cue from the U.S., they will also continue to be distinctively “Thai” in character.

Young, Kenneth T., Jr. The Southeast Asia Crisis, Background Papers and Proceedings of the Eighth Hammarskjold Forum. See Section A.

Young, Kenneth T., Jr. “The Special Role of American Advisers in Thailand, 1902-1949.” Asia, Spring, 1969, pp. 1-31.

An account, the first to be based on both Thai and American sources, of six of the nine American foreign affairs advisers to the government of Thailand, 1902-1949. Only the first adviser, Edward Stobel, was selected exclusively by the Thais; each of the others was selected by the American incumbent with assistance from Harvard University and the State Department.