An appreciation of the basic social and cultural characteristics of a society is essential to understanding almost any of its other aspects. Until recent years an inability to take adequate account of social and cultural diversity has been a major failing of Western scholarship in its application to non-Western areas. It remains a major problem, for although the intimate relationship between man’s behavior and his biophysical, social, and cuiturai environment is today universally acknowledged by scholars, no comprehensive set of perspectives has been developed to account for that relationship, or to guide research or practice. But the situation is improving, as is suggested by the number and the quality of some of the items cited in this section, as well as by items to be found in the journal of the Kyoto University Center for Southeast Asian Studies, about which a note will be found in Section 1-1.

This section is divided into five parts: (1) Social Structure and Social Change, (2) Religion, (3) Art, Literature, Language, and Drama, (4) Minorities, and (5) Population. In addition, summary statements about Thai society and Thai culture will also be found in the survey materials cited in Section A, in the historical materials cited in Section B, and in materials on subnational government in Section C-5.

1. The Social Structure and Social Change

Advance Report: Household Expenditures Survey B.E. 2505. See Section E-4.

Andrews, James M. Siam: Second Rural Economic Survey, 1934֊ 1935. See Section E-1.

Anuman Rajadhon, Phya. Life and Ritual in Old Siam: Three Studies of Thai Life and Customs. Translated and edited by William J. Gedney. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press, 1961. 191 pages.

Includes three essays: “The Life of the Farmer,” “Popular Buddhism in Thailand,” and “Customs Connected with Birth and the Rearing of Children.” Sensitive and sympathetic portraits combine acute reporting with idealized perspective.

Ayal, Eliezer B. “Value Systems and Economic Development in Japan and Thailand.” See Section E-3.

Barry, S. J., Jean. Thai Students in the United States: A Study in Attitude Change. See Section F-l.

Bell, Peter. “The Role of the Entrepreneur in Economic Development: A Case Study in Thailand.” See Section E-3.

Benedict, Ruth F. Thai Culture and Behavior. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 4, 1952. 45 pages.

A study done during World War II for the U.S. government, this is a sketch of Thai personality and some basic Thai institutions. Impressionistic and suggestive rather than systematic and definitive.

Blakeslee, D. J., L. W. Huff, and L. W. Kickert. Village Security Pilot Study. See Section C-4.

Block, Edward L. “Accelerated Rural Development: A Counter- Insurgency Program in Northeast Thailand.” See Section C-4.

Changwad Handbook on Changwad Nakhon Phanom. See Section C-5.

Cruagao, Paitoon. “Changing Thai Society: A Study of the Impact of Urban Cultural Traits and Behavior Upon Rural Thailand.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1962. 117 pages.

Using data from three villages near Lampang, the author examines the hypothesis that rural socio-cultural change is inversely related to social isolation from urban society.

de Young, John E. Village Life in Modern Thailand. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1958. 225 pages.

A descriptive account of Thai peasant life in the areas outside the Bangkok delta. Substantial general information on community structure, religion, and economic patterns. A broad survey with many vivid details, rather than an analysis in depth.

Döhring, Karl S. Siam. See Section Α.

DuBois, Cora. Social Forces in Southeast Asia. See Section Α.

Embree, John F. “Thailand — A Loosely Structured Social System.” American Anthropologist, April-June, 1950, pp. 181-193. Reprinted in Evers, Loosely Structured Social Systems, cited below.

Perhaps the most cited work on Thailand, this is an impressionistic general sketch of some thematic characteristics of the Thai social system. Considers family characteristics, religion, and patterns of personal relations and captures the flavor of the idea of “permissivity,” which seems an important element of Thai social structure. Includes comparisons with Vietnamese and Japanese societies. Embree’s “loosely structured” conceptualization has been discounted by scholars such as Mulder, Moerman, and Punyodyana.

Esthetic Perception of Villagers in Northeast Thailand: A Pilot Study. Bangkok: Business Research, Ltd., 1964. 228 pages.

The report of a commissioned survey conducted as part of the data base for planning developmental activities in the Northeast.

Evers, Hans-Dieter. “The Formation of a Social Class Structure: Urbanization, Bureaucratization and Social Mobility in Thailand.” American Sociological Review, August, 1966, pp. 480- 488.

Suggests that urbanization in Thailand may be leading to the formation of a new social class, comprised essentially of a bureaucratic elite. Based upon a 1963 sample survey of highranking Thai bureaucrats.

Evers, Hans-Dieter, and T. H. Silcock. “Elites and Selection.” See Section C-1.

Evers, Hans-Dieter (ed.). Loosely Structured Social Systems: Thailand in Comparative Perspective. New Haven: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies Cultural Report Series No. 17, 1969. (Distributed by The Cellar Book Shop, 1809 Wyoming, Detroit, Michigan 48221.) 148 pages.

Nine essays and an introduction, focusing upon the applicability of the concept of “loosely structured social system” to Thailand. Reprints the Embree essay cited herein, and contains original contributions by J. A. Niels Mulder, Herbert P. Phillips, A. Thomas Kirsch, Steven Piker, Boonsanong Punyodyana, Clark E. Cunningham, Hans-Dieter Evers, and Michael Moerman. A bibliography is also included.

Fraser, Thomas M., Jr. Fishermen of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. See Section C-5.

Fraser, Thomas M., Jr. Rusembilan: A Malay Fishing Village in Southern Thailand. See Section C-5.

Freyn, Hubert. “Culture and Economics in Thailand.” Far Eastem Economic Review, January 12, 1961, pp. 48-49, 52-53.

A thoughtful sketch, by a noneconomist, who outlines some cultural characteristics of present-day Thailand, notes some of the looming economic problems, and concludes, “What man requires as a rule to change his ingrained customs and ideas is pressure, internal or external. In Thailand this pressure has so far been absent.”

Goldsen,Rose K., and Max Ralis. Factors Relating to Acceptance of Innovations in Bang Chan, Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 24, 1957. 72 pages.

This systematic small-group study is concerned only implicitly with political change, but the implications are provocative. Carefully examines the association of certain social, cultural, economic, communications, and attitudinal factors with the acceptance of certain specific innovations in a partieular village. No firm answers about means of effecting political change, but the study does imply certain hypotheses about impediments to and opportunities for political mobilization.

Graham, Henry and Juanita. Some Changes in Thai Family Life. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1957. 55 pages.

A study of family life among a stratum of urban Thais by an American social welfare administrator and teacher and his wife, a psychiatric social worker, based upon 107 interviews.

Guskin, Alan E., with Tussanee Sookthawee. Changing Values of Thai College Students. See Section F-l.

Hanks, Lucien M. “American Aid Is Damaging Thai Society.” Trans-Action, October, 1968, pp. 29-34.

An insightful and novel conceptualization of the Thai social order and the destabilizing effects of American military assistance on it. Hanks likens the Thai social order to “a bundle of fine golden chains of varying lengths, with only occasional cross-connections.״ The structure is “loose” only horizontally, not from top to bottom. With respect to public and semipublic agencies, the length, strength, and durability of any given “chain” depends upon the degree of monopolistic hold it has on some public service or function.

Hanks, Lucien M. “The Corporation and the Entourage: A Comparison of Thai and American Social Organization.” See Section E-3.

Hanks, Lucien M., and Herbert P. Phillips, “A Young Thai from the Countryside: A Psychosocial Analysis,” in B.Kaplan (ed.), Studying Personality Crosseulturally. Evanston: Row, Peterson, 1961, pp. 637-656.

A case study plus generalizations about the manner in which status differentiation provides coherence in the Thai social system. Asserts that “group coherence depends upon status inequality....” An equal “stands as a potential competitor for favors. Group solidarity requires ... framing unambiguously the relative rank of each.”

Hanks, Lucien M., Jr. “Merit and Power in the Thai Social Order.” American Anthropologist, December, 1962, pp. 1247- 1261.

An important contribution to an understanding of contemporary Thai social structure. Outlines dominant features of social structure and explains how both mobility and stability are persisting features of the system.

Hauck, Hazel M. Aspects of Health, Sanitation and Nutritional Status in a Siamese Rice Village: Studies in Bang Chan, 1952- 1954. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 22, 1956. 73 pages.

Examines the general condition of health and sanitation of the village of Bang Chan, and the nutritional status of 166 persons in a random sample of 31 village households and 233 primary school children. Concludes that, because modern medicine probably will not be readily available to the majority of villagers for many years, emphasis should be placed upon teaching the people through existing village leaders and practitioners to adopt improved health practices.

Hauck, Hazel M. Maternal and Child Health in a Siamese Rice Village: Nutritional Aspects. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 39, 1959. 70 pages.

Information on health, care, and diet of mothers and small children in the village of Bang Chan. In all, sixty-six mothers of young children were interviewed.

Hauser, Philip M. “Cultural and Physical Obstacles to Economic Development in the Less Developed Areas.” See Section E-1.

Hindley, Donald. “Thailand: The Politics of Passivity.” See Section C-1.

Impact of Television Ownership on Other Media Habits of Respondents in Bangkok-Thonburi. Bangkok: U.S. Information Agency, 1964. 58 pages.

A nonprobability sample survey of radio and television ownership in 522 households in the nine most heavily populated districts of Bangkok. An effort was made to assess the possible impact of television on viewers’ use of other communications media --e.g., radio, motion pictures, magazines, newspapers, and books. Owing to limitations of method and interview technique, the reliability of some of the data is questionable.

Innovations in Ubol Changwad. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, 1966. 25 pages + 3 annexes.

Studies the diffusion of information about technical assistance programs and the spread of innovations in this northeastern Changwad. The innovators are identified and described. Annexes contain studies of the Accelerated Rural Development Program, farm debts, and farmers’ credit organizations in the provinces.

Jacobs, Milton, Farhad Farzanegan, and Alexander R. Askenasy. “A Study of Key Communicators in Urban Thailand.” Social Forces, December, 1966, pp. 192-199.

Identifies (in order of decreasing importance) the key communicators in four cities of Thailand as monks, professionals, military men, governmental officials, teachers, and merchants. The most critical characteristics were found to be education, heavy exposure to the mass media, and roles in word-of-mouth communication.

Judd, Lawrence C. Dry Rice Agriculture in Northern Thailand. See Section E-1.

Judd, Lawrence C. “A Study of the Cultural Organization of Tong Taa Village in Thailand.” See Section C-5.

Karnjanaprakorn, Choop. Community Development and Local Government in Thailand. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1965. 65 pages.

Paper prepared for a seminar at the East-West Center, University of Hawaii. Particularly useful for its discussion from a Thai perspective of problems of bureaucratic authority and leadership in relation to social-change objectives.

Kaufman, Howard K. Bangkhuad: A Community Study in Thailand. New York: J. J. Augustin, for the Association for Asian Studies, 1960. 235 pages.

No stable and systematic stratification pattern has been detected in Thai village studies, but many scholars have commented upon the presence of a graded status hierarchy. Kaufman notes a number of status-respect relationships in this study of Bangkhuad. “1. abbot-monk; 2. monk-laymen; 2a. monk-laywomen; 3. village headman-farmer; 4. district officer-villagers; 5. district officer-village headman; 6. commune headman-village headman; 7. teacher-pupil; 8. teacher-villager; 9. head school teacher-teacher; 10. storekeeper-customer; 11. dekwat (temple boy)-lay children; 12. doctor-laity.” See also Section C-5.

Keyes, Charles F. “Ethnic Identity and Loyalty of Villagers in Northeast Thailand.” Asian Survey, July, 1966, pp. 362-369.

Examines self-perceived ethnic identities and loyalties of northeastern villagers, drawing from field studies in Changwad Mahasarakham, Roi-et, and Kalasin. Notes the rapid waning of localism, and notes that, while many villagers identify themselves as Isan or Lao to differentiate themselves from the Central Thais, they do not automatically base their national identities upon this ethnic premise.

Keyes, Charles F. Isan: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 65, 1967. 86 pages.

A valuable, systematic statement of the history and contemporary socio-political characteristics of one of the major regions of Thailand. The author’s aim is “to clarify how the people of northeastern Thailand fit within the context of a Thai State.”

Keyes, Charles F. “Land Tenure in Thailand: Legal Definitions and Peasant Practice.” Paper delivered to a symposium on the Impact of Land Tenure Changes upon Social Structure in Developing Nations, Seattle, June 16, 1969. 23 pages.

A detailed description of land registration arrangements and a perceptive analysis of a looming problem — i.e., poor specification of customary and legal systems of land tenure, as a result of inadequacies in the operation of the legal system.

Keyes, Charles F. Local Leadership in Rural Thailand. See Section C-1.

Keyfitz, Nathan. “Political-Economic Aspects of Urbanization in South and Southeast Asia.” See Section C-5.

Kingshill, Konrad. Ku Daeng - The Red Tomb. A Village Study in Northern Thailand. See Section C-5.

Klausner, William. “Nak aw, bao su, The Work Cycle in a Northeastern Thai Village.” Social Science Review (Bangkok), June, 1966, pp. 48-59.

“Nak aw, bao sufi” means, approximately, “No matter how hard the work, we can do it.” Describes in detail the annual work cycle of the village of Nong Khon, in Ubol province, and strikes at a rather common misconception: that northeastern Thais plant a rice crop and after the harvest do little or nothing. In Nong Khon villagers work on as many as three rice crops including upland rice, prepare salt, garden, and generally participate in an almost uninterrupted annual work cycle.

Landon, Kenneth P. Siam in Transition. See Section B-l.

le May, Reginald S. An Asian Arcady: The Land and People of Northern Siam. Cambridge: W. Heffner, 1926. 274 pages.

Perceptive descriptions of the history and peoples of northern Thailand. Has been described as “the standard work on Northern Siam.”

le May, Reginald S. The Culture of South-East Asia. See Section G-3.

le May, Reginald S. (trans.) Siamese Tales Old and New: The Four Riddles and Other Stories. With Some Reflections on the Tales. See Section G-3.

Luykx, Nicolaas G.M. “Some Comparative Aspects of Rural Publie Institutions in Thailand, the Philippines, and Viet Nam.” See Section C-5.

Maxwell, William E. Thai Medical Students and Rural Health Service. Honolulu: Institute of Advanced Projects, East-West Center, University of Hawaii, 1967. 104 pages.

The report of a statistical and attitudinal survey of Thai medical students, excerpted from a doctoral dissertation study for the Department of Sociology, UCLA.

Moerman, Michael. Agricultural Change and Peasant Choice in a Thai Village. See Section E-1.

Moerman, Michael. “Ban Ping’s Temple: The Center of a Loosely Structured Society,” in Manning Nash, et al., Anthropological Studies in Theravada Buddhism. New Haven: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, Cultural Report No. 13, 1966, pp. 137-174.

Questions the value of two “standard principles” of Thai society: (a) that village society is loosely structured (Embree), and (b) that the temple is at its center (Landon, Blanchard, and others).

Moerman, Michael. “Kinship and Commerce in a Thai-Lue Village.” Ethnology, October, 1966, pp. 360-364.

Examines social and economic change in a northern Thai village, and notes that the content but not the form of economic transactions is changing in the process of modernization. Underlines the persistence of traditional socio-economic patterns of commerce despite the introduction of new commodities.

Moerman, Michael. “A Thai Village Headman as a Synaptic Leader.” Journal of Asian Studies, May, 1969, pp. 535-549.

A study of the role of the headman in Ban Ping, a Thai-Lue village, based on data collected during 1959-1961. Argues that the relationship between the village headman’s synaptic leadership and the village’s corporateness provides a focus for investigating how rural villages are incorporated into developing nations. Provides the greatest detail on the recruitment to and performance of this synaptic role that exists in the literature.

Moerman, Michael. “Western Culture and the Thai Way of Life,” in Asia: A Selection of Papers Delivered Before the Asia Society. New York: The Asia Society, 1964, pp. 31-50.

A perceptive and well-informed characterization of the “developmental” impact of the West on Thai rural life, including descriptions of rural economy and rural economic behavior.

Mosel, James N. “Communication Patterns and Political Socialization in Transitional Thailand,” in Lucian W. Pye (ed.),Communications and Political Development. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1963, pp. 184-228.

An acute analysis of relationships between communications media and political socialization. Also examines receptivity and predisposition to political change within Thai society.

Mulder, J. A. Niels. Monks, Merit and Motivation: An Exploratory Study of the Social Functions of Buddhism in Thailand in Processes of Guided Social Change. DeKalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1969. 43 pages.

Examines possible relationships between Buddhism and Buddhist institutions and processes of stimulated social and economic change in Thai rural society. Notes the increasing involvement of the Sangha in socio-economic development in rural Thailand, but asserts that the monks, as agents of change, should not be studied as a homogeneous group but rather at two distinct levels, i.e., the national and the village levels.

Noranitipadungkarn. Elites, Power Structure and Politics in Thai Communities. See Section C-5.

Phillips, Herbert P. “The Election Ritual in a Thai Village.” See Section C-1.

Phillips, Herbert P. Thai Peasant Personality: The Patterning of Interpersonal Behavior in the Village of Bang Chan. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965. 231 pages.

A portrait based upon data from a particular village. But the substantial, if tentative, generalizations probably are justified. Data were collected through the use of a sentencecompletion interview technique. The work of a perceptive and discerning scholar, as well as an important application of social-science methodology to research in Thailand. An extensive discussion of methodology is included.

Piker, Steven. “Character and Socialization in a Thai Peasant Community.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 1964.

Basically a study of child socialization in the village of Banoi, Ayutthaya Province, couched in terms of the “culture and personality” school of anthropology. Draws certain conelusions about interpersonal relations among Banoi villagers, the most significant of which note the (1) pervasive sense of insecurity and distrust, and a concomitant sense of personal isolation; (2) profound aversion to anything resembling open or direct expression of hostility or animosity in interpersonal relations; and (3) ambivalence toward dependency postures as a solution to many problems of adulthood.

Piker, Steven. “The Relationship of Belief Systems to Behavior in Rural Thai Society.” See Section G-2.

Piker, Steven. “Sources of Stability and Instability in Rural Thai Society.” Journal of Asian Studies, August, 1968, pp. 777-790.

Examines “dependence-independence” ambivalence in the Thai peasant social structure (noted also by Hanks and Phillips in earlier studies); identifies the points at which the traditional integration of rural Thai society is breaking down under the pressures of modernization; and suggests the institutional and characterological factors with which any synthesis must come to terms.

Saund, Dalip. “Ban Khua Kaj: A Case Study of the Response to Development in a Northeast Thai Village.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of California at Los Angeles, 1969. 219 pages.

This study of the impact of recent governmental development programs on a Northeast village argues that they lead villagers to develop a new model of government officialpeasant relations which includes “concepts of free and open communication between peasant and official, cooperation, and official service to the peasant population.” Because this new model represents a marked departure from past experience, villagers tend to distinguish between “traditional” officials, usually represented by regular local officials and police, and officials who fit the new model, usually represented by agents of the development programs.

Schuier, Edgar, and Vibul Thamavit. Public Opinion Among Thai Students. See Section F-l.

Seidenfaden, Major Erik. The Thai Peoples. Bangkok: The Siam Society, 1958. 117 pages.

A well-informed ethnographic study which describes the groups and subgroups that comprise the Thai populace. Published posthumously, it is the work of a man who spent some forty years in Thailand, part of that time attached to the Royal Siamese Provincial Gendarmerie.

Sharp, Lauriston. “Cultural Differences and Southeast Asian Research,” in American Research on Southeast Asian Development: Asian and American Views, a Special Report by The Asia Society. New York: The Asia Society, 1968, pages 65-79.

Calls for a less Western-oriented research approach to the cultural systems of Southeast Asia: “It is in the cultural areas, sentiments and values that most native and foreign research workers . . . are most hampered by the impediments of ignorance and misunderstanding.” Offers a perceptive commentary on the Thai area handbooks, plus a shrewd analysis of the Thai-Chinese symbiosis for the modernization of Thailand.

Sharp, Lauriston, Hazel Hauck, Kamol Janlekha, and Robert Textor. Siamese Rice Village: A Preliminary Study of Bang Chan, 1948-1949. Bangkok: Cornell Research Center, 1953. 300 pages.

An initial report on the findings of the Cornell research project at Bang Chan, giving substantial information on the socio-cultural characteristics of the village, as well as on its relation to official government in Thailand.

Sharp, Lauriston. “Peasants and Politics in Thailand.” See Section C-1.

Silcock, T.H. Proud and Serene. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1968. 123 pages.

A collection of character sketches of individual Thais — farmers, village school teachers, government officials, children, a poetess, and the Governor of the Bank of Thailand —by a keen observer of the Thai scene.

“Symposium on Northeast Thailand.” See Section G-4.

Tambiah, S. J. “Literacy in a Buddhist Village in North-East Thailand,” in Jack Goody (ed.), Literacy in Traditional Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968, pp.85- 131.

A very detailed analysis of traditional and contemporary literacy in a village in Udon province.

Textor, Robert B. From Peasant to Pedicab Driver. New Haven: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, 1961. 83 pages.

A study of a significant migrant group which moved in sizeable numbers from Northeast Thailand to Bangkok to work as pedicab (samlor) operators, often returning to their homes after an interval of working.

Thai Local Administration: A Study of Villager Interaction with Community and Ampho e Administration. See Section C-5.

Van Roy, Edward. On the Theory of Corruption. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Economics, SUNY, Stony Brook, N.Y. 32 pages. (Forthcoming in Economic Development and Cultural Change.)

Consists of three sections. The first outlines alternative conceptual approaches to the study of corruption— viz., ethnocentric, functionalist, and evolutionist — in terms of their degrees of relevance to the question: Why is corruption a universal phenomenon despite its universal abhorence? The second and third sections apply these approaches to the specific case of Thailand. The importance of “connections” in Thai economic and social organization is used to identify the indigenous locus of corruption. An interesting and useful addition to a sparse and emotion-laden literature.

Vella, Walter F. The Impact of the West on Government in Thailand. See Section B-2.

Wijeyewardene, Gehan. “A Note on Irrigation and Agriculture in a North Thai Village,” Vol. II in Felicitation Volumes of Southeast Asian Studies. Bangkok: The Siam Society, 1965, pp.255- 259.

A short note on the social unit (extended families) which manages agricultural production in a northern Thai village.

Wijeyewardene, Gehan. “Some Aspects of Rural Life in Thailand,” in T. H. Silcock (ed.), Thailand: Social and Economic Studies in Development. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1967, pp. 65-83.

An excellent general description of kinship, marriage, divorce, village structure and organization, attitudes toward land, religion, and politics in rural Thailand. Concludes, in agreement with other analysts, that neither kinship nor locality is the basis of organization in rural Thai society. The tables on land holdings are particularly worthwhile.

Yatsushiro, Toshio. Studies of Northeast Villages in Thailand. See Section C-5.

Yatsushiro, Toshio. Village Organization and Leadership in Northeast Thailand. See Section C-5.

2. Religion

Alabaster, Henry. The Wheel of the Law. London: Trubner, 1871. 323 pages.

An old source, interesting and informative on aspects of “practical Buddhism” in Thailand a century ago.

Attagara, Kingkeo. The Folk Religions of Ban Nai, A Hamlet in Central Thailand. Bangkok: Kurusapha Press, 1968. (Originally Ph.D. dissertation, Lidiana University, 1967).

A study of the oral tradition of the people of Ban Nai hamlet in Cholburi province, Central Thailand. Includes a description of the village and commentary on beliefs, rites, and themes in the oral tradition. The bulk of the study follows, consisting of about four hundred printed pages of folklore texts, essentially unedited, obtained from twenty-one informants. These are grouped into several categories: ordinary folktales, epics, legends, historical tales, and ceremonial songs. There is a total of 128 items, of which about eighty are common folklore.

Bradley, William L. An Introduction to Comparative Religion. Bangkok: Thammasat University Press, 1965. 275 pages.

This book, written for the use of students in the first year Liberal Arts Faculty at Thammasat University, draws many of its illustrations from Theravada Buddhism. The comparisons are made between religious approaches, or world views, rather than between whole religions. The author was a visiting scholar at Thammasat University during the writing.

Burtt, Edwin A. (ed.). The Teachings of the Compassionate Buddha. New York: New American Library of World Literature, Mentor Books, 1955. 247 pages.

Includes about forty-five pages of selections illustrative of “The Spirit of Theravada Buddhism.” As in the case of the Bradley book, cited above, this is a useful source which concerns doctrines and perspectives rather than religious institutions.

Cady, John F. Thailand, Burma, Laos, and Cambodia. See Section A.

Evers, Hans-Dieter. Organizational Structure and Social Environment: A Comparative Study of Buddhist Monastic Organization of Ceylon and Thailand. DeKalb: Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, 1967. 40 pages.

A theoretical statement; its orientation is indicated by a key proposition: “The more formalized and strict the structure of a society, the less formalized and strict is the structure of formal organizations whose organizational goals are compatible with the norms and values of that society.” Evers infers that “The role of the Buddhist Sangkha as a formal organization ... is .. .precarious.” A shorter version of this essay appeared in Sociologus, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1968, pp. 20-35.

Finegan, Jack. The Background of Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism. Vol. Π, in The Archeology of World Religions. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965 (1952). 599 pages + 110 plates.

Encyclopedic surveys of the origin and growth of Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism in their historical contexts, with an emphasis on archaeological materials and basic literary documents. Relevant as a general orientation.

Ingersoll, Jasper C. “The Priest and the Path: An Analysis of the Priest Role in a Central Thai Village.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1963.

Using a “role theory” perspective, characterizes the duties, style of behavior, norms, and values of the priest, and examines the influences of learning, recruitment, change, and stability on his role. Based on extensive field study in a community near Nakorn Phanom on the central basin, this is a valuable source of insight and information concerning the pervasive place of religion in the Thai culture and the manifest pattern of institutionalized Thai Buddhism.

Ishii, Yoneo. “Church and State in Thailand.” Asian Survey, October, 1968, pp. 864-871.

Traces briefly the relationship between church and state in Thailand from the early days of the absolute monarchy to Sarit. Concludes that the church today is subordinate to and largely dependent upon the material and moral support of the state.

Jayanama, Direck. “Buddhism and Administration.” Bangkok: Mahamakuta Rajavidyalaya Printing Press, 1956, 22 pp. Originally presented as paper at the U.S. Information Center, Bangkok, May 21, 1956; also reprinted in Bangkok Standard, No. 491, May 26, 1956, pp. 18 ff., and June, 1956, pp. 22-23.

A perceptive, impressionistic commentary on some of the ways in which Buddhism appears to affect administration in Thailand.

Kirsch, A. Thomas. “Phu Thai Religious Syncretism: A Case Study of Thai Religion and Society.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1967.

A superb, detailed study of the religion of a Phu Thai village concerned with showing how the three religious subsystems of “animism,” “folk brahmanism,” and Buddhism are integrated into a syncretic system dominated by Buddhist concepts. While the study concerns one village, Kirsch finds implications for the whole of Thai society.

Klausner, William. “Popular Buddhism in Northeast Thailand,” in F. S. C. Northrop and H.H. Livingston (eds.), Cross Cultural Understandings: Epistemology in Anthropology. New York: Harper & Row, 1964.

A summary of Buddhism as it exists in northeastern Thai villages by an experienced observer of northeastern Thai peasant society. Nearer to the ideal system as conceived by northeastern peasants than it is to a sociological analysis of religious behavior.

Landon, Kenneth P. “Modern Trends in Siamese Culture.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1938. 264 pages.

A historical survey, tracing the evolution of Thai Buddhism and its involvement with spirit cults and Brahmanism, outlining the religious reforms of King Mongkut, and generally offering a useful introduction to the subject of Thai Buddhism.

Landon, Kenneth P. Southeast Asia, Crossroad of Religion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1949. 215 pages.

Chapter Four, “Siam, a Hinduized Nation,” sketches ancient Thai history and the impact of Hindu civilization on Thailand.

Lavangkura, Yen. “The Administration of Religious Affairs: A Study of the Relationship Between the Government and the Sangha in Thailand.״ Unpublished Master’s thesis. Bangkok: Institute of Public Administration, Thammasat University, 1962. 181 pages.

Describes formal relations between the Sangha, a partially self-governing religious organization, and the Thai government.

le May, Reginald S. A Concise History of Buddhist Art in Siam. See Section G-3.

Life of the Buddha According to Thai Temple Paintings. Bangkok: U.S. Information Service, 1957. 184 pages.

The unique volume produced under the direction of Dr. Kurt F. Leidecker with the cooperation of a number of the members of the Thai Buddhist order. Sixty-five temple paintings are reproduced in color, having been copied and in many cases extensively restored by Rudolph W. E. Hampe. Descriptions of the paintings ־־actually, of episodes in the saga of the Buddha -were prepared by members of the Thai Sangha, who also provide rich insights into the substance of the Buddhist legend, which is a vital element of Thai tradition. The volume records an art form which is fading away as the elements destroy many of the old paintings. (In Thai and English.)

Mulder, J. A. Niels. Monks, Merit and Motivation: An Exploratory Study of the Social Functions of Buddhism in Thailand in Processes of Guided Social Change. See Section G-1.

The Patimokkha: 227 Fundamental Rules of a Bhikkhu. Bangkok: Social Science Association Press, 1966. 119 pages.

An introduction by Phra Sasana Sobhana, head bhikkhu of Wat Borovanives Vihara, explains the tradition behind the rules; selected Tipitaka texts, providing further explanation of the rules, are included. The rules are set forth in English and a version of Anglicized Thai. Appendices include a collection of suttas and gathas usually chanted after recitation of the patimokkha, an abbreviated form of patimokkha recitation, and a set of commentaries on various aspects of the patimokkha. Pali translation of the rules and chants is by Ven. Nanamoli Thera.

Pfanner, David E., and Jasper Ingersoll. “Theravada Buddhism and Village Economic Behavior, A Burmese and Thai Comparison.” Journal of Asian Studies, May, 1962, pp. 341-361.

A report based on field studies in a Burmese and a Thai village in 1959-1960. Using an anthropological perspective, examines the interrelations of religious roles and economic activities.

Piker, Steven. “The Relationship of Belief Systems to Behavior in Rural Thai Society.” Asian Survey, May, 1968, pp. 384-399.

Argues that the observed correspondences between the content of Thai magico-animistic beliefs and the orientation of Thai peasants to the mundane world lies not so much in the prepotency of religious ideas as in the ontogeny of Thai peasant personality.

Prinyayogavipulya, Luang. Concise Principles of Buddhism. Bangkok: Foundation for Education in the Art of Right Living (Sammajivasilpa Mulnidhi, 744 Phya Nag Lane, PhyaTai Road), 1957. 29 pages.

This little booklet, published with the assistance of the Asia Foundation, was prepared by an acknowledged Buddhist scholar. A useful small catechism of Thai Buddhist tenets.

Schecter, Jerrold. The New Face of Buddha. New York: Coward- McCann, 1967. 300 pages.

A readable and interesting account of the force and place of contemporary Buddhism in Southeast Asia by the chief of the Time-Life Tokyo bureau. Concludes that the political strength of Buddhism lies in its activism within the individual Buddhist countries and not on the international political level. One chapter specifically devoted to Thai Buddhism.

Von der Mehden, Fred. Religion and Nationalism in Southeast Asia. See Section A.

Wells, Kenneth E. History of Protestant Work in Thailand. Bangkok: Church of Christ in Thailand (14 Pramuan Road, Bangkok). 213 pages.

A relatively brief but well-written history, by a man who first came to Thailand as a missionary in 1927.

Wells, Kenneth E. Thai Buddhism, Its Rites and Activities. Bangkok: Bangkok Times Press, 1939. 284 pages. Bangkok: Bangkok Christian Bookstore, 1960. 320 pages.

A valuable study of Thai Buddhism, relevant to any effort to understand “practical Buddhism” with its ceremonies, rites, and institutional qualities.

Yatsushiro, Toshio. Drought in the Northeast and the Rain- Making Ceremony. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, August, 1966. 6 pages.

A brief, perceptive description of a ceremony undertaken in response to a critical water shortage.

3. Art, Language, Literature, and Drama

Bowie, Theodore (ed.). The Arts of Thailand. Bloomington: Indiana University and others, 1960. 219 pages.

Subtitled: A Handbook of the Architecture, Sculpture and Painting of Thailand (Siam) and a Catalog of the Exhibition in the United States in 1960-61-62. Includes an essay with illustrations, “The Architecture and Sculpture of Siam,” by Α. Β. Griswold, pp. 27-181. Notes for the catalog of the exhibition, pp. 183-213, were written by M. C. Subhadradis Diskul.

Brown, James Marvin. From Ancient Thai to Modern Dialects. Bangkok: Social Science Association Press of Thailand, 1965. ix, 180 pages + charts.

A theoretical linguistic analysis of the evolution of the phonological system of modern Thai and modern Thai dialects. Impressively systematic and apparently sophisticated in method.

Campbell, Stuart. The Fundamentals of the Thai Language. New York: Paragon Book Gallery, 1964. 523 pages.

An introduction to the Thai language for English-speaking foreigners. Provides a useful English-Thai vocabulary and information on the construction of simple sentences. The Thai alphabet and tonal system are treated extensively.

Gedney, William J. “Thailand and Laos,” in Thomas A. Sebeok, et al. (eds.), Linguistics in East Asia and South East Asia, Vol. II of Current Trends in Linguistics. Paris and The Hague: Mouton, 1967, pp. 782-814.

An informative survey essay that notes and comments on descriptive, historical, comparative, and dialectic studies of Thai. Includes a nonannotated bibliography of more than one hundred selected items.

Griswold, Alexander B. Dated Buddha Images of Northern Siam. Ascona, Switzerland: Artibus Asiae, 1959. 66 pages, 12 figures, and 57 plates.

Through extensive study of a group of Buddhist images found in Northern Thailand, the author sets forth the hypothesis that the pre-Sukothai “school” of art was actually a late fifteenthcentury part of the Sukothai period rather than a thirteenthcentury school of art in its own right. Describes the socioeconomic setting of this “Golden Age” of Thai art, as well as the Buddha images themselves.

Haas, Mary R. The Thai Reader. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, Program in Oriental Languages, Publication Series A — Texts — No. 1, 1954. 223 pages.

Designed to cover the intermediate level of instruction in Thai. Lessons 1-46 consist of short readings on Thailand’s society and culture. Lessons 47-50 introduce the student to Thai newspaper reading.

Haas, Mary R. The Thai System of Writing. Washington, D.C.: American Council of Learned Societies, Program in Oriental Languages, Publication Series D — Aids— No. 5, 1956. 115 pages.

A completely revised version of the author’s 1952 volume of the same title. The written Thai is accompanied by phonetic transcription to facilitate the association of the written work with its pronunciation. Designed to be used in conjunction with The Thai Reader and Thai Vocabulary, also written by the author.

Haas, Mary R. Thai Vocabulary. Washington, D.C: American Council of Learned Societies, Program in Oriental Languages, Publication Series A — Texts — No. 2, 1955. 189 pages.

A short English-Thai dictionary for beginning and intermediate-level students of Thai. Contains vocabulary items from The Thai Reader and selected words from other sources.

Haas, Mary R., and Heng R. Subhanka. Spoken Thai. New York: Henry Holt, 1954. 701 pages.

A compilation of commonly used Thai words and phrases for the student of Thai or the foreign traveler in Thailand. Designed to be used in conjunction with a series of phonograph records.

Klausner, William J. “Ceremonies and Festivals in a Northeastern Thai Village.” Social Science Review (Bangkok), September, 1966, pp. 1-12.

A description of ceremonies and festivals in Ban Nong, Amphur Muang, Ubol, by an experienced observer of the Thai cuiturai milieu.

le May, Reginald. A Concise History of Buddhist Art in Siam. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company, 1962. 169pages + 205 plates.

An extensive, chronologically ordered survey of Thai Buddhist art to the Ayudhya Period. The author describes not only the art, but its political and social settings. Includes a critique of A. B. Griswold’s hypothesis concerning the pre-Sukothai School (see A. B. Griswold. Dated Buddha Images of Northern Siam, this section.). Contains an extensive bibliography of works on Buddhist art and its history.

le May, Reginald S. The Culture of South-East Asia. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1954. 222 pages, many illustrations.

This comprehensive survey traces the evolution of temples and art forms from Indian sources into Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Cambodia, and Thailand. It also provides data about the broader cultural and social context, and is the definitive work in its area.

le May, Reginald S. (trans.). Siamese Tales Old and New: The Four Riddles and Other Stories. With Some Reflections on the Tales. London: Doublas, 1930; A. Probsthain, 1958, 192 pages. Paperback edition: Thai Tales Old and New, “Printed in Shanghai, 1945,” 153 pages.

A delightful retelling of fifteen traditional tales, offering insight into the perspective of Thais of the Central Basin and the North. Author’s comments on Thai culture occupy about a third of the volume.

Life of the Buddha According to Thai Temple Paintings. See Section G-2.

Mosel, James N. A Survey of Classical Thai Poetry: Commentary on Thai Text to Accompany a Tape -Recording of Thai Poetry. Bangkok, 1959. 24 pages.

Describes the content and form of the poetry, often relating them to social characteristics of the period. Presents exampies of the poetry in Thai. (Upon request, the accompanying tape recordings may be copied freely from master copies in the Southeast Asia Section of the Library of Congress or from U.S.I.S. Bangkok.)

Mosel, James N. Trends and Structure in Contemporary Thai Poetry. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 43, 1961. 53 pages.

The revision of a paper presented in United Asia, Vol. XII, No. 2 (1960). States that “Serious literature in Thailand is almost exclusively equated with poetry;” contrasts traditional and contemporary Thai poetic forms and cites changing social conditions in Thailand as a major determinant of changing poetic style and form. One of the very few serious studies in the English language on the poetry of a Southeast Asian country. A series of Thai poems with translations and descriptive commentary is included.

Mueller, F. Max (trans.). The Dhammapada: A Collection of Verses Being One of the Canonical Books of the Buddhists. Vol. X in F. Max Mueller (ed.), Sacred Books of the East, Second edition, revised. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924. 99 pages.

A translation of the Dhammapada from the Pali into English.

Purachatra, Prince Prem. The Story of Phra Abhai Mani. Bangkok: Chatra Books, 1952. 141 pages.

Sunthorn Bhu’s classic Siamese tale told in English. A selection from this work can be found in Orient Review and Literary Digest, (Calcutta), August, 1956, pp. 82-111.

Schweisguth, P. Étude sur la Littérature Siamoise. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de Paris, d’Amérique et d’Orient, 1951. 409 pages.

A ranging, historically organized survey of Thai literature, beginning with the era of Ramkamheng (1277-1317) and ending with a consideration of authors of the contemporary era. One chapter on the works of Prince Damrong. Includes a summary bibliography of Thai and Western sources for the study of Thai literature, an index of the volumes of the publication Wachiryin, a listing of sources of Ramakien poetry, and a list of printed versions of traditional Thai legends and folk tales. Authors, poets, and particular works are described, with two or three paragraphs devoted to each item. Drama is also treated.

Sharto, H. L., Judith M. Jacob, and E. H. S. Simmonds. Bibliography of Mon-Khmer and Tai Linguistics. See Section H.

Sibunruang, J.Kasem. Siamese Folk Tales. Bangkok: Prasom’s, 1098-2 Krungtep-Samutprakarn Road, Bangkapi, 1954. 88 pages.

Five well-known Thai folk tales, including one popular in the south of Thailand and another known in the Eastern and Northeastern regions. (In English.)

Thailand Culture Series. Bangkok: National Culture Institute. 1954-1956. Now issued by the Fine Arts Department,following abolition of the Ministry of Culture, this series includes the seventeen brief pamphlets dealing with various aspects of Thai culture. Each has been prepared by a Thai authority. Together,the pamphlets listed below comprise a ranging commentary on aspects of Thai society and its cultural heritage.

1. Phya Anuman Rajadhon, “The Culture of Thailand.” Brief discussion of the historical and ecological sources of Thai religi on, art, literature, music, and drama. 61 pages.

2. Phya Anuman Rajadhon, “A Brief Survey of Cultural Thailand.” Describes Thai art forms, including architecture, sculpture, painting, music, drama, and literature. 16 pages.

3. Phya Anuman Rajadhon, “Thai Literature and Swasdi Raksa.” Brief summaries and analyses of selected examples of the major Thai literary forms, with special emphasis on “Swasdi Raksa” (the safeguarding of one’s welfare).

4. Prof. Silpa Birasri, “Thai Architecture and Painting.” Brief analyses of architectural forms found in Thai Buddhist temples. Also an illustrated section on the artistic peculiarities and subjects of Thai painting. 24 pages.

5. Phya Anuman Rajadhon. “Loy Krathong and Songkran Festival.” Brief discussion of the nature, history, and meaning of Loy Krathong (the floating of light in a leaf cup) and songkran (the traditional Thai New Year). 24 pages.

6. Phya Anuman Rajadhon. “Chao Thi and Some Traditions of Thai.” A discussion of the rituals associated with Chao Thi (Phra Phum, the guardian spirit of the house), followed by a short treatment of the tradition associated with the “Khuan” (an attendant spirit residing within every individual). 15 pages.

7. Phya Anuman Rajadhon. “Pra Chedi.” History and architectural analysis of the three types of Chedi (a sacred monument or reliquary). 12 pages.

8. Phra Chen Duriyanga. “Thai Music.” Semi-technical discussion of Thai music; a description of the character and instrumental technique of Thai music; and examples of traditional Thai music with Western notation. 56 pages.

9. Luang Boribal Buribhand. “Thai Images of the Buddha.” Short history of Thai images of the Buddha indicating the sources and unique features of each particular style. 12 pages.

10. Professor Silpa Birasri. “Thai Buddhist Sculpture.” 11־ lustrations, characterizations,and historical sketches of styles typical in the Chiengsen, Sukhothai, Uthong, Ayuthia, and Bang־ kok periods. 28 pages.

11. Prince Dhaninivat Kromamun Bidyalabh Bridhyakorn and Dhanit Yupho. “The Khon.” Describes the Khon (Masked Play) in terms of content and technique, with colored illustra־ tions and diagrams. 16 pages.

12. H. H. Prince Dhaninivat Kromamun Bidyalabh Bridhyakorn. “The Nang.” The Nang (Shadow Play) described in terms of its origins accessories, techniques and stories. 16 pages.

13. Phya Anuman Rajadhon. “The Story of Thai Marriage Customs.” Discusses Thai expressions, attitudes, and customs relating to marriage; depicts the events of the wedding day and the particulars of the marriage ceremony. 16 pages.

14. Prof. Silpa Bir asri. “Modern Art in Thailand.״ Sets out to “state the principal factors which determined the decline of the classic Thai art and the recent revival of art with modern characteristics.” 12 pages.

15. Dhanit Yupho. “The Preliminary Course of Training in Thai Theatrical Art.” Contains nine musical scores in Western notation, three versions of the “Alphabet of Thai Dancing,” and illustrations of the comprehensive list of sixty-eight figures which form the alphabet. 64 pages.

16. Witt Siwasariyanon. “Life in Bangkok.” Sketchy and dated collection of facts and figures about Bangkok. Describes places of interest to the foreign visitor. 16 pages.

17. Phya Anuman Rajadhon. “Thai Language.” Describes the nature, roots, and development of the Thai language and alphabet. Contains charts of five alphabets used from A.D. 183-1660, charts of two current alphabets, and one map. 32 pages.

Urquhart, W. A. M. Tales from Old Siam. Bangkok: Progress Publishing Company, n.d. (1963). 155 pages.

Relates about twenty Thai folk tales, with abrief introduction by Phya Anuman Rajadhon. Appendix points out similarities between individual tales and the legends and stories found in other cultures and links the tales to Thai cultural motifs.

4. Minorities: Chinese, Muslims, Thai-Lao, and Hill Tribes

Burling, Robbins. Hill Farms and Paddy Fields: Life in Mainland Southeast Asia. See Section A.

Charusathira, General Praphas. “Thailand’s Hill Tribes.” Thai Journal of Public Administration, January, 1966, pp. 429-438.

Published under the authorship of the Thai Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior. Considers the significance of tribal peoples to the nation’s security; discusses the opium problem, questions of tribal citizenship, land rights, and permanent settlement of tribal peoples. Also acknowledges governmental responsibility for tribal welfare and presents a discerning and sensible statement of Thai government posture toward the hill tribes.

Coughlin, Richard J. Double Identity: The Chinese in Modern Thailand. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press (with Oxford University Press), 1960. 222 pages.

Briefer than Skinner’s monumental work and Purcell’s ranging study, and more limited in scope and content, but a useful introduction to the subject of the Chinese in Thailand.

Dibble, Charles R. “The Chinese in Thailand Against the Background of Chinese-Thai Relations.” Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Syracuse University, 1961. 546 pages.

Concludes that contemporary Sino-Thais are essentially detached from any significant tendency to identify with either of the “two Chinas,” and are increasingly oriented toward identification as Thai citizens. Includes an extensive bibliography.

Embree, John F., and William L. Thomas, Jr. Ethnic Map and Gazetteer of Northern Southeast Asia. See Section A.

Fraser, Thomas M., Jr. Fishermen of South Thailand: The Malay Villagers. See Section C-5.

Fraser, Thomas M., Jr. Rusembilan: A Malay Fishing Village in Southern Thailand. See Section C-5.

Hanks, Lucien M., J.R. Hanks, and Lauriston Sharp (eds.). Ethnographic Notes on Northern Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University, Southeast Asia Program, Data Paper No. 58, 1965. 96 pages.

An interesting collection of twelve papers on aspects of the life of a small number of the many and varied tribal communities (including the Miao, Lahu, Yao, and the Lisu) in northern Thailand.

Hinton, Peter (ed.). Tribesmen and Peasants in Northern Thailand. Chiengmai: Tribal Research Centre, 1969.

A collection of papers presented to “The First Symposium on Hill-Tribes and Thailand” at the Tribal Research Centre in Chiengmai, August 28-September 1,1967. Among the contributions is a statement of government policy regarding the tribal peoples in Thailand by Mr.Suwan Ruenyote, Director-General, Department of Public Welfare; reports of anthropological research on various tribal groups by R. W. Kickert (Akha), A. R. Walker (Red Lahu), D. J. Miles (Yao), P. Kunstradter (Lawa and Karen), and D.Marlowe (Karen); reports of linguistic research on several tribal groups by D. Dellinger and P. Wyss (Akha) and D. H. Roop (Lisu); reports of anthropological research on Northern Thai peasants by G. Marlowe, K. Kingshill, and L.C. Judd; and comments by other researchers working on anthropological or linguistic studies in northern Thailand. The editor, an Australian anthropologist, provides a general summary statement of the implications of social research in northern Thailand, with particular emphasis on the tribal peoples.

Hunter, Guy. South-East Asia: Race, Culture, and Nation. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. 190 pages.

Written for the lay reader rather than the specialist, this is a good statement of the special ethnic, racial, and language problems that confront the developing nations of Southeast Asia.

Judd, Lawrence C. Dry Rice Agriculture in Northern Thailand. See Section E-1.

Keyes, Charles F. “Ethnic Identity and Loyalty of Villagers in Northeast Thailand.” See Section G-1.

Keyes, Charles F. Isan: Regionalism in Northeastern Thailand. See Section G-1.

Keyes, Charles F. “Peasant and Nation: Thai-Lao Village in a Thai State.” See Section C-5.

Kuhn, Isabel. Ascent to the Tribes: Pioneering in North Thailand (A China Mission Book). Chicago: Moody Press, 1956. 315 pages.

An account of the personal experience of a China Inland Mission worker in North Thailand, with comments on the politicai and cultural setting.

Kunstradter, Peter. The Lua of Northern Thailand: Aspects of Social Structure, Agriculture, and Religion. Princeton: Princeton University Center of International Studies, 1965. 56 pages.

Findings of fieldwork, 1963-1965, in Chiengmai and Maehongson Provinces, including the product of a three-month ethnographic study in one Lua village, Ban Pa Pae. Perhaps ten thousand Lua live in the northern Thailand mountains and thousands more are in various stages of assimilation into a broader Thai culture. A number of general observations concerning history and tradition are included.

Kunstradter, Peter (ed.). Southeast Asian Tribes, Minorities and Nations. 2 vols. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967. 902 pages.

Seven papers in this two-volume work are on Thailand. Four deal with specific Thai ethnic groups: Michael Moerman on Thai-Lue views of the central government; F.W. Mote on Haw (Yunnanese Chinese) immigrants as agents of social change; Peter Kandre on Yao (Iu Mien) social systems and relations with outsiders; and Peter Kunstradter on Lua and Karen adaptation to hill and valley life. Three papers (by Lee W. Huff, Hans Manndorff, and William R. Geddes) outline Thai governmental policies and programs dealing with these ethnic minorities. An introductory chapter by Kunstradter and chapter bibliographies provide very useful information concerning sources of research material.

Landon, Kenneth P. The Chinese in Thailand. London: Oxford University Press, 1941. 310 pages.

This book is of supplemental value for historical information and firsthand observations.

Lebar, Frank M., Gerald C. Hickey, John K. Musgrave, et al. Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files Press, 1964. 288 pages.

A ranging ethnographic description of the people of mainland Southeast Asia and the culturally related regions of southern China. The order of presentation is in terms of major language stocks (Sino-Tibetan, Austro-Asiatic, Tai- Kadai, Malayo-Polynesian). Within this general framework, distinctions are made between lowland and upland groups.

le May, Reginald S. An Asian Arcady: The Land and People of Northern Siam. See Section G-1.

Moerman, Michael. Agricultural Change and Peasant Choice in a Thai Village. See Section E-1.

Moerman, Michael. “Kinship and Commerce in a Thai-Lue Village.” See Section G-1.

Northeasterners in the Chiengrai Area. See Section G-5.

Poole, Peter A. “Thailand’s Vietnamese Minority.” Asian Survey, December, 1967, pp. 886-895.

The story of Vietnamese refugees who fled from the French into Thailand, and of the some forty thousand who still remain in Thailand, much to the distress of the Thai government.

Purcell, Victor. The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Oxford University Press, 1965. 624 pages.

A new edition of an important work originally published in 1951; updated with an outline of events between 1949 and 1963, bibliographical additions, and other supplemental material. Part ΠΙ, “The Chinese in Siam,” is a relevant and extensive statement.

Report of the United Nations Survey Team on the Economic and Social Needs of the Opium-Producing Areas in Thailand.Bangkok: Government House Printing Office, vii, 1967, 114 pages + maps and photographs.

Draws both on the existing surveys of socio-economic conditions of tribal peoples in Thailand made by the Thai government in 1962 and again in 1965-66, and upon firsthand observations obtained by members of the survey team. The best summary of what is known about the whole of the tribal population of the kingdom. Also provides an assessment of the nature of the “opium problem” in Thailand and includes a set of recommendations concerning how this problem might be eliminated.

Report on the Socio -Economic Survey of the Hill Tribes in Northem Thailand. Bangkok: Department of Public Welfare, Ministry of the Interior, 1962.

An important report, as it represents the first attempt by the Thai government to gather information on the socioeconomic conditions of Thailand’s tribal population. Also provides some solid information on the distribution and characteristics of various tribal groups, offering a counterpoint to the impressionistic survey by Young, cited below.

Saihoo, Patya. “The Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand and the Opium Problem.” Bulletin on Narcotics, Vol. 15, 1963, pp. 35-45.

A short statement of the character of the “opium problem” in Thailand by a Thai anthropologist who was involved in the Thai Government’s 1962 study of tribal conditions.

Skinner, William G. Chinese Society in Thailand: An Analytical History. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1957. 459 pages.

A comprehensive historical analysis of the Chinese in Thailand. Authoritative and extraordinarily we 11-written, this is a definitive work on the subject.

Skinner, William G. Leadership and Power in the Chinese Community in Thailand. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1958. 363 pages.

Systematic descriptions of the structure of leadership in the Chinese community in Thailand, with particular emphasis on Bangkok. Valuable examination of relationships between Thai and Chinese leaders.

Strisavasdi, Boon Chuey. The Hill Tribes of Siam. Bangkok: Khun Aroon, 1963. 203 pages + 568 photographs.

Not a systematic or penetrating study, but a vivid volume, full of details about hill tribe life. Strisavasdi traveled widely collecting information and photographs presented in this pictorial essay.

“Symposium on Northeast Thailand.” Asian Survey, July, 1966, pp. 349-380.

Short papers on Northeast Thailand first presented at the 1966 annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies. The papers and comments are by David A. Wilson, David K. Wyatt, Millard F. Long, Charles F. Keyes, A. Thomas Kirsch, and William J. Gedney.

Thomas, M. Ladd. “Political Socialization of the Thai-Islam,” in Robert Sakai (ed.), Studies on Asia. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1967, pp. 89-105.

Outlines efforts of the Thai government to deal with about seven hundred thousand Thai citizens of Malay stock in South Thailand. Describes the posture of the Malaysian communist terrorists toward this group, as well as the policy responses of the Thai government and the problems involved in efforts to implement them.

Thomas, M. Ladd. Socio-Economic Approach to Political Integration of the Thai-Islam: An Appraisal. See Section C-1.

Thompson, Virginia, and Richard Adloff. Minority Problems in Southeast Asia. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955. 295 pages.

Descriptions of various minorities in Southeast Asia and discussions of their social and economic circumstances. Ineludes material on Malays of southern Thailand.

Van Roy, Edward. “Economic Dualism and Economic Change Among the Hill Tribes of Thailand.” Pacific Viewpoint, September, 1966, pp. 151-168.

An examination of the economy of the Sino-Tibetian tribes (Akha, Lahu, Lisu, Miao, and Yao) of North Thailand, particularly with respect to the problems their way of life poses to the Thai nation. Two tribal villages that have reacted differently to the encroachments of lowland civilization serve as cases in point.

Young, Gordon. The Hill Tribes of Northern Thailand. Bangkok: The Siam Society, 1962. 92 pages.

The socio-ethnological study of twenty hill tribe groups whose two hundred thousand members comprise significant (and strategically located) elements of Thailand’s populace. Information on racial affiliations, populations, residence sites, language, religion, settlement and governmental patterns, economy, social customs, and social trends for each tribal group. The author, an honorary chief of the Lahu tribe, writes from unique personal knowledge.

5. Population

Caldwell, J. C. “The Demographic Structure,” in T. H. Silcock (ed.), Thailand: Social and Economic Studies in Development. Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1967, pp. 27-64.

One of the few really good statements about the Thai demographic structure from the nineteenth century to the present. Concludes that there have been two modal points in Thailand’s population history: the late nineteenth-century opening of the external market for rice sales and the period of rapidly decreasing mortality rates after World War II.

Gille, Halvor. “The Demographic Outlook of Thailand and Some Implications.” Bangkok: National Seminar on the Population of Thailand, March 1963. 34 pages.

The revised version of a statement made at a conference sponsored by the National Research Council, government of Thailand, with the cooperation of the Population Council of New York City. Includes population projections based in part upon the 1960 census.

McCusker, Henry F. “The Relationship between Population and Social Development of Thailand.” Social Science Review (Bangkok), June-August, 1967.

Discusses the effects of rapid population growth on education, social welfare expenditures, the rice balance, per capita income, and the supply of agricultural land. Concludes that the long-term growth of the Thai economy is likely to be seriously damaged by high population growth. Disputes also the “standard” cultural, military, and political objections to family planning.

Northeasterners in the Chiengrai Area. Bangkok: U.S. Agency for International Development, July, 1966. 10 pages + maps.

Discusses the northeasterners’ migration into the northern region. Attempts to determine the reasons for migration and the attitudes of northern villagers toward the migrants. Economic activities of the migrants are also surveyed.

Report of the Asian Population Conference and Selected Papers.See Section A.

Report on the Research of the Problem of Thailand’s Population Increase. Bangkok: National Research Council, 1963. 35 pages.

Discusses population theories and problems in various countries. A short chapter on the population of Thailand. 1910-1960.

Sternstein, L. “A Critique of Thai Population Data.” Pacific Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 15-38.

Not examined.

Thailand Population Census. See Section E-4.