ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book could not have been written without the helpful comments and criticisms of a number of scholars. I am greatly indebted to the following persons for their assistance: Abraham Ascher, Paul Avrich, Kendall Bailes, John Biggart, Sheila Fitzpatrick, Abbott Gleason, Loren Graham, David Joravsky, Peter Kenez, Sidney Monas, Max Okenfuss, Philip Pomper, Alexander Rabinowitch, Janet Rabinowitch, David Ransel, Nicholas Riasanovsky, William Rosenberg, Bernice Rosenthal, Peter Scheibert, Jutta Scherrer, Charles Schlacks, Alfred Senn,S. Frederick Starr, Richard Stites, Robert Tucker, Nina Tumarkin, Adam Ulam, and Reginald Zelnik. All of them helped in one way or another; none should be held responsible for the results.

I am also grateful to the following institutions and libraries for their assistance: the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C.; the Hoover Institution, Palo Alto, California; the Library of Congress; the Institute for Social History in Amsterdam; the Russian Archive of the Butler Library, Columbia University, New York; Olin Library of Washington University in St. Louis and its Interlibrary Loan Division.

Venita Lake has been an excellent critic, editor, and source of support. Ann Williams has sustained both the author and the book in many ways. They have made this book better than it might have been.