Acknowledgments

For their encouragement and advice in assembling much of the material upon which this book is based I express my sincere appreciation to John A. Campbell, chairman, Department of Radiology, Indiana University; Earl D. Schubert, director of postdoctoral linguistics research, Stanford University; Fred W. Householder, research professor of classics and linguistics, Indiana University.

For their reading of the manuscript and for their most valuable suggestions I am indebted to Julius Huehn, chairman, Voice Department, Eastman School of Music, and Harvey Ringle, editor, NATS Bulletin.

I am deeply indebted to John W. Ashton, presiding officer, School of Letters, and University professor of English and folklore (formerly Vice-president for graduate development and dean of the Graduate School) and to Lynne L. Merritt, vice-president for research and dean of advanced studies, whose sincere efforts enabled me to carry out sequential research projects under the Grant-in-Aid Fund at the Indiana University Medical Center and at the University of Michigan Department of Linguistics and Communications. This fund also enabled me to secure sophisticated electronic instruments for the analyses and verification of linguistic theories applied to song.

I wish to thank also Phyllis Miller for her excellent drawings of anatomical structures; Flore Wend, soprano; Lila Stuart, soprano; Elizabeth Manion, mezzo soprano; J. Loren Jones, tenor; Ernest Vrenios, tenor; Jorge Gardos, violinist; Carol Jewell, violinist; Manuel Diaz, violinist; and Warner Seige, cellist, for their dedicated service in preparing the recordings which supplement this book.

To the numerous authors in the United States and Europe, particularly those of the Bell Telephone Laboratories whose illustrations have served to edify the chapters of this work, I owe much.

The theories of phonetic standardization and vowel migration and the application of these theories to song are my own and for them I accept full responsibility.