INDEX

Aaron, R. I., 271, 273

abduction: equals Firstness, 7; in scientific method, 252; mentioned, 182, 253-61 passim, 269-79 passim. See also Firstness

abductive change: and language change, 252-60 passim

Abraham, Werner, 118

adaptive change: in phonology, 253, 254, 258, 260, 261

affective polarity: in human language, 31

Alston, William P., 5, 117, 134

Altmann, Stuart A., 54, 57

ambiguity principle of Neobehaviorism, 43

American Sign Language, 68

analogy: in language and thought, 270

Andersen, Henning, 252-62 passim, 274, 276

Anttila, Raimo, 7, 265-79 passim

ape: language of, 17

arbitrariness: of form-meaning relations, 23, 26, 35; of semantics, 36

Aristotle, 129, 136, 140, 191-99 passim, 259. 273

assimilation, as adaptation in iconicity, 279. See also iconicity

Austin, J. L., 55, 126-34 passim

Bar-Hillel, Yehosua, 2

Barnes, Marvin, 287

Bates, E., 55

Bateson, Mary C., 211

bee: language of, 15, 16

Bellugi, Ursula, 19

Bennett, Jonathan, 133

Benson, D. F., 73

Bentham, Jeremy, 270, 281

Berlin, Brent, 30

Bierwisch, Manfred, 61

bird: language of, 16

Birdwhistell, Ray L., 227-33 passim

Bloom, L., 72

Bloomfield, Leonard, 2, 187

Blurton Jones, Nicholas G., 227, 233

Bock, Kay, 44, 45

Boettcher, Wolfgang, 119

Bohr, Niels, 163

Borden, G. J., 62

borrowing: orthographic, 287

Botha, Rudolf P., 51

Boucher, Jerry, 31, 32

Brannigan, Christopher R., 227

Bransford, J., 60, 61

Brentano, Franz, 270

Brock, Jarrett, 183

Bronowski, Jakob, 19, 35

Brown, Cecil H., 117

Brown, Roger W., 19, 37, 38, 40, 272

brute fact, 258

Buchler, Justus, 269, 273, 281

Bühler, Karl, 277

Burdick, C., 60

Burks, Arthur, 182

Cairns, C., 51, 52

Cairns, H., 51, 52

Campbell, C. B. G., 57

Camras, Linda, 232, 233

Carnap, Rudolf, 5, 191

Carroll, Lewis, 61

Carter, A., 242

Cassirer, Ernst, 192

Chase, W. G., 32

Chisholm, Roderick M., 192

Chistovich, L. A., 240

Chomsky, Noam, 2, 7, 51-66 passim, 80, 135, 140-49 passim, 183, 187, 195, 263

Clark, H. H., 32

Clever Hans fallacy, 201, 215

Cohen, Jonathan L., 118

combinatorial productivity: defining characteristic of language, 12-22 passim, 25, 36, 47

componential organization: defining characteristic of human language, 24-26 passim, 36

Comrie, Bernard, 29

conversation (al) : maxims, 96-110 passim; postulates, 63; suggestions, 98, 100, 108-16 passim

Cooper, Franklin S., 65, 66

Cooper, W. E., 31

Cornelius, H., 266

Cortes, Alberto, 185

Cranach, Mario von, 238

Crick, Francis H. C., 219, 220

Crystal, David, 284, 285

Danks, J., 52

Danow, David, 211

Dante Alighieri, 186

Darwin, Charles, 219, 233, 235, 236

Dascal, Marcelo, 117

Davidson, Donald, 133

Decarie, T. G., 227

deduction: equals Thirdness, 7. See also Thirdness

Deely, John N., 6, 207, 212, 213

Deese, James, 32

defining characteristics: of language generally, 10-20; of human languages, 20-26

Deledalle, Gérard, 183

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), 219-24 passim

Derwing, B., 51

DeSaussure, Ferdinand, 2, 5, 138, 183

Desmond, A. J., 81

dicisign, 263

Dingwall, William Orr, 4, 51-80 passim

discourse: basic task of linguistics, 181; imaginative, 213

discreteness of form shifts signaling differences in meaning: defining characteristic of human language, 23, 24, 26, 36

Dittmann, Allen T., 234

DiVesta, F., 31

dog: language of, 16-18; integrational level of behavior, 17

Dörner, Dietrich, 275, 277, 278, 280

drawl: as phonological conditioner, 288

Duchenne, Benjamin, 228

Ebneter, Theodor, 117

Eco, Umberto, 281

efficiency: as agent in human communication, 77, 79, 82

Efron, David, 232, 235, 249

Ehrenstein, Walter, 272

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Irenäus, 232, 233, 235

Ekman, Paul, 6, 228-37 passim

Erdmann, Karl Otto, 90, 91, 117

Ervin, S. M., 38

evanescence in time: defining characteristic of human language, 21

evolution of languages: speculations on, 35-39

evolutive change: in phonology, 253, 254. 257 259 260

facial signals: discussed, 227-38; coding system, facial action (FACS), 228-38; conversational, 6, 232-38 passim; emotional, 225, 227, 230, 231, 232

Fairbanks, Grant, 22

feature-learning principle: in humanoid language, 40, 41

feedback: defining characteristic of human language, 21

feedforward mechanism: in human communication, 62

Feibleman, James K., 270

Feng, C., 249

Firstness, 5, 7, 196, 198, 255, 263-80 passim. See also abduction

Fisch, Max, 182, 262

Fitzgerald, John J., 183

Fodor, J., 66

Fodor, J. A., 60

Foppa, K., 238

Fouts, Roger S., 60

Franks, J., 60

Frederiksen, C., 66

Freeman, Donald, 119

Friesen, Wallace V., 228, 232, 238

Frisch, Karl von, 48, 214

Fromkin, Victoria, 65, 66

Gardner, Beatrice T., 17, 18, 19

Gardner, R. Allen, 17, 18, 19

genetic code: and language, 218-26 passim

genius: relation to art, 187, 188, 189

Geschwind, N., 73

Ginneken, Jakob van, 287, 288

Glucksberg, S., 52

Goodman, Nelson, 192

Gordon, David, 117

Gothic, 286

Goudge, Thomas A., 2

gradient features: in human communication, 78, 79

Grant, N. G., 227

Greenberg, Joseph H., 30, 31, 32, 44, 47

Greenlee, Douglas, 183, 185

Grice, Herbert P., 63, 89, 93-99 passim, 111, 117, 133

Grüsser, Otto Joachim, 280

Hager, J. C., 236

Halle, Morris, 31

Halliday, Michael A. K., 62

Hamilton, Helen W., 32

Harman, Gilbert G., 133

Harris, Zellig, 187

Hartshorne, Charles, 182, 262, 280

Hayes, Alfred S., 211

Hayes, J. R., 17

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm, 195, 198

hermetic linguistics, 135, 140-48 passim

hierarchical organization: defining characteristic of human language, 24-26, 36

Hill, Archibald A., 285

Hjorstjo, C. H., 228

Hockett, Charles F., 47, 57, 62, 69, 70, 78

Hodos, W., 57, 80

Holenstein, Elmar, 280, 281

holistic memory storage, 263-66

Homer, 187, 188

Hoosain, Rumjahn, 32

Hörmann, Hans, 117, 267

Hull, Clark L., 40, 45

Hume, David, 205

Humphries, David A., 227

Husserl, Edmund, 184, 281

Huxley, Julian, 211

Hymes, Dell, 69

icon: mentioned, 5, 135, 171, 269, 270, 279; distinction from index and symbol, 136, 150, 152, 154. See also index; symbol

iconic: forms in a language, 12; relationship between content and syntactic form, 113; representation of imperfectivity, 249; gestures, 249, 250; structure of phoneme, 276. See also sign, iconic

iconicity, 278. See also assimilation

illocutionary act (IA), 56, 125-32 passim

illocutionary-act-potential (IAP) thesis: mentioned, 5; defined, 124-34 passim

illocutionary force (IF) : of speech act, 125, 126, 127

index, 5, 135, 171, 269, 279. See also icon; symbol

Indexical signaling, 276

Indexicality, 278

induction: equals Secondness, 7. See also Secondness

infralinguistic level: as result of post-linguistic structures, 209, 210

Inhelder, B., 243

input/output modality: in human communication, 57, 66-80 passim

integration-over-time: defining characteristic of human language, 21

interpretant: mentioned, 4, 5, 168, 172-76 passim, 200, 256, 257, 258, 261, 269; dynamic, 258, 259, 261; final, 259, 260, 261; immediate, 262

Isenberg, H., 72

isomorphism hypothesis: in Gestalt psychology, 265

Jackendoff, Ray F., 266

Jakobson, Roman, 31, 274, 276, 284, 287, 288

Jasper, Herbert, 264

Jastrow, Joseph, 143, 182, 274

Jürgens, U., 68

Kant, Immanuel, 96, 187, 188, 195, 198, 274

Kay, Paul, 30

Keenan, Edward L., 29

Kellogg, S. H., 17

Kempson, Ruth M., 117

Kessel, Edward L., 214

Ketner, Kenneth, 182, 262

Kintsch, W., 60, 63, 66

Kloesel, Christian, 182

Korhonen, Mikko, 279

Kozhevnikov, V. A., 240

Kristeva, Julia, 3

Kuhl, P., 60

Kurytowicz, Jerzy, 245

Kutschera, Franz von, 117

LaBarre, Weston, 231

Lakoff, George, 52, 117

Lamendella, J., 66, 68, 69

Lancaster, Jane, 72

Lancker, D. van, 75, 76

Lang, Ewald, 118

Langhoff, Stephan, 268, 271

language-inlay: in nonverbal communication, 6

language-likeness: in animate existence, 6

language origin: associational theory, 35; babble-lucky theory, 35, 40; bowwow theory, 33, 34; ding-dong theory, 33, 40; imitative theory, 33, 34; inter-jectional theory, 34; mystical theory, 33; naturalness theory, 39-47 passim; pooh-pooh theory, 34; speculations on, 33-35

langue/parole distinction: as differentiating feature of modern lingistics, 137-55 Passim

Lass, N., 60

Laver, J., 63

Lawrence, Douglas H., 41

Leach, Edmund, 231

learnability: non-defining characteristic of human language, 28

Least Effort Principle: in human language, 30

Lees, Robert B., 6, 268

legisign, 171, 199, 255, 277

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 185, 270

Leisi, Ernst, 117

Lepenies, W., 238

Lesky, Albin, 194

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 3

Levy, E., 247

Lewis, David, 133

Liberman, A. M., 81, 82

Lieb, Irwin C., 200

Lieberman, Philip, 51, 66, 77

Lightoller, G. H. S., 228

linguistic change, 260

linguistic cognizing, 34, 40, 47

linguistic interface: between pre- and post-linguistic structures of experience, 204, 208, 209, 211, 215

linguistic sentencing, 9

linguisticness: scale of, 285

Locke, John, 204, 261, 270

locutionary act, 5

Lotman, Jurij M., 211

Lucid, Daniel P., 211

Lyons, John, 51, 117, 137, 138, 182

Mach, Ernst, 270

MacKay, Donald M., 54, 55, 56, 62

McKeever, W., 68

Maclay, Howard, 37

McNeill, David, 6, 19, 20, 27, 241, 247

Maher, J. Peter, 267, 268

Mahl, George F., 22

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 33

Manning, Aubrey, 68

Maritain, Jacques, 213

Marty, Anton, 266, 270

Mauthner, Fritz, 270, 271, 274, 281

May, William H., 30

Mayr, E., 56

Mead, Margaret, 231

meaning-maximalists, 100-13 Passim

meaning-minimalists, 100-11 passim

Mendel, Gregor, 218, 219, 222

Mendeleev, Dimitri, 199

Menzel, E. W., 70

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 281

Middle Low German, 286

Miller, J., 60

Miller, W. R., 38

mind-matter duality: in Peirce, 196

Miron, Murray S., 30

Mitzka, Walther, 286

Monk, D., 63

Moore, Edward C., 200

Morris, Charles W., 90, 111, 117, 118, 211

motor action: interlacing with speech, 6, 240-51 passim

Moulton, William G., 287

Mowrer, O. Hobart, 16

Naess, Arne, 118

natural language, 89, 100, 111

naturalness principles: in language, 13, 14, 44-48

Neobehaviorism, 40, 42, 43

neurosign: in human communication, 66

Newman, S., 37

Newton, Isaac, 188

nondefining characteristics of human language, 26-32

nondirectional transmission/directional reception: defining characteristic of human language, 21

nonlinguistic cognizing, 40, 47

non-random recurrency of forms: defining characteristic of language, 10, 16, 18, 20, 47

nonverbal-inlay: in linguistic behavior, 6, 202

object: as part of semiotic act, 4, 5, 156—85 passim, 204, 207, 212, 256, 257

Ogden, Charles K., 200, 270, 273

Old High German, 287, 288

Old Saxon, 286, 287, 288

Opacic, Gordana, 47

Osgood, Charles E., 4, 30-48 passim

Oster, H., 232

outgroups: as alien organisms, 208, 209

Oyama, S., 61

Paget, Richard, 34

paralanguage, 7, 284-89 passim

paralinguistics, 284

Peirce, Charles Sanders, 2, 5, 6, 7, 136, 140, 143, 144, 149-59 passim, 161, 162, 163, 168-75 passim, 179-200 passim, 242, 252-65 passim, 269, 270, 277, 280, 281

Penfield, Wilder, 263, 264

perlocutionary act, 56

Perlocutionary-Act-Potential (PAP) Theory, 128

Piaget, Jean, 57, 241, 242, 243

Pisoni, D., 63, 65, 66

Plato, 178, 194

Ploog, D., 68, 238

Poinsot, Jean, 213

Polanyi, Michael, 191

Pollyanna principle: in human language, 31, 32

Pope, Alexander, 187

Popper, Karl R., 225

Porzig, Walter, 266

Posner, Roland, 4, 266, 267, 280

post-linguistic structures, 202, 203, 204, 208, 209, 211, 215

Postulates for Conversational Suggestions: cancellability, 99, 101, 116, 118; nondetachability, 99, 101, 116; variability, 99, 101, 108, 116, 118

pragmatic criterion: defining characteristic of language, 11, 12, 15-18 passim, 20

pragmatics: mentioned, 4, 5, 13, 52, 87, 116, 280; signs as vehicles of communication, 123; conceptual dependence of semantics on, 124

pragmatism: linguistic, 269

pre-linguistic cognizing, 9, 34, 40, 44, 46,47

pre-linguistic experience, 202, 203, 208

pre-linguistic structures, 204, 215

Premack, Ann J., 17, 215

Premack, David, 17, 215

prevarication: in human language, 27

Price, H. H., 212

progressive differentiation principle: in human language, 29

propositional content (PC) : of speech act, 125, 126

propositionalizing: non-defining characteristic of human language, 27

proximal interactions: in non-human communication, 15

qualisign, 171, 255, 277

Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred R., 215

Ransdell, Joseph, 5, 182, 183, 185, 266, 267, 269

Rauch, Irmengard, 262

reciprocality: defining characteristic of language, 11, 15, 16, 18, 47

reflexiveness: in human language, 28

Reilly, Francis E., 265, 269, 281

Reinecke, H.-P., 280

relation: iconic, 244, 256; indexical, 244, 256, 257; suggestive, 259; symbolic, 256

representation: equals Thirdness in Peirce, 199. See also Thirdness

rhema, 263, 270

ribonucleic acid (RNA), 220-23 passim

Richards, Ivor A., 200, 270, 273

Robin, R. S., 200

Robins, Robert H., 51

Ronat, Mitsou, 183

Rooth, Erik, 287

Roper, G., 236

Ross, John R., 31, 52

rules: of art, 5, 186, 187, 188; of aesthetics, 193-95; of language, 5, 186, 193-95; general, 186; linguistic, 186, 187; governing genius, 190; compared with laws, 192-95

Rumbaugh, Duane M., 69, 73

Russell, Bertrand, 264

Sachs, J., 60, 63

Sapir, Edward, 3, 285

Saussure, Ferdinand de, 2, 5, 138, 183

Savage, S., 69, 73

Savan, David, 7, 183, 269, 280

Sawusch, J., 63, 65, 66

Schiffer, Stephen, 129, 133

Schmidt, Lothar, 266

Schmidt, Wilhelm, 117

Schnitzer, M., 69, 75

Searle, John R., 28, 125, 133

Sebeok, Thomas A., 3, 52, 201, 211

secondary split: in phonology, 279

Secondness, 5, 7, 192, 196, 198, 257, 263, 265, 269, 273-80 passim

semantic criterion: defining characteristic of language, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20

semeiosis: first principle of, 255, 256, 259; second principle of, 255, 256, 257, 259; third principle of, 255, 256, 257

semeiotic change: agapastic, 255, 260, 261; anancastic, 255, 258, 261; tychastic, 255, 258

Seneca, 194

sensory information store, 62, 66

sensory motor schemas: semiotic extension of, 242, 243

sentence connective, 4, 88, 89, 100, 101, 106, 107, 111—16 passim

Seuren, Pieter A. M., 118

Shapiro, Michael, 269, 274, 276, 277

Shepard, R., 249

Shields, J., 60

Sievers, Eduard, 284

sign: mentioned, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 17, 18, 33, 41, 111, 123, 152-81 passim, 197-214 passim, 255-59 passim, 266, 267, 270, 277, 278, 279; system, 1, 202, 205, 274, 278; denotative, 16, 23; perceptual, 34, 41; learning principle, 40, 41, 42; linguistic, 41, 268, 270, 274, 279; distal, 42; powers of, 150-74 passim; behavior, 151, 152; interpreters, 156; producers, 156; natural, 172; iconic, 158, 169-79 passim, 243, 250, 251, 277; indexical, 158, 171-79 passim, 242, 243, 250, 277; symbolic, 158, 171, 173-80 passim, 243; super, 264, 276, 277, 278, 280; lexical, 268; grammatical, 279. See also iconic

significate, 40, 41

sinsign, 171, 255, 277

Sitta, Horst, 119

Skinner, Burrhus F., 90, 93, 117, 147

Slagle, Uhlan von, 266, 268, 272, 273, 279

Slobin, Dan I., 40, 62, 75

Socrates, 178, 188

sound change: semiotic defense of, 274, 278, 279, 280, 281

Spitzer, Leo, 186

Sridhar, S. N., 48

stipulation: as semiotic process, 207

Stolzing, Walter von, 190

Straight, H. S., 60

Studdert-Kennedy, M., 81, 82

suggestions: function of, 93, 94, 95; connexity in, 111, 113, 114, 115, 116; successivity of, 112, 113, 115

symbol, 5, 15, 135, 171, 269, 270. See also icon; index

syntactic criterion: defining characteristic of language, 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 43

syntactic index: in sound change, 278, 279

syntagma: as psychological function, 240-43 passim, 249, 250

Tanz, C., 46

Thirdness, 5, 7, 186, 192, 195-98 passim, 265, 269, 280. See also representation

Thorndike, Edward L., 34, 35, 40

Thorpe, William H., 51

Titchener, Edward, 90, 117

Trager, George, 284, 285, 288

Transferral-via-Learning Criterion: defining characteristic of human language, 25, 36

transformational-generative grammar, 263, 268, 269, 281

translatability: non-defining characteristic of human language, 29

use principle: conceptual dependence of semantics on pragmatics, 5, 124

Umiker-Sebeok, Donna Jean, 211

Vaihinger, Hans, 270

Van Ginneken, Jakob, 287, 288

Van Lancker, D., 75, 76

Vergil, 187

Vernon, M. D., 275

vividness relations: affective intensity of semantic features, 45, 46

vocal-auditory channel: defining characteristic of human language, 20, 22

voice set: in language use, 284 Voltaire, 87

Von Cranach, Mario, 238

Von Frisch, Karl, 48, 214

Von Kutschera, Franz, 117

Von Slagle, Uhlan, 266, 268, 272, 273, 279

Von Stolzing, Walter, 190

Voyles, Joseph, 286

Vygotsky, Lev Semenovich, 240, 242, 243

Walker, Ralph C. S., 117

Wallace, Alfred W., 219

Wanner, E., 60

Watson, John D., 90, 93, 117, 219, 220

Watt, W. C., 60, 63

Weiler, Gershon, 270, 271, 274

Weinreich, Uriel, 37, 47

Weiss, Paul, 182, 262, 280

Wells, Rulon S., 5, 269

Whitaker, Haiganoosh, 61

Whitaker, Harry A., 60, 63

Whitehead, Alfred North, 194

Wieland, Christoph M., 188

Williams, Brooke, 201

Wilson, Dierdre, 117, 118

Winograd, T., 12, 66

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 91, 98, 117, 274

Wolff, Ludwig, 286

Woods, Jon D., 287

Wortfeldforschung, 266

Wright, P., 72

Wundt, Wilhelm, 89, 90, 117

Young, G., 227

Ziegler, Annette, 48

Zipf, George Kingsley, 30, 34

zoosemiotics, 202, 203, 209