INDEX

Abrahams, Roger D., 22

Accordions in folk music, 116

Acquired musical roles, 81-82

Additions to folk music, 23-24

Adhān, defined, 99

Aerophones, defined, 37. See also Musical instruments in folk music

Afghani folk music, 41-42, 90, 91, 98

Afghani folk musicians, 101

African folk music, 71, 81. See also specific types of African folk music

Agelessness of folk music. See Timelessness of folk music

Aḥādīth, defined, 97

Aḥwash, defined, 100. See also Berber folk music

Allgemeine Lieder, defined, 114

Ambitus, 38, 41, 47

Amish folk music, 18, 59

Anderson, Benedict, 108-109, 111

Anthologies of folk music, 65. See also specific anthologies of folk music

“Anyuan Lukuang gongren julebu huge” (Shaoqi), 107, 108

Apollo, 4

Appalachian folk music, 45, 50

Arabic folk music. See Middle Eastern folk music

Arnim, Achim von, 7

Art music: characteristics of, 47-49, 139; and folk music, 46-50, 90, 129, 134, 139. See also Classical music, defined

Ascribed musical roles, 81-82

^cAsheq, 59, 92-93, 101. See also Islam, music in; Middle Eastern folk music

Assimilation of folk music, 20. See also Consolidation of folk music

Attali, Jacques, 56, 95

Audiences of folk music, 73-74

Authenticity of folk music, 17, 130-31; changes in folk music compared to, 10, 11; characteristics of, 10, 13, 130; defined, 10

Balkan folk music, 83

Ballads, 16, 38, 71. See also specific types of ballads

Banjos in folk music, 115

Bänkelsänger, 84

Bannen, Charles, 59-60, 75

“Barbara Allen” (folk song), 75, 76

Barry, Phillips, folk music research of, 8, 24, 27, 28, 69

Bartók, Béla, 54; classification of folk music by, 40-41, 45, 46, 49, 50; as composer, 47, 48-49; folk music research of, 47, 101-102

Basongye folk music, 83, 86

Bauer, Michael, 133

Baul folk music, 83

Bayard, Samuel P., 23-24

Beethoven, Ludwig van, 48

Benjamin, Walter, 121

Berber folk music, 93, 100

Blacking, John, 4

Blind persons, as folk musicians, 83

Bluegrass, 129-30, 133

Blues, 38

Blum, Stephen, 44-45, 92

Bohemian-American folk music, 116

Bohlman, Philip, xii

Borges, Jorge Luis, 121

Borrowing of folk music, 20-21, 28. See also Consolidation of folk music

Brentano, Clemens, 7

Bricolage, 116-17

Bridges in folk music, 27

Broadside ballads, 21, 28-29, 65, 84-85. See also Ballads

Bronson, Bertrand H., 39

Broonzy, Big Bill, 87, 88

Campbell, Olive Dame, 45

Canadian folk music, 73

Canons of folk music, xviii, 39, 50-51; in Chinese folk music, 107; defined, 104; formation of, 105-19, 128; functions of, 104, 105; in German folk music, 113; imagined, 111-12, 116-19; in Israeli folk music, 117, 119; mediated, 111, 112, 114-16; and modernization, 107-109, 112; and nationalism, 117; in oral tradition of folk music, 30—32; small-group, 111, 112-14; in Southern folk music, 109

Cante-fable, 7

Cantometrics, 42, 43, 56. See also Lomax, Alan

Changes in folk music: authenticity of folk music compared to, 10, 11; characteristics of, 10-11, 13, 26, 27-28, 73, 76, 92, 128, 134; defined, 10; and folk musicians, xix, 73, 84, 86, 102; and modernization, 132, 139; in oral tradition of folk music, 18-24, 25, 26-27, 28, 30, 31-32; responses to, 132-35; types of, 10-11. See also Creativity; specific changes in folk music

Child, James Francis, 50, 109

Child ballads. See English and Scottish Popular Ballads, The (Child)

Chinese folk music, 107

Chordophones, defined, 37. See also Musical instruments in folk music

Churches, and folk music, 135

Classical music, defined, 89. See also Art music

Classicization of folk music, 134

Classification of folk music: aesthetic-formal vs. cultural-functional, 45; by Bartók, 40-41, 45, 46, 49, 50; by Bronson, 39; and canons of folk music, 50-51; by contours, 38-39; description vs. prescription, 44; diachronic vs. synchronic, 45-46; difference vs. similarity, 45; of Eastern European folk music, 40, 46; emic vs. etic, 44-45; English system of, 35; Finnish system of, 40, 46; functions of, 35, 42, 44, 50; by genre, 38; German system of, 35; Hungarian system of, 48; of Iranian folk music, 44-45; of Kaluli folk music, 44; by Koller, 36; by Krohn, 36; by Lomax, 42, 43, 56; by melodies, 35-36, 37; of Middle Eastern folk music, 46; by modes, 39-40, 46; by morphemes, 37-38; by musical instruments, 36-37; Nazi system of, 50; by Nettl, 45-46; by Randolph, 42; by Sharp, 39, 45; specific vs. universal, 46; by texts, 35, 38; by tune families, 36, 37; by tune gestalts, 37-38; by tune histories, 37

Coffeehouses, and folk music, 84, 99

Collections of folk music, xvii, 36

Commodification of folk music, 131-32

Communal authorship, defined, 8. See also Communality of folk music

Communality of folk music, 93-94; criticism regarding, 8-9, 12, 13; and folk musicians, 94, 95; of non-Western folk music, 94, 95; in oral tradition of folk music, 24, 25-26

Communal re-creation, defined, 8, 24. See also Communality of folk music

Concertinas in folk music, 116

Confabulating, 78, 79

Consolidation of folk music, 20-21, 65, 132, 133

Content of folk music, defined, 25

Context of folk music, xviii, 7

Contours of folk music, 38-39

Contrafaction, defined, 9

Conventions, defined, 16

Country music, 133

“Cowboy’s Lament” (folk song). See “Streets of Laredo” (folk song)

Creativity: of folk music, 24, 62, 76, 78-79; of folk musicians, xix, 59-60, 62, 73, 74-75, 77, 79, 86, 102. See also Changes in folk music; Individuality

Cultural boundaries: of Berber folk music, 93; characteristics of, xviii, 57-58, 59, 60, 62, 66; and cultural core, 62, 64-66, 67, 100; of ethnic folk music, 59, 60; and folk musicians, 64, 86; of immigrant folk music, 58-59; of Iranian folk music, 92-93; of Jewish folk music, 60, 62; of Middle Eastern folk music, 101, 102

Cultural core, xviii; characteristics of, 54-57, 68; and cultural boundaries, 62, 64-66, 67, 100; of Middle Eastern folk music, 99-100, 101, 102

Cultural foregrounding, defined, 64-65

Culture, 4

Czech folk music, 27

Dances, 8, 76, 116. See also specific dances

Danckert, Werner, 55-56

Danish folk schools, 109

Darwin, Charles, 7, 8

Deconstruction, 105-106

Deutscher Liederhort (Erk, ed.), 35

Deutsches Volksliedarchiv, 113

Deviance of folk musicians, 83-84, 86

Diffusion, defined, 11

Discriminatory creativity, 78-79

Dissemination of folk music. See Transmission of folk music

Diversification of folk music, 133

Drumming ensembles, 81

Duquesne University, 129

Dusenbury, Emma, 72

Dutchman music, 85, 136. See also German-American folk music

Eastern European folk music, 40, 46. See also specific types of Eastern European folk music

Eckstorm, F. H., 27

Egyptian folk music, 98, 100

Engel, Joel, 118

English and Scottish Popular Ballads, The (Child), 35, 75; as canon, 10, 39, 79; influence of, xiii, 10

English Folk Song: Some Conclusions (Sharp), 39

Enlightenment, 54

Epics, 16, 38. See also specific types of epics

Erk, Ludwig, 113

“Es klappert die Mühle am rauschenden Bach” (folk song), 17

Ethnic folk music, 59, 60, 65, 128. See also specific types of ethnic folk music

Ethnic old-time music. See Old-time music

European folk music. See specific types of European folk music

Evolution of folk music, 7-8, 10

Feld,. Steven, 44

Fiddling contests, 83

Finnish-American folk music, 77

Flathead Indian folk music, 5. See also Native American folk music

Folk, defined, xi, xii, 58, 70

Folk art, defined, xi-xii

Folk festivals, 66, 124, 131, 133

Folklore of ethnicity, defined, 64

Folkloristics, xi

Folk music, defined, xviii, 89. See also specific headings

Folk music collections. See Collections of folk music

Folk musicians, 126; and changes in folk music, xix, 73, 84, 86, 102; and communality of folk music, 94, 95; creativity of, xix, 59-60, 62, 73, 74-75, 77, 79, 86, 102; and cultural boundaries, 64, 86; deviance of, 83-84, 86; functions of, 13, 17-18; individuality of, 69-70, 73; as mediators, 79, 80, 84-85, 100-101, 103; in Middle East, 99, 100-102; outsiders as, 84, 85, 92, 95, 98, 101; and performances of folk music, 72-74; professionalism of, 85-86, 95, 99, 100-101, 102; specialization of, 59, 80-86, 93-95, 139; as tradition-bearers, 17-18, 70-72, 73, 77, 86, 95. See also Performances of folk music; specific folk musicians and types of folk musicians

Folk music revival. See Revival of folk music

Folk music scholarship, 134; conservatism of, xiii-xiv, xvii, xviii-xx, 3, 69, 127-28, 139; influences on, xvi-xvii; progressivism of, xiv, xvii-xviii. See also International Council for Traditional Music (ICTM); International Folk Music Council (IFMC); specific folk music scholars

Folk songs. See specific folk songs

Folk song societies. See Singing societies

Forgetting, defined, 20

Forms of folk music, 96

Formulae in folk music, 16, 17, 20, 28

Foss, George, 22

Geming gequ, 107, 110

Generational cohesion, 60

Genres of folk music, 38

German-American folk music, 65, 116, 133; religious folk music, 21, 57, 134. See also German folk music; specific types of German-American folk music

German folk music, 109, 113-14, 118, 134. See also German-American folk music

Gesunkenes Kulturgut, 11, 48

Ghanian folk music, 89

Ghina’, defined, 99

Ghost Dance music, 21, 22

Glassie, Henry, 73

Goffman, Erving, 105

Goldstein, Kenneth S., 125

Gorman, Larry, 73

Gottschee colony folk music, 58

Goze, 83. See also Folk musicians

Great tradition, 89, 127

Grimm, Jacob, xi, 6, 7, 24

Grimm, Wilhelm, xi

Group identity, defined, 91

Gruetzmacher, Dan, 85

Grundtvig, Nikolai, 109

Gruppenlieder, 9, 112

Guitars in folk music, 115

Gummere, Francis, 71

Halāl, defined, 98

Harmonization in folk music, 75, 76, 77

Hawaiian guitars in folk music, 115

Hebräisch-orientalischer Melodienschatz (Idel-sohn), 118

Herder, Johann Gottfried, 54; folk as viewed by, xi, xix, 6-7, 52, 113

Herzog, George, 33, 50-51, 69, 70

Hillbilly music, 131

Hobsbawm, Eric, 108

Hora, defined, 117. See also Dances

Hornbostel, Erich von, 36-37

Hungarian-American folk music, 62, 64. See also Hungarian folk music

Hungarian folk music, 41, 46. See also Hun-garian-American folk music

ICTM. See International Council for Traditional Music

Ideologization of folk music, 134-35

Idiophones, defined, 36. See also Musical instruments in folk music

IFMC. See International Folk Music Council “Iitin Tiltu” (dance), 77, 78

Imagined community, 108-109, 111

Immigrant folk music, 58-59, 128. See also specific types of immigrant folk music

Incremental repetition, 20

Indian folk music, 40, 89

Individuality: of folk music, 8-9, 10, 12, 13, 24, 25-26, 48; of folk musicians, 69-70, 73. See also Creativity

Institutionalization: of folk music, 64-65, 68, 107, 134; of folk musicians, 83

Instruments. See Musical instruments in folk music

Integrative creativity, defined, 79

International Council for Traditional Music (ICTM), xiii, xv. See also Folk music scholarship; International Folk Music Council (IFMC)

International Folk Music Council (IFMC), xiii, xiv-xv, xviii. See also Folk music scholarship

Invention of tradition, 108, 109

Iranian folk music, 39-40, 41-42, 44-45, 92-93

Islam, music in, 84, 91, 97-99, 102, 103. See also Middle Eastern folk music

Israeli folk music, 117-19

Iterative form, defined, 16

Ives, Edward D., 79

Jackson, Aunt Molly, xiii

Jagiello, Walter, 116

Jewish folk music, 57, 60, 62, 113-14

Jewish folk musicians, 98

“Job of Journeywork, The” (folk song), 23-24 Journal of the International Folk Music Council, xiv

Kalapalo folk music, 94

Kaluli folk music, 44, 91-92

Klusen, Ernst, 8-9, 112

Klymasz, Robert B., 66

Knaben Wunderhorn, Des (Arnim and Brentano, eds.), 7

Kodály, Zoltán, 40, 45

Koller, Oswald, 36

Krohn, Ilmari, 33, 36

Kulturkreislehre, 42, 55, 56, 58-59

Kunstlieder im Volksmund, 48

Lane, Edward William, 100-101

Langue, defined, 25

Larson, LeRoy, 115

Leary, James P., 115

Lévi-Strauss, Claude, 116

List, George, 27, 39

Literacy, 107, 134

Little traditions, 89, 127

Li’l Wally, 116

Lomax, Alan: classification of folk music by, 42, 43, 56; folk music research of, 52, 55

Long, Eleanor, 78, 79

Lord, Albert B., 16

Lyric folk songs, 38

McCulloh, Judith, 38

Macpherson, James, 130

Maqāmāt, 118

Marginal survival, defined, 58-59

Media for transmission of folk song, 28

Meier, John, 48, 113

“Mein Hut, der hat drei Ecken” (folk song), 137, 138

Melodic variation in folk music, 77

Melodies of folk music, 35-36, 37

Membranophones, defined, 36-37. See also Musical instruments in folk music

Memory, in oral tradition of folk music, 15, 18, 20, 30, 82

Merriam, Alan P., folk music research of, 74, 80, 81-82, 83, 85-86

Michigan folk music, 76

Middle Eastern folk music, 46, 96-99, 131; characteristics of, 85, 96, 101; cultural boundaries of, 101, 102; cultural core of, 99-100, 101, 102; modes in, 40, 96. See also Islam, music in

Middle Eastern folk musicians, 100-102

Midwestern (U.S.) folk music, 75, 76. See also specific types of Midwestern folk music

Migration of folk music, 55-56, 62, 128

“Mikor a nagy erdön kimész” (folk song), 40, 41 Minnesota folk music, 115

Minority groups, as folk musicians, 84. See also specific minority groups

Mnemonic devices. See Memory, in oral tradition of folk music

Modernization, 124-25; and folk music, xix, 12, 107-109, 112, 113, 130, 132, 134, 135, 139, 140; and folk musicians, 126

Modes of folk music, 39-40, 46, 75, 96. See also specific types of folk music

Monogenesis, defined, 5

Morphemes, 37-38

Motifs in folk music, 5, 16

Movement theories of folk music, 4, 7-8

“Mullā Mohammed Jān” (folk song), 21, 23

Music, 3-5, 8, 15. See also specific types of music

Musical instruments in folk music, 7, 8; classification by, 36-37; in Islam, 99; in Midwestern folk music, 75, 76; as specialization, 83, 86. See also specific musical instruments

Musical ownership, 90-93

Musical style. See Styles of folk music

Müsīqi, defined, 99

Mutterschicht, 4

“Muurarin Valssi” (waltz), 76, 77

Myth, 3-4, 13

Nationalism, and folk music, 54, 55, 113, 117, 131, 135. See also National music

National music, 11. See also Nationalism, and folk music

Native American folk music, 21. See also specific types of Native American folk music

Nature, and folk music, 7, 12-13

Naturpoesie, 7

Naumann, Hans, 11

Nazism, and folk music, 50

Nettl, Bruno: classification of folk music by, 45-46; folk music research of, xii, 5-6, 19, 20-21, 24, 27, 121, 124, 131

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians (Sadie, ed.), 87-88, 89

Non-Western art, defined, xii

Non-Western folk music, xvi, xvii, 94-95, 103. See also specific types of non-Western folk music

Northeastern (U.S.) folk music, 73

Old-time music, 115-16, 131

Oral-formulaic theory of folk music, 16-17

Oral tradition of folk music, 66; borrowing in, 20-21, 28; canons in, 30-32; changes in, 18-24, 25, 26-27, 28, 30, 31-32; characteristics of, 2, 12, 20-24, 27, 140; communality of, 24, 25-26; individuality of, 24, 25-26; memory in, 15, 18, 20, 30, 82; musical elements of, 14, 18; performances of, 30, 31; of pieces, 15, 16, 18-19; stability of, 18, 19, 24, 26-28, 30, 31, 32; transmission of, 26, 27, 28-31; and written tradition, 12, 14, 28-30

Origins of folk music, 1-13

Ossian, 130

Outsiders, as folk musicians, 84, 85, 92, 95, 98, 101

Ownership of music, 90-93

Ozark folk music, 42

Palestinian folklore, 92

Panairdžijski pevec, 84

Pan-Plains folk music, 21

Parlando rubato, defined, 41. See also Hungarian folk music

Parole, defined, 25

Parry, Hubert, 5

Percy, Bp. Thomas, xi

Performances of folk music, 25, 53, 59; audiences’ roles in, 73-74; folk musicians’ roles in, 72-74; in oral tradition of folk music, 30, 31. See also Folk musicians

Perry, Milman, 16

Perseverating, defined, 78

Phrases in folk music, 5, 16

Pieces of folk music, 15-17, 18-19

Piedmont (U.S.) folk music, 128

Pittsburgh Folk Festival, 129

Pluralism: defined, 59; and folk music, 114, 133, 138; and urbanization, 127, 129

Poladian, Sirvart, 38-39

Polish-American folk music, 116

Polygenesis, defined, 5

Popularization of folk music, 132-34

Popular music, and folk music, 11, 29, 129, 132, 139

Porter, James, 79

Powers, Harold, 46

Powwows, 21

“Pretty Mohea, The” (broadside ballad), 20-21

Primitive art, defined, xii

Primitive music, xii, 5

Primitive societies, defined, 81

Printing of folk music, 65, 66

Professionalism of folk musicians, 85-86, 95, 99, 100-101, 102

Qirā’ah, defined, 99

Qur’ān, 97, 99

Radif, 18

Radios, 125

Randolph, Vance, 42

Rationalized creativity, defined, 79

Realism, 12

Recordings of folk music, 65-66, 76, 116

Redfield, Robert, 127

Regionalism, and folk music, 55

Regulated creativity, defined, 78

Relativism of folk music, 11-12

Religious folk music, 57, 60, 83

Religious institutions, and folk music, 135

Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (Percy, ed.), xi

Repertories of folk music, 27-28, 60

Repetition in folk music, 20

Representation, defined, 74. See also Folk musicians; Performances of folk music

Revival of folk music, 125-26, 130-31, 134

Rhythm of folk music, 8

Riddle, Almeda, 72, 78-79

Robertson, Jeannie, 79

Robeson, Paul, 87, 88

Rodgers, Jimmie, 135, 136, 138

Romance (Spanish), 21

Romanticism, 4, 54, 109

Rosenberg, Neil V., 128

Rural societies, folk music in, xviii. See also Urbanization; Urban-rural dichotomy in folk music

Rural-urban dichotomy. See Urban-rural dichotomy in folk music

Rwais, defined, 100. See also Berber folk music

Sachs, Curt, 1, 36-37

Sakata, Hiromi Lorraine, 21, 90

Sambamoorthy, P., 89

Saussure, Ferdinand de, 25

Saygun, A. Adnan, 101

Scandinavian old-time music, 115

Scanning, defined, 18

Scholarship. See Folk music scholarship

Schuyler, Philip D., 100

Scott, Joe, 79

Semiotics, 7

Serbo-Croatian folk music, 129

Sharp, Cecil: classification of folk music by, 45; folk music research of, 5, 7, 8, 9, 39, 87

Shauqi, defined, 101

Shawnee Indian folk music, 5-6. See also Native American folk music

Singer, Milton, 127

Singing Brakeman. See Rodgers, Jimmie

Singing societies, 65, 113-14. See also German-American folk music; German folk music; Jewish folk music

Situational use of ethnicity, defined, 64-65

Skills, 83, 95

Slovak-American folk music, 135

Slovenian-American folk music, 116

Society for Jewish Folk Song, 118

Southern (U.S.) folk music, 55, 109, 128

Specialization: of folk music, 71, 134; of folk musicians, 59, 80-86, 93-95, 98, 139. See also specific types of specialization

Speech theories of folk music, 4, 7, 8

Spencer, Herbert, 8

Spitzer, John, 74

Sprachinseln, 58-59

Stability of folk music, xviii, 130, 135; and folk musicians, 17-18, 70-72, 73, 77, 86, 95; of oral tradition of folk music, 18, 19, 24, 26-28, 30, 31, 32; of written tradition of folk music, 28

Stafford, William C., 1

Stewart, Belle, 79

Stichic composition, defined, 16

Stimmen der Völker in Liedern (Herder, ed.), xi

Stratification of musical genres, 89-90, 129, 139

“Streets of Laredo” (folk song), 60, 61

Stumpf, Carl, 4

Styles of folk music, 27, 55-57, 60; defined, 4-5, 25

Substitution of folk music, 21-23

Surat, defined, 97

Syncretism, 136

Tagore, Rabindranath, 83

“Take That Night Train to Selma” (folk song), 73

Talents of folk musicians, defined, 81

Tamburitzans, 129

Tappert, Wilhelm, 26

Taqsïm, 101-102

Technology, and folk music, xvii-xviii, 60, 65, 125-26. See also specific types of technology

Temo, barde du Kurdistan (Temo), 104

Tempo giusto, defined, 41. See also Hungarian folk music

Texts of folk music, xviii, 7, 35, 38

Theories of folk music. See specific theories of folk music

Timelessness of folk music, 5, 130

“Tom Sherman’s Barroom” (folk song). See “Streets of Laredo” (folk song)

“Top of Old Smoky” effect, 20-21. See also Consolidation of folk music

Tradition. See Stability of folk music

Traditional music, iv

Tradition in space and tradition in time, 27

Transmission of folk music, xvii-xviii, 12, 130; conservative views of, 18, 71; of oral tradition, 26, 27, 28-31

Tribal societies, defined, 94

Tune families, 36, 37

Tune gestalts, 37-38

Tune histories, 37

Turkish folk music, 46, 101-102

Turner, Victor, 105

Turnvereine, defined, 113

Ubiquitous creativity. See Confabulating

Ukrainian country music, 66

Universality of folk music, xvii, 11-12, 87, 88, 93-94

Upper Midwest (U.S.) folk music, 115-16. See also specific types of Upper Midwest folk music

Urbanization, 124-25; of folk music, xvii-xviii, xix; and pluralism, 127, 129. See also Urban-rural dichotomy in folk music

Urban-rural dichotomy in folk music, 70-71, 126-27; in Afghani folk music, 41-42, 98; characteristics of, 54-55; in Iranian folk music, 41-42; in Turkish folk music, 101-102. See also Rural societies, folk music in; Urbanization

Vansina, Jan, 18

Vaughan Williams, Ralph, 8, 9, 47, 49

Venda folk music, 83

Volksgeist, 6, 9

Volksgesang, defined, 29-30

Volkslied, 9, 29

Volkslieder (Herder, ed.), xi

Volkstümliche Kunstlieder, 48

Wallaschek, Richard, 4

“Wanagi Wacipi Olowan” (Ghost Dance music), 22

Wandering melodies, 26

Wandervogel, 135

Weir, Dorrance, 73

West African folk music, 81, 94

Western folk music, 103. See also specific types of Western folk music

Westernization of folk music, 134

“Where, Oh Where, Did My Little Dog Go?” (popular song), 137, 138

Whisnant, David E., 109

Whoopie John,-116

Wilfahrt, Hans, 116

Wiora, Walter, 49

Wisconsin folk music, 76, 115, 138

Working-class music, xvi, xix

Written tradition of folk music, 12, 14, 28-30, 140. See also Oral tradition of folk music

Yankovich, Frankie, 116

“Yavo adir” (folk song), 62, 63-64

Yodeling, 136-38

Yugoslav folk music, 16, 17, 30

Yuval (biblical figure), 4

Zaslaw, Neal, 74

Zersingen, defined, 20

“Zum Lauterbach hab’ ich mein’ Strumpf verlorn” (folk song), 135-38, 140

Zupfgeigenhansl, 133