INDEX

Aarne’s Type-Index, 110-13, 126.

Absentee landlordism and decline of folk singing, 225

Adaptation of folklore for children, 191

Adulteration of folklore for publication: 165-66; for radio, 167, 170, 171

Agricultural Extension Service, 32

Albums of records, publication of, 325

Amateur collector, instructions to, 64-71, 91

Ambiguity of word “folklore,” 250-64

America, vitality of folklore in, 191; see also Vitality of American folk tradition

American folk dances, see Folk dances

American folk music, vitality of; see Vitality of American folk music

American folklore, regional; see Regional American folklore

American Folklore Society, see Folklore Society

Analysis of collected folklore, necessity of, 131

Anderson, W., 27-28, 32, 58-60, 61-62, 72-73, 83, 95-96, 99, 104, 114-15, 123-25, 127, 133, 165-66, 210, 256-57, 273, 274-75, 277-80, 312

Andersson, O., 114, 115, 131, 209-10, 222, 234-35, 243-44, 312

Anthropology, changing conceptions of, 257-59, 264

Anthropology and folklore, 155-62, 255

Antiquarianism, 186-90, 200

Archetype, 270-80

Archive, in Library of Congress, 20, 21, 96-103

Archive, Norwegian; see Norwegian archive

Archive, Turkish; see Turkish folklore archive

Archive staff, collecting by, 42

Archives, Czech; see Czech archives

Archives, European; see European folklore, archives of

Archives, Hungarian; see Hungarian archives

Archives, Irish; see Irish archives

Archives, Swedish; see Swedish archives

Archives, Venezuelan; see Venezuelan archives

Archiving folklore, 89-154

Arizona: folklore mapping in, 30; folklore revivals in, 238-39

Arizona University, folklore organization in, 51-54

Attitudes toward folklore: scholar’s, 267-68; scientific and commercial, 108

Availability of folklore, see Making folklore available

Ballad indexes, 114, 118

Ballads as entertainment industry, 160

Balys, J., 74-78, 94-98, 144

Bayard, S. P., 103, 167-68

Béaloideas, 3, 10

Beauty: as test for revival of folklore, 228-30, 243; in folklore relative to culture, 230

Beliefs, indexes of, 126

Benefit of people, folklore for; see Folklore for benefit of people

Bibliographies: of folklore, 140; of folklore for schools, 197

Bidney, D., 301-02

Binding notebooks and questionnaires in archives, 94-95, 102

Blasket Islands, 16

Bødker, L., 29, 43, 44, 61, 108-09, 273-74, 275-76, 290-91

Book of the Dun Cow, 2

Books in preparation by collectors, 68-69

Borrowing books from other libraries, 138

Boys or girls as informants, 61

Breadmaking, 182

Breakdown of Irish tradition, 12

British Broadcasting Corporation: 207; as collector of folklore, 56

Broad definitions of folklore, see Definitions of folklore

Broadcasting: 146; use of folklore archives for, 149

Buchan, J., 10

Building-types, 176

Calendar of folklore activities, 229-34, 239, 243

Campbell, Å., 4, 14, 15, 16, 17, 45, 49-50, 68-69, 89-93, 94-95, 96, 104, 105-06, 115-16, 120, 122, 125-26, 132-33, 136, 140, 149-51, 162-63, 174, 182-83, 189-90, 228-30, 232, 234, 262-63

Cartography, 22-34, 45, 48, 132-35; see also Maps and Mapping Catalogues and indexes, mutual relations of, 115

Cataloguing archives, 92, 101

Cecil Sharp House, 203

Central and local archives, relation of, 96-97, 99-100, 102, 103; see also National folklore archive

Chain letters as folklore, 257

Changes in concept of folk museum, 177

Charlatanism, 213

Cherbuliez, A., 50, 143, 145-46, 153, 208-09

Children as collectors, 10, 28, 56-64

Choral arrangement of folk songs, 207, 210, 222

Christiansen, R. Th., 3, 5, 18-19, 20, 29, 30, 47, 96, 116, 117-23, 137-38, 140, 261, 281, 297-98, 317-18, 325-26

CIAP, v, 262

Cinema and sound, see Sound and cinema

Claudel, C., 275-76

Collecting of folklore: 1-88; methods in Pakistan, 79-83; through schools, 211; see also Archive staff

Collection of discs in Sao Paulo, see Sao Paulo

Collectors’ Diaries, see Diaries

Collectors’ Guidebooks; see Guide-books, collectors’

Commercial exploitation of folklore, 106-08

Commercialism in festivals, 245

Competitions in folklore: 178; in song and dance, 202 ; on radio, 150

Composition of oral folklore, communal, 314

Conscious and unconscious traditions, 199

Conservation, Department of, 184

Conservatories of music and folk music, 198

Cooking, traditional, 245, 246

Cooperation among archives, difficulty of, 90

Cooperstown Farmers Museum, 182

Copying recordings in archives, 96, 97

Costume: 178, 208, 210, 227; and dance, 227

Country Dance Society, 203

Courses in folklore, 52-54

Courtship customs, 218

Cross references between legends and beliefs, see Legends and beliefs

Cult of Peko in Estonia; see Estonia, cult of Peko in

Cultural background of folk tale; see Folk tale, cultural background of

Culture, participation in as basis for understanding”, 85-88, 300-304

Currency difficulties in buying folklore books, 139

Curtin, J., 2

Czech archives, 147

Czech folklore, 147

Dances: American folk, 203; and costume, 227; indexing of, 130; revival of in Scandinavia, 242-43 ; technique for recording, 35-41; see also Folk Dance, Folk Dances

Dancing customs, change in Irish, 6

Danielli, M., 41, 55, 56, 71, 207, 264-65, 295, 300

Definitions of folklore: 174, 216, 248-65, 318-23; broad, 174, 250, 251, 255-265; narrow, 174, 250, 254, 255-56

Delargy, S., 2-4, 7-8

Detroit, folklore in, 23

Dialect maps, 34, 45

Diaries, kept by collectors, 6

Dictatorship, cultural, 231-33, 235, 237

Didactic use of folklore in schools, 194-99

Discs, collection of in Sao Paulo ; see Sâo Paulo

Discs : transcription of necessary, 144-45; possible impermanence of, 146

Distribution: maps, 26, 132; studies, 268

Duplicate copies: unwillingness of collectors to make, 97; contrary opinion concerning, 98, 102

Education, Ministry (Department) of for organized folklore collecting, 57

Educational function of folk museums, 178, 181, 186-90

Electric guitar; see Guitar, electric

England, revival of folk music in, 199-208

English: Folk Dance Society, 202; Folk Song Society, 201

English Folk-lore Society, see Folklore Society

Enjambement in oral poetry, 309-11

Envelopes for primary material in archives, 94-96

Epic legends, indexes of, 116, 118

Epic poetry, Yugoslav, 305-311

Erixon, S., 30, 42, 44, 85, 124, 131, 136, 139, 175-81, 188-89, 248-54, 265-66, 290

Esthetic test for revival of folklore, 228-30, 243

Estonia: costumes in, 210; cult of Peko in, 72; folklore mapping in, 27

Ethnic groups, mapping of; see Mapping of ethnic groups

Ethnography, 257

Ethnological museums and folklore, 184

Ethnology and folklore, 251-54

European folklore, archives of, 89

European folklore in America, 183

Exchange of discs and archive material, 140-43

Expeditions for collecting folklore, 42-45

Exploitation of folklore, commercial; see Commercial exploitation of folklore

Federal Writers’ Guide, 26

Festivals: 238-40, 242, 244, 245, 246; of dance, 242

Fiddling, revival of, 243

Field, A., 195, 285

Field and Stream, 33

Filing methods for primary material in archives, 94, 102

Finnish school, 275

Finnish-American songs, 236

Florida folklore, 26-27

Flower, R., 15-16

Folk: Are the educated excluded from? 237; relation of folklorist to, 157-65, 166, 167, 169; see also Performers

Folk art, 180, 183-90, 245-46, 290; see also Historical studies of folk art

Folk composition, group and individual in, 314-318

Folk dance, publicizing of, 201-05

Folk dances: American, 203; indexing of, 130-31; see also Dances and Notation of folk dances

Folk museum and recreation, see Recreation

Folk museums, see Working class interest in

Folk music: indexes of, 120, 127-31; necessity of transcribing disc or tape recordings of, 144-46, 153

Folk plays in Mexico, collecting; see Mexico

Folk singing, as means of achieving communal rapport, 226; see also Absentee landlordism Folk-song collection, see Latvian folk-song collection

Folk songs: of varying value, 221, 222, 228; and popular songs, 241; see also Recurring patterns of, Records of, Use of by musicians

Folk tale: cultural background of, 287, 293-299; desirability of recording, 143-44; in Ireland, 24; indexes of, 110-12, 126; study of, 268, 300, 304

Folk-life research, 175-81, 242, 251-54, 256

Folklore: for benefit of people, 161-62, 164; cautions about use of in schools, 221-22, 232, 240. See also Archiving (folklore), Marginal position of, Pennsylvania Dutch, Professorships of, Reasons for working with, Scholarship in, Slovak, Specialization in, Studying, Texas, Textbooks of, Ugliness in, Urban, Value of, Variation in, Voluntary workers in; and Anthropology, Arizona, Chain letters, Ethnology, History, Individual needs, Journals, Nationalism, Nursery school, Oppressed peoples, Outer Isles of Scotland, Pakistan, Progress, Propaganda, Publishers, Revival, Schools, Scotland, Sociology, Universities, University

Folklore collecting by school children, value of; see School children

Folklore Society, American, 214, 218

Folk-lore Society, English, 55, 264

Folklore Society of Ireland, 10

Folklorists, varieties of, 255

Folklorists and musicologists, see Musicologists

Foreign archives, importance of studying, 90

Foreign groups in America, folklore of, 218

Formulas: beginning and end, 292, 298, 310-12; in music analyses, 312-13; in oral style, 306-311, 314

Functionalist School, 249-50

Gaelic folk-tale tradition, vanishing, 5

Gambling practices, traditional, 246

Games, indexes of, 121

General indexes of customs and beliefs, impracticality of, 120

German folklore in Texas, 32

Gillmor, F., 30-31, 32, 46, 47, 51-54, 54-55, 84, 86-88, 210-12, 238-39

Girls or boys as informants, 61

Grogan, C., 21

Group and individual in folk composition, see Folk Composition

Guidebooks, collectors’: 5, 56, 68, 69, 71, 152 ; in Ireland, 6, 69 ; see also Handbook

Guitar, electric, 236

Guitar playing with folk songs, 162, 164, 172

Gypsies and tinkers in Ireland, see Tinkers and gypsies

Gypsy tales in Sweden, 297

Halpert, H., 33, 42-43, 50-51, 62, 102, 107, 124, 132, 186, 212-14, 239-42, 280, 292, 296-97, 298-99, 300-301, 311, 318-20, 320-21

Handbook, use of in collecting folklore, 5, 56, 68, 69, 71, 152

Hartmann, H., 10

Hearing folk songs as opposed to reading them, 209

Herzog, G., 153-54, 248-327

Hillbillies, 236

Historian as guide in preliminary folklore mapping, 26

Historic-geographic method, 267-272, 276-285, 286-288; see also Modifications of

Historical societies and folklore, 46, 184, 186, 187

Historical studies of folk art, 290

Historical traditions in Norway, 118

History and folklore, 251-54, 274

Homeric poems, 306, 309

Hudson, A., 65-67, 126-27, 131

Humor in folk tales, 301

Hungarian archives, 148

Hyde, D., 2

Ignorance of teachers about available folklore, 217

Illiteracy and folklore, 172

Immigrants to America, folklore among, 74-781

“Improving” of folk songs, 168

Indexes of folklore: 92, 110-131; microfilming of for use with archives, 100; see also Catalogues and indexes

Indexes of folk music, see Folk music

Indexing folk narrative, 110, 132

Indiscriminate revival of folklore, cautions against, 229-230, 238-39; see also Revival

Individual and folk in oral transmission, 287-89, 314-18

Individual needs, folklore as expression of, 230-31, 236, 244

Industry, cooperation of in publishing relevant folklore, 92

Instructions to amateur collector, see Amateur collector

Interference with authentic folklore, opposition to, 224

Interim catalogue of Irish archive, 101

International Folktale Institute (Copenhagen), 108-110

Ireland, English-speaking and Irish-speaking areas in, 24

Ireland, Folklore Society of; see Folklore Society of Ireland

Ireland, folk tale in; see Folk tale in Ireland and Recording of folk tales in

Ireland, music and song in; see Music and song

Ireland, tinkers and gypsies in; see Tinkers and gypsies

Irish Archives: cataloguing of, 101-02; microfilming of, 101; Swedish catalogue used in, 113; work of Irish Folklore Commission in, 3, 43

Irish folklorists trained in Sweden, 4

Irish language, relation of to Irish folklore, 3

Irish tradition, see Breakdown of

Iroquois dancing, 35-39

Isolation of community, favorable or unfavorable for collecting, 47-48

Jackson, G., 18, 116-17

Jagendorf, M., 60-61, 127, 186-87, 195-97, 214-15, 226-27, 237, 245, 292-93, 296

James, T., 23

Japan, folk-life research in, 242; folklore activity in, 219-220

Johnson, A., 58, 84, 85-86, 215-19, 226, 236-37, 245-47, 301

Journal of American Folklore, 257

Journals, small folklore, 136

Karpeles, M., 17-18, 29, 32, 40, 43, 46, 48, 55, 56, 71, 84-85, 86, 89-154, 164-65, 174, 191, 199-208, 227-28, 300, 313, 320

Krader, B., 147-49

Kurath, G., 34, 35-38, 39, 40-42

Kutztown, Pennsylvania, folk festival at, 245

Language, Irish; see Irish language Languages (local) as difficulty for central archive, 98

Latvian folksong collection, 28

Law of self-correction, see Self-correction raction

Legends, indexing: 116, 122, 125; Norwegian, 118-120

Legends and beliefs, cross references between, 120

Length of Irish and Scottish folk tales, 5

Libraries of folklore, 136-41, 146, 147

Library of Congress, 18, 21, 42, 96, 103, 152; see also Archive, in Library of Congress

Library use of folklore, 217

Liljeblad, S., 92, 113, 116, 144-45, 153, 258-59, 283-85, 311-12

Linguistic Atlas, 34, 46

Linguistic boundaries as barriers for folklore, 271

Linguistics, difference from folklore study, 270

Literature, influence of folksongs in, 208

Lithuanian: archives, 94; folklore in America, 74-78

Local: archives, 21, 99; historians, 29

Lomax, A., 19-21, 21-22, 85, 98-99, 142-45, 148, 155-62, 170-72, 188, 206-07, 223-25, 230-32, 235-36, 244, 276, 294-95, 299-300, 304, 314-15, 326-27

Long-playing records, 141-42, 224

Lord, A., 13, 28, 62-63, 96, 103, 116, 137, 140, 169-70, 275, 296, 305-10, 313, 316

Love K., 32, 32-33

MacLean, C., 5, 8

Madagascar, folk dances in, 41

Maestros of folk plays in Mexico, see Mexico

Making folklore available, 155-247

Manual of folklore for use by teachers, 215

Mapping, preliminary, 22-34, 45, 48, 133

Mapping of Ethnic groups, 23

Maps, distribution, 26, 132; see also Cartography

Marginal position of folklore, 265-66

Maruyama, M., 44, 47, 61, 219-20 242, 262, 298

Mechanical recordings of folklore : 6, 14, 15, 145; purpose and methods of preserving in archives, 14; see also Tape recordings, Discs

Medical folklore, 49

Methods of stylistic studies, 302-304

Mexico: collecting folk plays in, 86-88 ; maestros of folk plays in, 87

Microfilming: archives, 96-97, 100, 101; books, 140

Modifications of historic-geographic method, 279

Money payments to singers and storytellers, see Payment

Motif-indexes, 112, 113, 115, 116, 118, 122, 125, 215-16

Motion picture; see Sound and cinema

Mummers in Ireland, 39

Musée de la Parole, 143

Museum techniques, 175

Museums of folklore: 7, 175, 190; in South America, 185, 186; in United States, 182-86

Music and song in Ireland : collecting, 7; indexing of, 120, 127-31

Musick, R., 61, 244-45

Musicologists and folklorists, 121, 128, 129

Myths as validation of culture, 301

Names given to domestic animals, 62

Narrow definitions of folklore, see Definitions of folklore

National folklore archive, arguments for and against, 99-100

National Park Service, 184

Nationalism and folklore, 89-90, 156, 169

Needs, folklore as expression of individual; see Individual needs

Negro spirituals, 223

New folklore in United States, 21

New legends, growth of in Norway, 119

New versions of folksongs, 207

Newspapers: used for collecting folklore, 32-33; for discovering folklore, 74

Northern Museum (Stockholm), 136, 175, 181, 249

Norwegian archive, organization of, 117-123

Notation: of folk dances, 35-41; of folk music, 152

Notebooks for folklore collectors, 6

Note-taking in the field: 36, 291; discretion in, 84; use of shorthand in, 83-85

Nursery school, folklore in, 193

Objectivity in folklore study, 162-74

Obscenity: in folklore, 33; in folk songs, 241; in folk tales, 216

Obstacles to folklore in schools, 195

Official versions: Is folklore killed by? 206, 208

Open-air exhibitions, 176

Oppressed peoples and folklore, 156, 223-24, 221, 236

Oral against written style, 305-11

Oral folklore, see Composition of oral folklore

Oral tale, influence of writing on; see Writing

Oral tradition, stability of; see Stability

Ordnance survey books, value of, 6

Organization: Is it fatal to folklore 208, 213

Organized collecting of folklore, 2; see also Universities and folklore collecting

Original material : Should it be sent out from archives? 95, 100

O’Suilleabhain, S., 2-16, 24, 28-29, 39-40, 43, 49, 63-64, 69-70, 94, 100-102, 113-14, 125, 130, 133-35, 155-247, 259-61, 281-83, 291-92

Outdoor museums, 176

Outer Isles of Scotland, folklore from, 8

Outsider, advantages of as collector, 87

Pakistan: folklore in, 57, 78-83, 225; folk songs in, 225 ; professional folk singers in, 79, 169

Part-time collectors, 9, 17, 19, 54, 91

Past : Are folk museums a false glorification of? 186-90

Patagonia, Arizona, folklore in school at, 210-12

Payment: to folklore collectors, 9, 17-19, 20; to singer or storyteller, 13, 17-19, 20, 79

Peko, cult of in Estonia ; see Estonia

Pennsylvania Dutch folklore, 47, 56, 98, 135

Performers, the folk as, 224

Perversions of folklore, 167-71, 195

Photographing native dances, tabu on, 39

Photographs of folk singers, 13

Piano accompaniment for folk songs, 201, 210

Place-names: 46, 51; archives of as aid to folklorists, 91

Popular songs and folk songs, see Folk songs

Popularization: good and bad, 201; through museums, 7, 175; and scholarship, 205, 210

Press, see Newspapers

Professorships of folklore, 248

Progress and folklore, 222

Propaganda, folklore used for, 220-221, 226

Proprietorship in informants, collector’s, 103-07

Protection of collector’s rights, 103-05

Protest, songs of, 236

Psychologists’ questionnaires on folk vocabulary, fallacy of, 93

Publication of archive material, 324 ; in cheap books, destructive of folklore, 165; rights to, 19, 103

Publishers and folklore, 223-24

Questionnaires: as basis for mapping, 134; limited rights of collector in, 104; use of, 10, 17, 59-60, 63, 68, 69, 134, 150; see also Psychologists’ questionnaires on folk vocabulary

Radio: 146, 151, 159-62, 207, 219; collecting songs by means of, 207;« discovering folklore by means of, 21-22, 33, 56; impact of on folklore collecting, 8; perversions of folklore by, 167, 170, 171, 195; singing habits influenced by, 21-22

Rapport with singers through mutual love of songs, 86

Rearrangement of folk songs, 222

Reasons for working with folklore, 164

Reaver, J., 26-27, 43-44, 97-98, 103-04, 124, 140, 315-16

Recorded folklore, necessity for transcribing, 7, 15-16

Recording machines, importance of in revival of folklore, 21; see also Mechanical recordings, Tape recordings, Discs

Recording of folk tale in Ireland: 2-16; use of notebooks in, 14, 15

Records of folk songs for use in schools, 214

Recreation and the folk museum, 178-90

Recurring patterns in folk songs, 311

Regional American folklore: 216;

styles of in storytelling, 299

Regularization of games, 190

Revival: Is real folklore killed by? 206, 213; of folk customs in folk museums, 180, 186-90; of folk music in England, 199; of folk song (in Finland), 210, (in England) 199-208, (in schools) 225; of folklore, 228-47; see also Esthetic test for revival of folklore

Richmond, W., 34

Rights, protection of collector’s and informant’s, 19, 103-05

Rivet, P., 44

Rousseauism, 232

“Runs” in Irish folk tales, 291

Saint George, 25-26

Saint Martin, legend of in Ireland, 25

São Paulo, collection of discs in, 143

Saygun, A., 84, 108, 128-31, 140-42, 145-46, 166-67, 197-98

Scholar and folklore revival, 232, 236, 239, 243

Scholarship in folklore: history of, 249-50; and popularization, 205; see also Attitudes toward folklore

School children: as collectors, 10, 28, 56-64, 211; valuable in discovery of folklore, 28, 56-64, 72

Schools: folklore in, 93, 191-99, 202-19, 221-22, 232, 240-41; helpful in folklore mapping, 31

Scientific approach related to values, 162-65

Scientific and commercial attitudes toward folklore, see Attitudes toward folklore

Scotland, folklore collecting in, 5, 8

Seeger, C., 99-100, 120-21, 127-30, 146, 151-52, 172-74, 187-88, 208-09, 214, 232-34, 311-12, 314-15

Seeger, R., 191-94, 209, 243

Selecting songs for schools, 241

Selections of material in archives, insufficiency of, 99

Self-correction, law of, 277

Sharp, Cecil, 18, 40, 48, 106, 165, 200-201, 203, 204-05, 228

Shoemaker, A., 47, 56, 98, 99, 100, 121, 132, 135, 245-46

Shorthand recording, see Note-taking in the field

Skansen, 175, 181

Slovak folklore, 147

Social background of folk tale, see Folk tale

Societies, state folklore; see State folklore societies

Sociology, relation of folklore to, 155-62

Songs of protest, see Protest

Sound and cinema: coordination of for recording dance, 39; see also Vans

South America : folklore in, 137 ; folk museums in, 185, 186

Specialization in folklore, 255

Spirituals, Negro; see Negro spirituals

Spring Mill Park, 184

Stability of oral tradition, 277

State folklore collecting, organization of, 52-55

State folklore societies, 184

Statistical studies of folk-tale incidents, 273, 277

Storytellers, influence of famous, 318

Storytelling in schools, 195-96

Studying folklore, 248-305

Style of folk tales: 288-99, 301-04; impossible to study without mechanical recording, 144-45 ; relation of to syntax of language, 289-90

Stylistic studies, accurate recording needed for, 290, 291

Survivals, study of, 253

Sweden, Irish folklorists trained in; see Irish folklorists

Sweden : archives and system of archiving in, 5, 89-97, 260; folk museums in, 175; system of cataloguing in, 92, 113, 260

Swedes in Finland, 234

Switzerland, costume groups in, 208-09

Tabu on photographing native dances, see Photographing native dances

Tale: More international than ballad, 115. See also Folk tale

Tall-tales, indexes of, 126-127

Tape recordings : not playable on all machines, 97 ; possible impermanence of, 100

Teachers: as collectors, 10, 19, 57, 64; giving instruction in folklore to, 64

Teamwork in collecting, 42-45

Techniques : of mapping, 29-30 ; needed in folk dance, 204; for recording folk dances, 35-41

Television, 224

Texas folklore, 32

Textbooks of folklore (for children) : 192-94, 197, 198; faults of, 213

Textiles, 178

Thompson, S., 1-88, 95-97, 103, 106-07, 109-12, 115-16, 136-40, 142-44, 152, 183-86, 220-22, 226, 244, 254-56, 265, 267-72, 274, 293-94, 302-04, 312, 323-25, 327

Tinkers and gypsies in Ireland, 298

Traditions, conscious and unconscious; see Conscious and Unconscious Traditions Training collectors, 17, 49-55, 70, 91

Transcription of folk-music and folklore recordings, necessity of; see Folk Music, Recorded folklore

Trout, A., 33

Trucks, in transportation of recording apparatus; see Vans

Tunes, indexes of, 120, 127-31

Turkish folklore archive, 129

Type-index: 110-17; use of in discovering Irish tales, 4; see also Aarne’s Type Index

Uddin, J., 57, 78-83, 97, 104-05, 107, 168-69, 208, 225-26, 243-44, 272

Ugliness in folklore, 232, 235, 243

United States, see America and American

Universities and folklore collecting, 19, 49-55, 212

University organization of folklore study: 32, 51-54, 265-66; use of students in to discover folklore sources, 32, and as collectors in, 19, 49-55, 56, 102

Urban folklore, 23, 257

Use of folk songs by musicians, 128

Value of folklore, 155-62

Vanishing Gaelic folk-tale tradition; see Gaelic folk-tale tradition

Vans (trucks), in transportation of recording apparatus, 12, 42

Variation: principles of in folklore, 287; in an individual’s narrative style, 290, 291; in styles of different kinds of tales, 291

Venezuelan archives, 95

Vitality: of American folk tradition, 207; of American folk music, 200; see also America, vitality of folklore in

Vocabulary of farmers and workmen, 93

Voegelin, C., 289

Voegelin, E., 257-58, 283, 291, 292, 294, 311

Volkskunde, 249

Voluntary workers in folklore, 12, 64-71, 91

Von Sydow, C., 3

Wells, E., 21, 198-99

Wilson, G., 33

Wood, Ray, 33

Working-class interest in folk museums, 177

Writing, influence of on oral tale, 271

Written form of tale: Is it the earliest form? 275

Yugoslav epic poetry, see Epic poetry