APPENDIX

GUIDE TO SOVIET SOURCES ON THE

DEBATES ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

The following selected list aims to provide a guide to the main Soviet economic sources of the mid-1920’s, during which the problems of economic development were debated in the USSR. The list is not exhaustive, since the amount of secondary material is enormous. In the introductory notes to certain sections I have included also a few basic non-Soviet sources which concern some specific aspect of the Soviet 1920’s and which appear to me indispensable for understanding the subject matter and the period under review.

The following abbreviations are used:

I. GENERAL

1. Bibliographies

Deborin, G.; Sragovich, G.; and Chernin, M. Teoriia i praktika planirovaniia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR 1917-1927 i pervoe polugodie 1928 g. Bibliografiia (Theory and practice of planning of the national economy of the USSR 1917-1927 and first half of 1928. A bibliography). Introduction by A. S. Mendel’son. Moscow-Leningrad, Gosizdat, 1929.

N. T. and A. N. Bibliograficheskii obzor izdanii tsentralnogo statisticheskogo upravleniia Soiuza SSR za 10 let (1918-1928) (Bibliographical survey of the publications of the Central Statistical Office of the USSR for 10 years 1918-1928). Moscow, Central Statistical Office, 1928.

Sikorskii, K. P. and lanovskii, A. S. Alfavitno-predmetnyi i geograficheskii ukazatel’ k osnovnoi literature po piatiletnemu planu narodnogo khoziaistva stroitel’stva SSSR (Alphabetical subject index and geographical survey of the basic literature of the Five-Year Plan of construction of the national economy of the USSR). Moscow, Gossotsekizdat, 1931.

Sragovich, G. “Bibliografiia planovoi literatury” (Bibliography of planning literature) Planovoe khoziaistvo, no. 6, 1929, pp. 281-286; no. 7, 1929, pp. 300-308; no. 8, 1929, pp. 290-298; no. 10, 1929, pp. 285-294; no. 4, 1930, pp. 304-311; no. 6, 1930, pp. 287-296; no. 7-8, 1930, pp. 329-343; no. 9, 1930, pp. 252-264; no. 2-3, 1931, pp. 300-314.

Vaisberg, R. “Bibliograficheskii ukazatel’ literatury po planirovaniiu i regulirovaniiu” (A bibliography of the literature on planning and economic controlling). Planovoe khoziaistvo, no. 3, 1926, pp. 250-286, and no. 4, 1926, pp. 241-261.

2. Official Documents

The stenographic reports of the Xllth to the XVth congresses of the party give the debates in full, including the points of view of the various factions. A large portion of these documents was first published in the party’s organ Pravda. The various volumes concerning the “directives” contain the economic resolutions and decisions of the party leadership.

Dvenadtsatyi s’ezd RKP(b). Stenograficheskii otchet (1923) (The Twelfth Congress of the Russian Communist party. Stenographic report). Moscow, GIZ, 1924.

Trinadtsatyi s’ezd RKP(b). Stenograficheskii otchet (1924) (The Thirteenth Congress of the Russian Communist party. Stenographic report). Moscow, GIZ, 1925.

Chetyrnadtsatyi s’ezd VKP(b). Stenograficheskii otchet (1925) (The Fourteenth Congress of the All-Union Communist party. Stenographic report). Moscow, GIZ, 1926.

Piatnadtsatyi s’ezd VKP(b). Stenograficheskii otchet (1927) (The Fifteenth Congress of the All-Union Communist party. Stenographic report). Moscow, GIZ, 1928.

Malin, V. N., and Korobov, A. V., eds. Direktivy KPSS i sovetskogo pravitel’stva po khoziaistvennym voprosam (Directives of the Communist party of the Soviet Union and of the Soviet government on economic problems). Vol. I, 1917-1928. Moscow, Gospolitizdat, 1957.

Savel’ev, M. Direktivy VKP (b) v oblasti khoziaistvennoi politiki za 10 let, 1917-1927 (Directives of the All-Union Communist party in the domain of economic policy for 10 years, 1917-1927). Moscow, GIZ, 1928.

Vsesoiuznaia Kommunisticheskaia partiia (bol’shevikov) v resoliutsiiakh i resheniiakh s’ezdov, konferentsii iplenumov (All-Union Communist party; resolutions and decisions of Congresses, Conferences, and Plenums). Part I, 1898/1925. Part II, 1925-1939. Moscow, Ogiz-Gospolitizdat, sixth edition, 1941, 1940.

II. PERIODICALS

The main analytical economic studies of the period were published in Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie, Planovoe khoziaistvo, and the Vestniki (Heralds) of the Communist Academy, of the Central Statistical Office, and of the People’s Commissariat of Finance. The editorial boards of the journals listed until the mid-1920’s the names of V. A. Bazarov (Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie) and P. I. Popov (Vestnik statistiki), and included among their usual contributors policy makers and economists of various persuasions. Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie numbered among its usual contributors V. A. Bazarov, V. G. Groman, A. M. Ginzburg, N. P. Oganovskii, P. I. Popov, L. Shanin, S. G. Strumilin, and others. Planovoe khoziaistvo and the Vestnik kommunisticheskoi akademii presented similar lists of contributors, including personalities from the Left and Right, particularly N. I. Bukharin, G. L. Piatakov, E. A. Preobrazhenskii, L. D. Trotsky, as well as V. G. Groman, P. I. Popov, G. M. Krzhizhanovskii, S. G. Strumilin, and J. V. Stalin (for the Vestnik kommunisticheskoi akademii only). Until the late 1920’s, the Vestnik finansov listed among its collaborators a number of “bourgeois professors,” including Professors V. Zheleznov, L. Litoshenko, and L. Iurovskii, as well as L. Shanin, G. Sokol’nikov, and others.

The following is a list of the basic economic periodicals of the mid-1920’s:

Biulleten’ kon’iunkturnogo instituta (Bulletin of the Institute of Economic Conditions). Moscow, 1922-1929. 1922-23, 15 issues (June-December, December-January); 1923-1927, 12 issues per year; 1928, 10 issues (January-October); 1929, 9 issues (January-August). Titles: 1922 nos. 1-2, 4/5 to 1924, Ekonomicheskii biulleten’ (Economic bulletin); 1925-1928 no. 4, Ekonomicheskii biulleten’ kon’iunkturnogo instituta (Economic bulletin of the Institute of Economic Conditions). Supplement: Voprosy kon’iunktury (Questions of economic conditions), 1925-1926.

Bol’shevik (Bolshevik), monthly organ of the Central Committee of the Communist party. Moscow, 1924- .

Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie (Economic survey), monthly journal published by Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’ (Economic life), Moscow, 1923-1930. 1923, 12 issues (issues 1-2, published by Sovet Truda i Oborony (Council of Labor and Defense); 1924, 24 issues; 1925-1929, 12 issues per year; 1930, 3 issues (January-March). It replaced Mesiachnye obzory narodnogo khoziaistva (Monthly surveys of the national economy). In 1930, after issue no. 3, merged with Planovoe khoziaistvo (Planned economy).

Finansy i ekonomika (Finance and economics). Issued monthly by People’s Commissariat of Finance. Moscow, 1922, 2 issues (June-July). Discontinued with no. 2 and replaced, together with Narodnoe khoziaistvo (The national economy), by Sotsialisticheskoe khoziaistvo (Socialist economy).

Izvestiia ekonomicheskogo fakulteta (Leningradskii politekhnicheskii institut im. M. I. Kalinina) (Proceedings of the Faculty of Economics, Leningrad Polytechnical Institute M. I. Kalinin). Leningrad, issue I (25), 1928—Number (25) continued the numbering of the Izvestiia Sankt-Peterburgskogo politekhnicheskogo instituta, Otdelenie nauk ekonomicheskikh i iuridicheskikh (Proceedings of the St. Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, Section of Economic and Juridical Sciences), interrupted in 1915 with volume 24.

Izvestiia Vyshego soveta narodnogo khoziaistva (Proceedings of the Supreme Council of the National Economy). Moscow, 1921-1922. 1921, 19 numbers (July-December); 1922, 11 numbers (January-April).

Na planovom fronte (On the planning front), bi-weekly organ of the presidia of the Gosplans of the USSR and the RSFSR. Moscow-Leningrad, 1929-1931. 1929, 8 numbers (September-December); 1930, 24 numbers.

Narodnoe khoziaistvo (The national economy), monthly issued by Editing and Publishing Section of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the RSFSR, Moscow, 1918-1922. 1918-1919, 12 issues per year; 1920, 16 issues (January-August), 2 unnumbered issues (November-December); 1921,12 issues; 1922, 10 issues. Discontinued with no. 9/10, 1922, and replaced, jointly with Finansy i ekonomika (Finance and economics), by Sotsialisticheskoe khoziaistvo (Socialist economy).

Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR (The national economy of the USSR), statistical and economic annual. Moscow, Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’, 1920-1924. One unnumbered issue for 1920 and the first half of 1921 published in 1921 under title: Narodnoe khoziaistvo (national economy); issues 1-2, 1921, titled Narodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii (The national economy of Russia); issues 3-4 of 1921 published in 1922; issue 2, 1921-1922, published in 1923; issue 3, 1922-1923, published in 1924; issue 4, 1923-1924, published in 1925.

Nashe stroitel’stvo (Our construction), organ of the Gosplan of the USSR and of the Gosplan of the RSFSR. Moscow, 1929-1929, 19 issues; 1930, 24 issues per year.

Planovaia rabota (Planning work), information bulletin of USSR Gosplan. Moscow, 1925-1929.1925, no. 1; 1926-1928, 12 issues per year; 1929, 2 issues. Title 1925-1928 Informatsionnyi biulleten’ Gosplana (Information bulletin of Gosplan).

Planovoe khoziaistvo (Planned economy), political and economic journal of USSR Gosplan. Moscow, 1923 to date. 1923, 12 issues; 1924, 10 issues; 1925-1930, 12 issues per year. In 1930 the journals Ekonomicheskoe obozrenie, Vestnik statistiki, and Statisticheskoe obozrenie were merged with Planovoe khoziaistvo.

Problemy ekonomiki (Problems of economics), monthly journal of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Moscow, 1929-1930. Published from 1929 to 1930 (no. 3) by the Economic Section of the Communist Academy; merged in July 1930 with Sotsialisticheskoe khoziaistvo (Socialist economy).

Puti industrializatsii (The path of industrialization), bimonthly organ of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the National Economy of the USSR. Moscow, 1928-1931. Published by Izvestiia up to 1930; afterward by Za industrializatsiiu.

Puti selskogo khoziaistva (Path of agricultural economy), monthly scientific organ of Commissariat of Agriculture of the RSFSR and the Timiriazev Agricultural Academy. Moscow, 1925-1929. First issue June 1925. Discontinued October 1929.

Sotsialisticheskoe khoziaistvo (Socialist economy), published by the Institute of Economics of the Russian Association of Scientific Research Institutes in the Social Sciences (RANION). Moscow-Leningrad, 1923-1930. 1923, 10 issues (March to November-December); 1924, 5 issues; 1925-1929, 6 issues per year; 1930, 3 issues. Had first replaced Narodnoe khoziaistvo and Finansy i ekonomika; in 1930, after publication of issue no. 3, merged with Problemy ekonomiki. Up to 1927, organ of the Supreme Council of the National Economy and of the People’s Commissariat of Finances.

Trudy Gosplana SSSR (Transactions of the USSR Gosplan). Moscow, 1922-1925. Issues 1-6.

Trudy komissii ekonomicheskikh issledovanii (Transactions of the Commission for Economic Research), published by Editing and Publishing Division of the Supreme Council of the National Economy. Moscow, 1923-1924. 3 issues.

Trudy kon’iunkturnogo instituta (Transactions of the Institute of Economic Conditions). Moscow, 1929-1930. 2 volumes.

Vestnik finansov (Financial herald), monthly journal of financial science and financial statistics. Organ of the People’s Commissariat of Finances of the USSR. Moscow, 1922. First issue March 1922. Temporarily discontinued in 1930.

Vestnik kommunisticheskoi akademii (Herald of the Communist Academy), bimonthly issued by the Academy. Moscow, 1923-. Replaced the Vestnik sotsialisticheskoi akademii (Herald of the Socialist Academy), issued in 4 volumes in 1923, and dated Moscow-Petrograd. Discontinued in 1930.

Vestnik statistiki (Statistical herald), monthly periodical for statistical methodology and practice. Organ of the Central Statistical Administration of the USSR. Moscow, 1919-1930. Temporarily discontinued in 1930.

Voprosy kon’iunktury (Questions of economic conditions). Moscow, Institute of Economic Conditions, vols. 1-4, 1925-1928. In 1925-1926 published as a supplement to Ekonomicheskii biulletin’ kon’iunkturnogo instituta (Economic bulletin of the Institute of Economic Conditions).

Za rabotoi (At work). Economic construction of the USSR and the world economy. Moscow-Leningrad, 1925-1931. 1925, 3 unnumbered issues (January-February, March-April, June-December); 1926-1931, 12 numbers per year.

III. SOURCES ON THE DEBATES

1. On the Economics of the “Transition Period”

a. The Soviet Economy and Its “Laws”

The early positions of the Communist party concerning (a) the nature of the Soviet economy (is it a “commodity-monetary” economy or not) and (b) the economic “laws” applying to it (the law of value, or the so-called planning principle) were expressed in 1920 in the joint work of Bukharin and Preobrazhenskii, The ABC of Communism, and in Bukharin’s Economics of the transition period. The official position, stating that Soviet Russia’s economy was no longer a “commodity-monetary” system and that it had freed itself of the “law of value,” was challenged in the mid-1920’s—during the NEP-first by “bourgeois” economists like Professor Iurovskii, later even by Communists such as Stepanov-Skvortsov. Officially the party continued to adhere, in a rather equivocal way, to its original positions until many decades later. The economic works of the mid-twenties, particularly the important book of Preobrazhenskii (New economics), concerned essentially the ways in which the state-banking complex, in which allegedly the “planning principle” was now reigning, could use, in relation to its surroundings, the “law of value.” The economic textbooks of the late twenties present, usually with little distinction, either some of the positions of the “Right” (e.g., the Aikhenval’d text) or of the Center, against the “bourgeois economists” (e.g., A. Leont’ev’s works) and against the other party factions (e.g., the Lapidus and Ostrovitsianov textbook).

Aikenval’d, A. Y. Sovetskaia ekonomika. Ekonomika i ekonomicheskaia politika SSSR (Soviet economics. The economics and the economic policy of the USSR). Preface by N. I. Bukharin. Moscow-Leningrad, GIZ, 1927.

Borilin, B. “Lenin ob ‘ekonomike perekhodnogo perioda’” (Lenin on the “economics of the transition period”), B, no. 20, October 1929.

Bukharin, N. Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda. Obshchaia teoriia transformatsionnogo protsessa (Economics of the transition period. The general theory of the transformation process). Part I. Moscow, Gosizdat, 1920.

Bukharin, N., and Preobrazhenskii, E. The ABC of Communism (1919). Trans. Eden and Cedar Paul for the Communist Party of Great Britain, London, Unwin Bros., 1922.

Iurovskii, L. N. Denezhnaia politika sovetskoi vlasti (1917-1927) (The currency policy of the Soviet government). Moscow, Finansovoe Izd., 1928.

Lapidus, T., and Ostrovitsianov, K. An Outline of Political Economy. Political Economy and Soviet Economics. New York, International Publishers, 1930. (The original Russian edition was not available to me.)

Lenin, V. I. “Zamechaniia na knigu N. I. Bukharina: ‘Ekonomika perekhodnogo perioda” (Comments on N. I. Bukharin’s book: “Economics of the transition period”), in Bukharin, N. I.; Molotov, V. M.; and Savel’ev’, A. U., eds., Leninskii sbornik (Lenin collection), vol. XI, Moscow, GIZ, 1929.

Leont’ev, A. Sotsialisticheskoe stroitel’stvo i egokritiki (Socialist construction and its critics). Moscow, GIZ, 1928.

Leont’ev, A., and Khmelnitskaia, E. Sovetskaia ekonomika. Opyt teoreticheskogo analiza (The Soviet economy. Attempt at a theoretical analysis). Moscow-Leningrad, Planovoe khoziaistvo. 1926.

Preobrazhenskii, E. A. “Sotsialicheskie i kommunisticheskie predstavleniia o sotsializme” (The Socialist and Communist images of socialism). VKA, no. 12, 1925, part I, pp. 19-75; no. 13, 1925, part II, pp. 3-33.

___. Novaia ekonomika. Opyt teoreticheskogo analiza sovetskogo khoziaistva (New economics. Attempt at a theoretical analysis of the Soviet economy). Vol. I, part I. Second enlarged edition. Moscow, Izd. Komakad, 1926.

Smilga, I. T. Vostanovlenie khoziaistva SSSR i rekonstruktsiia ego proizvoditel’nykh sil (The restoration of the economy of the USSR and the reconstruction of its productive power). Moscow. Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’, 1925.

Stepanov-Skvortsov, I. I. “Chto takoe politicheskaia ekonomiia” (What is political economy?). Discussants: Bukharin, N. I.; Dvolaitskii, Sh. U.; Bogdanov, A. A.; Preobrazhenskii, E. A.; Ossinskii, V.V.; Pokrovskii, M.N.; Marestskii, D.; Kon, A.F.; Kristman, L. N.; Smirnov, V. U., and others. VKA, no. 11, 1925, pp. 257-346.

Trotsky, L. D. K sotsializmu ili k kapitalizmu? Analiz sovetskogo khoziaistva i tendentsii ego razvitiia. (Toward socialism or toward capitalism? Analysis of the Soviet economy and of the tendency of its development). Moscow-Leningrad, Planovoe khoziaistvo, 1925.

b. Macro-economic models

Starting usually from Marx’s schema of simple and enlarged reproduction, the Soviet analyses focus on the network of relations between different industries and different sectors.

Boiarskii, A., and Brand, L. “Problema statistiki tsen i tovarooborota” (The problem of statistics of prices and of commodity turnover). PK, no. 11, 1930, pp. 239-277.

Fal’ker, S. A. “Iz istorii idei narodnokhoziaistvennogo balansa” (From the history of the idea of a national economic balance). PK, no. 10, 1928, pp. 153-174.

Fel’dman, G. A. “K teorii tempov narodnogo dokhoda” (On the theory of growth rates of national income). PK, 1928, no. 11, pp. 146-171; no. 12, pp. 151-181.

Groman, V. G. “Balans narodnogo khoziaistva” (Balance of the national economy). PK, no. 11, 1926, pp. 62-80.

Karmolitov, A. “K voprosu o ravnovesii v ekonomicheskoi sisteme SSSR” (The problem of equilibrium in the economic system of the USSR). B, no. 12, 1928, pp. 11-25.

Litoshenko, L. “Metodika sostavlenniia narodno-khoziaistvennogo balansa” (Methods of constructing a national economic balance) in Balans narodnogo khoziaistva Soiuza SSR 1923/24, Moscow, 1926.

Popov, P. I. “Balans narodnogo khoziaistva 1923/24g.” (Balance of the national economy of the USSR in 1923/24). Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’. March 29, 1925.

Popov, P. I., ed. Balans narodnogo khoziaistva Soiuza SSR 1923/ 24 g. (The balance of the national economy of the USSR 1923/24). Trudy Tsentral’nogo Statisticheskogo Upravleniia (Transactions of the Central Statistical Office), vol. XXIX, Moscow, 1926.

Preobrazhenskii, E. A. “Problema khoziaistvennogo ravnovesiia pri konkretnom kapitalizme i v sovetskoi sisteme” (The problem of economic equilibrium in actual capitalism and in the Soviet system). VKA, nos. 17-18, 1926, pp. 35-76 and no. 22, 1927, pp. 19-71. Articles intended to form a sequel to Novaia ekonomika.

Strumilin, S. G. “ O metodakh postroeniia balansa narodnogo khoziaistva i, v chastnosti, narodnogo dokhoda. Tezisy doklada” (On the methods of constructing the balance of the national economy and in particular of the national income. Theses of a report). Vestnik statistiki, 1927, no. 1, pp. 56-64.

2. On Strategies of Development

The debate on a strategy of development for a backward agricultural country started in Russia long before the Bolshevik revolution. It echoed socio-economic, literary, and even metaphysical preoccupations, vented during long-drawn-out discussions which occurred in that country throughout the second half of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. After the revolution, the debate reached a high intensity during the socalled scissors crisis and grew to its final climax in 1927. In the mid-twenties, two principal policy makers and economists led the debates: Bukharin for the Center and then the “Right,” in favor of a “balanced” agricultural-industrial development; Preobrazhenskii, for the Left, in favor of the “dictatorship of industry” and of heavy industry in particular. Bukharin’s positions up to 1925 are presented in the brochure, Some questions of economic policy; his theoretical attack against the economic positions of the Left is formulated in the Critical remarks on the book of E. Preobrazhenskii; the final form of the Right’s argument is developed in Notes of an economist. Preobrazhenskii’s theses are included in his book, New economics; his critique of Bukharin’s positions of the mid-twenties is presented in the introduction to the second edition of New economics and in an appendix to the same volume; the final form of the theses of the Left is to be found in the so-called Platform of the opposition written in 1927, mostly by Trotsky.

The main sources available in the West on the economic arguments involved in the Soviet discussions are: M. Dobb, Soviet Economic Development since 1917, London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948; E. H. Carr, A History of Soviet Russia. Socialism in One Country. 1924-1926, Vol. I, New York, Macmillan, 1958; and A. Erlich, The Soviet Industrialization Debate. 1924-28. Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1960.

Bukharin, N. I. Nekotorye voprosy ekonomicheskoipolitiki (Some questions of economic policy). Moscow, Izd. TsUP’a VSNKh, 1925. Including “Khoziaistvennyi rost i problema rabochikrest’ianskogo bloka” (“Economic growth and the problem of the worker-peasant bloc”), “Novoe otkrovenie o sovetskoi ekonomike” (“A new revelation about Soviet economics”), “K kritike ekonomicheskoi platformy oppozitsii” (“On the critique of the economic platform of the opposition”).

________. Partiia i oppozitsionnyi blok (The party and the opposition bloc). Leningrad, Priboi, 1926.

________. K voprosu o zakonomernostiakh perioda. Kriticheskie zamechaniia na knigu E. Preobrazhenskogo “Novaia ekonomika” (On the problem of regularities of the period. Critical remarks on the book of E. Preobrazhenskii, “New economics”). Moscow-Leningrad, Pravda, 1926.

________. Zametki ekonomista k nachalu novogo khoziaistvennogo goda (Notes of an economist at the beginning of a new economic year). Moscow-Leningrad, Gosizdat, 1928.

Gukhman, B. A. “Dinamika promyshlennosti Rossii v sviazi s dinamikoi narodnogo khoziaistva” (Dynamics of Russian industry in relation to the dynamics of the national economy) in Kviring, E. I.; Sereda, S. P.; and Ginzburg, A. M., eds., Promyshlennost’ i narodnoe khoziaistvo (Industry and the national economy). Moscow, GIZ, 1927.

Kasharskii, L. “Industrializatsiia khoziaistva i zadachi kredita v SSSR” (The industrialization of the economy and the tasks of credit in the USSR). PK, no. 9, 1928, pp. 127-144.

Katsenelenbaum, Z. S. Industrializatsiia khoziaistva i zadachi kredita v SSSR (The industrialization of the economy and the tasks of credit in the USSR). Moscow-Leningrad, GIZ, 1928.

Lenin, V. I. Ob industrializatsii SSSR (On the industrialization of the USSR). Moscow, GIZ, 1928.

Maretskii, D. “Khoziaistvennaiaplatforma ob’edinennoi oppozitsii” (Economic platform of the united opposition). B, September 1926.

“Platform of the Opposition,” in L. D. Trotsky, The Real Situation in Russia (trans. Max Eastman). New York, Harcourt Brace and Co., 1928.

Preobrazhenskii, E. A. “Ekonomicheskie zametki” (Economic notes). I, Pravda. December 15, 1925; II, B, no. 6, March 30, 1926, pp. 60-69; III, B, no. 15-16, August 30, 1926, pp. 68-83

______________. Novaia ekonomika. Opyt teoreticheskogo analiza sovetskogo khoziaistva (New economics. Attempt at a theoretical analysis of the Soviet economy). Vol. I, part I. Second enlarged edition. Moscow, Izd. Komakad, 1926. Chs. II, III, and annexes.

Shanin, L. “Ekonomicheskaia priroda nashego bestovar’ia” (The economic nature of our commodity shortage) EO, no. 11, 1925, pp. 25-39.

________. “Voprosy ekonumicheskogo kursa” (Questions of the economic course). B, no. 2, January 30, 1926, pp. 65-87.

________. “Problemy proizvoditel’nosti narodnogo khoziaistva” (Problems of the productivity of the national economy). PK, no. 5, 1928, pp. 147-167.

Shaposhnikov, N. N. “Ob osnovnykh printsipakh industrializatsii” (On the basic principles of industrialization). EO, no. 1, 1927, pp. 45-53.

Stalin, J. V. “Industrialization of the country and the grain problem” (1928). Works, Moscow, Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1954, vol. 11, pp. 165-196.

________. “Industrialization of the country and the Right deviation in the CPSU(b)” (1928), Works, cited, vol. 11, pp. 255-304.

________. “Concerning questions of agrarian policy in the USSR” (1929), Works, cited, vol. 12, pp. 148-189.

Strumilin, S. G. Na khoziaistvennom fronte (On the economic front), a collection of articles (1921-25). Moscow-Leningrad, Planovoe khoziaistvo, 1925.

3. On Pace and Efficiency

a. On Pace of Growth

“The question of tempo is”-as Trotsky put it-”decisive in every struggle and all the more so in a struggle on a world scale.” “Time—the decisive factor”-tormented the Leftopposition from the early 1920’s, and the party’s leadership as a whole from the late 1920’s. Those who claimed that the rates of growth of economic output could slacken were liquidated and the party set its eyes on higher and higher goals. Except for Bazarov’s and especially Fel’dman’s articles, the theoretical discussion on the pace of growth yielded, however, relatively meager results. Fel’dman’s articles have been discussed by Professor Evsey D. Do mar in an essay, “A Soviet Model of Growth,” included in his book of Essays in the Theory of Economic Growth (New York, Oxford University Press, 1957).

Bazarov, V. A. Kapitalisticheskie tsikly i vosstanovitel’nyi protsess khoziaistva SSSR (Capitalist cycles and the restoration process of the Soviet economy). Moscow, Biblioteka po Voprosam Teoreticheskoi Ekonomii, 1927.

Boiarskii, A. “O teorii zatukhaiushchego tempa razvitiia sovetskogo khoziaistva” (On the theory of the diminishing growth rates of the Soviet economy). PK, no. 10-11, 1930, pp. 158-163.

Eventov, L. Piatiletnii plan i zadacha “dognat’ i peregnai” kapitalisticheskie strany (The Five-Year Plan and the task of catching up with and surpassing the capitalist countries). Moscow, Moskovskii Rabochii, 1930.

Fel’dman, G. A. “K teorii tempov narodnogo dokhoda” (On the theory of growth rates of the national income). Part II. PK, no. 11, 1928, pp. 151-178.

________. “O limitakh industrializatsii” (On the limits of industrialization). PK, no. 2, 1929, pp. 184-196.

Krasovskii, V. “Novyi variant teorii ‘zatukhaiushchei krivoi.’” (A new variant of the theory of diminishing rates). PI, no. 19, 1930, pp. 27-36.

Kviring, E. I. Ocherki razvitiiapromyshlennosti SSSR 1917-1927 (Outline of the development of the industry of the USSR 1917-1927). Moscow, Gosizdat, 1929.

Leont’ev, A. “Khoziaistvennye perspektivy SSSR v krivom zerkale. Voprosy tempa, natsional’nyi dokhod, razmery nakopleniia i raspredelenie natsional’nogo dokhoda” (The economic perspectives of the USSR in a distorting mirror. Questions of pace, national income, size of accumulation and division of national income). B, no. 1, 1928, pp. 16-26, and no. 2, pp. 31-51.

Mezhlauk, V. “‘Dognat’ i peregnat’. Voprosy tekhnicheskoi revolutsii” (Catching up with and surpassing. Problems of the technical revolution). B, no. 11-12, 1930, pp, 8-15.

Motylev, V. E. Problema tempa razvitiia SSSR (The problem of the pace of development of the USSR). Moscow, Komakad, 1929.

Ragol’skii, M. “O vreditel’skoi teorii planirovania Gromana-Bazarova” (On the Groman-Bazarov subversive theory of planning). PK, no. 10/11, 1930, pp. 59-97.

Sabsovich, L. M. SSSR cherez 15 let. Gipoteza general’nogo plana, kak plana postroeniia sotsializma v SSSR (The USSR in 15 years. Hypothesis of the general plan, as a plan of the construction of socialism in the USSR). Second edition, Moscow, Planovoe khoziaistvo, 1929.

Strumilin, S. G. “K diskussii o piatiletke (Otvet t. Motylevu)” (On the discussion of the Five-Year Plan [reply to comrade Motylev]). B, no. 13-14, 1928, pp. 109-116.

________. “O tempakh nashego razvitiia” (On the growth rates of our development). PK, 1, 1929, pp. 104-116.

Trotsky, L. D. “What Now?” (July 1928) Reprinted in The Third International after Lenin (translated by John G. Wright). Second edition, New York, Pioneer Publishers, 1957.

b. On Capital Allocation

Numerous articles were published in the late 1920’s on the question of “effectiveness” of capital investments. While the planners favored an eclectic approach in this field—as may be seen for instance from the Materials for the Five-Year Plan of Development of Industry, 1927/28-1931/32 (edited by A. M. Ginzburg), as well as from various reports of the members of the Supreme Council of the National Economy—a number of economists, like Gol’dberg, Rozentul, and others sought to unify the various proposed indicators into a single generalized formula.

Abezgauz, G. “Effektivnost’ vlozheniia kapitalov v sovetskom khoziaistve i metody ee ischisleniia” (Effectiveness of capital investments in the Soviet economy and methods of its calculation). PI, no. 18, 1928, pp. 13/26.

Barun, M. “Ob effektivnosti kapital’nogo stroitel’stva promyshlennosti” (On effectiveness of capital construction in industry). PI, no. 3, 1929, pp. 12-26.

Ginsburg, A. M., ed. Materialy po izucheniiu effektivnosti kapitalovlozhenii v promyshlennosti (Materials for the study of effectiveness of capital investments in industry). Moscow, Institut Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskikh Issledovanii of the Supreme Council of the National Economy, 1928.

Gol’dberg, R. “O metodakh ischisleniia effektivnosti kapital’nykh vlozhenii” (Methods of calculating the efficiency of capital investments). PI, no. 11, 1929, pp. 10-24.

Iushkov, L. “Osnovnoi vopros planovoi metodologii. Metody planirovaniia kapital’nykh zatrat po linii maksimal’noi ikh effektivnosti” (The basic question of planning methodology. Methods of planning capital investment and of maximizing its effectiveness). VF, no. 10, October 1928, pp. 26-40.

Kalmanovskii, A. “K voprosy ob izmerenii effektivnosti kapital’nogo stroitel’stva” (On the problem of measuring the effectiveness of capital construction). PK, no. 10, 1928, pp. 28-40.

Koldovskii, A. “Problema effektivnosti kapitalovlozhenii v planovoi literature” (The problem of effectiveness of capital investments in planning literature). PI, no. 16, 1929, pp. 85-89.

Litoshenko, L. “Problema effektivnosti kapital’nykh vlozhenii” (The problem of effectiveness of capital investments). VF, no. 1, 1928, pp. 40-57, and no. 3, pp. 20-40.

Materialy k piatiletnemu planu razvitiia promyshlennosti SSSR, 1927/28-1931/32 gg. (Materials for the Five-Year Plan of development of industry for the years 1927/28-1931/32). Moscow, Gostekhnicheskoe Izd., 1927.

Mitlianskii, Iu. “O kriteriiakh effektivnosti kapital’nogo stroitel’stva” (Criteria of efficiency of capital construction). EO, no. 10, 1928, pp. 101-110.

Rozentul, S. “Formula effektivnosti kapital’nykh vlozhenii” (Formula for efficiency of capital investments). PK, no. 6, 1929, pp. 99-116.

Rozenfel’d, Ia. “Problema ischisleniia effektivnosti kapital’nykh vlozhenii v sovetskoi promyshlennosti” (Problem of calculation of effectiveness of capital investments in Soviet industry). PI, no. 20, 1929, pp. 1-26.

Shaposhnikov, N. N. “Ob osnovykh printsipakh industrializatsii” (On the fundamental principles of industrialization). EO, no. 1, 1927, pp. 42-53.

Smit, M. “K voprosy ob uchete effektivnostikapital’nykh vlozhenii” (On the question of the accounting of the effectiveness of capital investments). Problemy ekonomiki, no. 2, 1930, pp. 10-23.

Strumilin, S. G. “K probleme effektivnosti kapital’nykh zatrat” (On the problem of the effectiveness of capital expenditures). PK, no. 7, 1929, pp. 59-74.

4. On Planning

a. History, Documents, and Related Materials

The step-by-step development of Gosplan’s organization and planning methods during the period under review may be followed through the pages of Gosplan’s Biulletin’ and of its journal Planovoe khoziaistvo. An over-all view of the development of its work may be gained from the following reports of Krzhizhanovskii, its chairman, from Gordon’s and Markovich’s accounts, and finally from Strumilin, one of the main architects of Soviet planning practice.

Gordon, A. S. Sistema planovykh organov SSSR (The system of planning organs of the USSR). Moscow, Komakad, 1929.

Grinko, G. T. The Five-Year Plan of the Soviet Union. New York, International Publishers, 1930.

Kantorovich, V. Ia. Planovoe nachalo v promyshlennosti (Beginnings of planning in industry). Moscow, Izd. VSNKh, 1925.

Kontrol’nye tsifry narodnogo khoziaistva (Control figures of the national economy) for 1925/26, 1926/27, 1927/28, 1928/29, 1929/30. From 1927/28 on, title reads: Control figures of the national economy of the USSR. Published for Gosplan by Planovoe khoziaistvo, Moscow, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1930.

Kontrol’nye tsifry piatiletnego plana narodnogo khoziaistva i sotsialnokul’turnogo stroitel’stva RSFSR, 1928/29-1932/33 gg. (Control figures of the Five-Year Plan of economic and social-cultural construction of the Russian Soviet Republic, 1928/29-1932/33). Vols. I, II. Moscow, Gosplan, 1929.

Kratkii otchet Gosplana (A brief account of Gosplan). Moscow, Gosplan, 1924.

Krzhizhanovskii, G. M. Khoziaistvennye problemy RSFSR i raboty gosudarstvenno-obshcheplanovoi komissii (Gosplan) (The economic problems of the RSFSR and the work of the State General Planning Commission [Gosplan]). Moscow, Gosplan, 1921.

________. “K itogam raboty Gosplana za period s marta 1921 g. do ianvaria 1924 g.” (On the results of the work of Gosplan during the period from March 1921 to January 1924). Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’. no. 86, January 13, 1924.

________ . Khrebtovyi god piatiletki. Kontrol’nye tsifry na 1929/30 g. (The spinal year of the Five-Year Plan. Control figures for 1929/30). Report and concluding remarks at the Second Session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Moscow-Leningrad, GIZ, 1929.

______________. Piatiletnii plan narodnokhoziaistvennogo stroitel’ - stva SSSR (The Five-Year Plan of construction of the national economy of the USSR). Report and concluding remarks at the Fifth Congress of Soviets of the USSR. Moscow, Planovoe khoziaistvo, 1929.

______________; Grin’ko, G. F.; and Kviring, E. I. Osnovnye problemy kontrol’nykh tsifr narodnogo khoziaistva na 1928/29 g. (Basic problems of the control figures of the national economy for 1928/29). Moscow, Gosplan, 1929.

Markovich, M. “Itogi i perspektivy planovoi raboty” (Results and perspectives of planning work). Sotsialisticheskoe khoziaistvo, no. 1, 1924, pp. 188-198.

Piatiletnyi plan narodno-khoziaistvennogo stroitel’ stva SSSR (The Five-Year Plan of economic construction of the USSR). Vols. I, II (parts 1 and 2). Moscow, Planovoe khoziaistvo, 1929.

Strumilin, S. G. “Pervye opyty perspektivnogo planirovaniia” (First experiences with perspective planning). PK, no. 12, 1930, pp. 241-262.

“Vsesoiuznyi s’ezd planovykh rabotnikov” (All-Union congress of planning workers). Reports of Krzhizhanovskii, G. M.; Shub, G. V.; Zeilinger, V. I.; and others. Biulleten’ gosplana, no. 3-4, 1928, pp. 23-40.

b. Theory and Methods

Proposals for a single, all-embracing economic plan were formulated early in 1920; among these proposals Gusev’s pamphlet, advocating the introduction of the most advanced technology in the socialized branches of the economy, exercised a deep influence on Soviet economic thinking. The theoretical debates on planning methodology, which reached their peak in the mid-1920’s, were dominated particularly by V. A. Bazarov, N. D. Kondrat’ev, G. A. Feld’man, and S. G. Strumilin. Until recently the debates continued to be treated derisively in some Soviet economic writings, for example, in the collective work of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Sovetskoe narodnoe khoziaistvo v 1920-25 gg. (The Soviet national economy in 1920-25), Moscow, 1960, pp. 36 ff. Interest in them has now revived as Soviet economists are turning their attention to problems of consistency and optimality in planning. Among the Western works which described or analyzed the planning problems of the period in an illuminating way are: Pollock, F., Die planwirtschaftlichen Versuche in der Sowjetunion 1917-1927 (Economic planning attempts in the Soviet Union 1917-1927), Leipzig, C. L. Hirschfeld, 1929; Kaufman, A., “The Origin of the Political Economy of Socialism,” Soviet Studies, January 1953; Bobrowski, C., Formation du système soviétique de planification, Paris and The Hague, Mouton, 1956.

Bazhanov, B. “Kriticheskie zametki k kontrol’nym tsifram gosplana na 1925/26 g.” (Critical remarks on the control figures of Gosplan for 1925/26). Sotsialisticheskoe khoziaistvo, vol. 6, 1925, pp. 67-107.

Bazarov, V. A. K metodologii perspektivnogo planirovaniia (The methodology of perspective planning). Moscow, Gosplan, 1924.

________. “O metodologii postroeniia perspektivnykh planov” (On the methodology for drafting perspective plans). PK, no. 7, 1926, pp. 7-21.

________. “Ispol’zovanie biudzhetnykh dannykh dlia postroeniia struktury gorodskogo sprosa vperspektive general’nogo plana” (Utilization of budgetary data for establishing the structure of urban demand in the perspective of the general plan). PK, no. 5, 1927, pp. 73-91.

________. “O nashikh khoziaistvennykh perspektivakh iperspektivnykh planakh” (Our economic perspectives and our perspective plans). Sotsialisticheskogo khoziaistva, no. 5, 1927, pp. 31-53.

“Plan v narodnom khoziaistve SSSR” (Planning in the national economy of the USSR). EO, no. 10, 1927, pp. 20-28.

________. “Printsipy postroeniia perspektivnogo plana” (Principles of constructing the perspective plan). PK, no. 2, 1928, pp. 38-64.

Birbraer, M. “K voprosu o metodologii postroeniia ‘perspektivnykh planov’” (On the question of the methodology of formulating “perspective plans”). EO, no. 6, 1927, pp. 85-99; no. 7, 1927, pp. 81-95.

Dzerzhinskii, F. E. Osnovnye voprosy khoziaistvennogo stroitel’stva SSSR (Basic problems of the economic construction of the USSR). Moscow, GIZ, 1928.

Fal’ker, S. A. “Iz istorii idei narodnokhoziaistvennogo balansa” (From the history of the idea of a national economic balance). PK, no. 10, 1928, pp. 153-174.

Fel’dman, G. A. “Analiticheskii metod postroeniia perspektivnykh planov” (The analytical method of constructing perspective plans). PK, no. 12, 1929, pp. 95-127.

Groman, V. G. “O nekotorykh zakonomernostiakh empiricheski obnaruzhivaemykh v nash em narodnom khoziaistve” (On certain regularities empirically observable in our economy). PK, no. 1, 1925, pp. 88-101 and no. 2, 1925, pp. 125-141.

Gusev, S. I. Edinnyi khoziaistvennyi plan (A single economic plan). Khar’kov, 1920.

Kaktyn’, A. Edinnyi khoziaistvennyi plan i edinnyi khoziaistvennyi tsentr (A single economic plan and a single economic center). Moscow, VSNKh, 1920.

Kondrat’ev, N. D. “Kriticheskie zametki o plane razvitiia narodnogo khoziaistva” (Critical remarks on the plan for the development of the national economy). PK, no. 4, 1927, pp. 1-34.

Kovalevskii, N. A. “Metodologiia plana rekonstruktsii narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR” (Methodology of the plan of reconstruction of the national economy of the USSR). PK, no. 4, 1928, pp. 7-45.

________. “K postroeniiu general’nogo plana” (On the construction of the general plan). Discussants: Vaisberg, R. E.; Kon, A.; Ragolskii, M.; Ioffe, P. V.; Mendel’son, L. A.; Rozentul, S.; Eventov, L. Ia.; Koldovskii, I.; Fel’dman, G. A.; and others. PK, no. 3, 1930, pp. 117-210.

Kritsman, L. O edinnom khoziaistvennom plane (On the single economic plan). Moscow, GIZ, 1921.

Krzhizhanovskii, G. M. Tovaroobmen i planovaia rabota (Commodity circulation and planning work). Moscow, Gosplan, 1924.

________. “K diskussii o genplane” (Toward a discussion of the general plan). PK, no. 2, 1930, pp. 7-21; no. 3, 1930, pp. 5-16.

Kviring, E. A. “Problemy general’nogo plana” (Problems of the general plan). PK, no. 4, 1930, pp. 5-25.

Lenin, V. I. “Pis’mo V. I. Lenina Gosplanu ot 16, V, 1921 g.” (Letter of V. I. Lenin to Gosplan dated May 16, 1921), Ekonomicheskaia zhizn’, April 19, 1923.

Makarov, N. “Ia vliaiutsia li ‘kontrol’nye tsifry narodnogo khoziaistva’ kontrol’nymi”(Are the “control figures of the national economy” controlling?). EO, no. 10, 1926, pp. 66-73.

Mendel’son, A. S. “Plan v usloviiakh perekhodnogo perioda” (The plan in the conditions of the transition period). PK, no. 8, 1928, pp. 6-29.

“Metodologiia general’nogo plana (Diskussiia v klube planovykh rabotnikov im. G. M. Krzhizhanovskogo)” (The methodology of the general plan—Discussion at the G. M. Krzhizhanovskii club of planning workers.) Report by N. A. Kovalevskii followed by comments by Maslov, P.; Bazarov, V. A.; Vainshtein, A.; Groman, V. G.; Trakhtenberg, I.; Vaisberg, R. E.; Gukhman, B.; and Gordon, A. S. PK, no. 6, 1928, pp. 134-210.

Miliutin, V. P. “Perspektivy khoziaistvennogo razvitiia SSSR; kontrol’nye tsifry Gosplana” (Perspectives of the economic development of the USSR; the control figures of Gosplan). Discussants: Dvolaitskii, Sh. U.; Preobrazhenskii, E. A.; Piatakov, G. L.; Smilga, I. T.; Strumilin, S. G.; and others). VKA, no. 17, 1926, pp. 181-276.

Mindlin, Z. “Nekotorye voprosy metodologii perspektivnogo planirovaniia” (Some problems of the methodology of perspective planning). EO, no. 2, 1928, pp. 102-112.

Popov, P. I. “Nekotorye voprosy metodologii planirovaniia” (Some problems of the methodology of planning). EO, no. 1, 1928, pp. 57-78.

Sarab’ ianov, V. N. Osnovnye problemy NEPa. Plan. Regulirovanie. Stikhiia. (Basic Problems of NEP. Plan. Controls. Market forces). Moscow-Leningrad, Moskovskii Rabochii, 1926.

Sharov, S. “Tsel’ v plane i zadachi nashego khoziaistva” (The goal of the plan and the tasks of our economy). PK, no. 7, 1926, pp. 59-70.

Smilga, I. Vostanovitel’nyi protsess. Piat’ let Novoi Ekonomicheskoi Politiki Mart 1921-Mart 1926 (The Restoration process. Five years of the NEP, March 1921-March 1926). Articles and speeches. Moscow, Planovoe khoziaistvo, 1927.

Smit, M. “Uchet, statistika i planovost’” (Accounting, statistics and planning). Vestnik statistiki, no. 4, 1928, pp. 15-30.

Strumilin, S. G. “V zashchitu kontrol’nykh tsifr Gosplana” (In defense of the control figures of Gosplan). PK, no. 10, 1925, pp. 7-28.

________. “Na plano vom fronte” (On the planning front). PK, no. 1, 1926, pp. 32-43.

________. “Perspektivnaia orientirovka Gosplana” (The perspective orientational plan of Gosplan). PK, no. 4, 1926, pp. 31-58; no. 5, pp. 30-59

________. “K perspektivnoi piatiletke Gosplana na 1926/27-1930/31 gg.” (On the perspective Five-Year Plan of Gosplan for 1926/27 to 1930/31). PK, no. 3, 1927, pp. 17-54.

________. Industrializatsiia SSR i epigony narodnichestva (Industrialization of the USSR and the epigoni of the populist movement). Moscow-Leningrad, Gosizdat, 1927.

________. Perspektivy razvertyvaniia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR na 1926/27-1930/31 gg. (Perspectives of the development of the national economy of the USSR for 1926/27 to 1930/31). Moscow, USSR Gosplan, 1927.

________. Perspektivnaia orientirovka na 1927/28 i 1931/32 gg. (Perspective orientational plan for 1927/28 to 1931/32). Moscow, Planovoe khoziaistvo, 1928.

________. “Balansovye problemy v kontrol’nykh tsifrakh 1929/30 g.” (Balance problems in the control figures for 1929/30). Na planovom fronte, no. 3, 1929, pp. 13-17.

________. Ocherki sovetskoi ekonomiki. Resursy iperspektivy. (Essays on soviet economics. Resources and perspectives). Second edition, revised and supplemented. Moscow-Leningrad, Gosizdat, 1930.

Vaisberg, R. E. Problemy piatiletnego perspektivnogo plana (Problems of the five-year perspective plan). Moscow, GIZ, 1928.