Index

Page number in italics refer to illustrations.

Abu Ali, 175, 176
Affrêteurs Réunis, Les (shipping company), 159
Afghanistan, 226, 239
“After the Pogroms in Ukraine” (Lestschinsky), 54
agriculture, 38, 61, 64, 137, 224; agricultural training, 37, 138; Zionist ideology and, 153
Agudat Zion, 237, 238, 241
Aharoni, Ben Zion M., 245
Aharonovich, Yosef, 218–19
Ahdut Ha-Avoda, 78, 190
Aleichem, Sholem, 143
Alexander, Topek, 192
Alexandria (Egyt), 85, 222; aliya bureau in, 82, 83; as bottleneck for immigrants, 83–84; information bureau in, 120
Algeria, 226, 227, 239
Al-Hamis, 179
“Al ha-Saf” [On the threshold] (Smilansky), 175
aliya, 78, 131; associated with biblical accounts, 169; immigration distinguished from, 12; meaning of, 11
Aliya, First (1882–1903), 8, 43, 76, 80, 176, 248
Aliya, Second (1904–1914), 8, 72, 76, 224; number of Jewish immigrants during, 248; selective immigration policy and, 114; two senses of, 12
Aliya, Third (1919–1923), 3, 8, 43, 100, 205, 240; fuzzy boundary with Fourth Aliyah, 7; halutzic characterization of, 6, 42, 97, 225; immigrants from Islamic countries, 245, 252; Jews outside labor movement, 224–25; memoirs from, 152; Ruslan (ship) and, 90–91, 92, 166; socioeconomic diversity of immigrants in, 7; two senses of, 12
Aliya, Fourth (1924–1928), 3, 43, 100, 205; fuzzy boundary with Third Aliyah, 7; immigrants from Islamic countries, 245, 252; petty bourgeois characterization of, 6, 43, 73, 225
aliya bureaus, 10, 79, 150, 173, 233, 254; immigrant homes and, 209; Ma’avirim company and, 156; passport control and, 186; in port cities along immigration route, 82
aliya certificates, 10, 152, 184, 233, 238, 252
Aliya Department, 10, 11, 37, 40, 69, 252; aliya bureaus under, 220; care of sick immigrants and, 200, 204; complaints about lost luggage to, 158, 196–97; disembarkation process and, 188–89; halutzim preferred by, 137; Hebrew language instruction and, 216; immigrant homes and, 214; letters of application for immigration sent to, 96; Palestine Offices and, 120; quarantine camps and, 197; Sephardic immigrants and, 239; Yemenite immigrants and, 244. See also Zionist Executive
All-Ukrainian Aid Committee, 48
Altshuler, Morechai, 18
American Jewish Committee, 26
American Jewry, 16–20, 40, 64; connection to Zionism, 39; doctors in Palestine, 210; focus on welfare of Jewish people, 250; money transfers to relatives in Poland, 34, 67, 128; response to pogroms in Ukraine, 113
American Joint Distribution Committee, 57–58
Amr, Mustafa, 198
Andrei, Weiss, 192
antisemitism, 28, 33
“Antishemiut u-Fera’ot” [Antisemitism and pogroms] (Schechtman), 53–54, 57
Arabic language, 85, 134, 221, 227
Arab riots (1921), 83, 212, 241
Arabs, 193, 211, 216, 221; attack on Jewish immigrant homes, 209–10; boatmen, 14, 174, 175–79, 176, 180, 181–82; exiles, 84–85, 86; opposition to Zionist immigration, 177–78; police, 187, 188, 197, 198
Argentina, 15, 20, 36, 67, 85, 134; Baron Hirsch’s colonies in, 85; immigration from Poland, 66; number of Jewish migrants (1920–1929), 20; US quota law and immigration to, 21
Arlosoroff, Chaim, 225
Armenians, pogroms carried out by, 9, 229, 233, 245
Ashkenazi Jews, 222, 240
Asia, immigrants from, 225
Association of Yemenites, 242
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 138
Australia, 15, 38
Austria, 18
Austro-Hungarian empire, 7, 16, 72, 74
Autoemancipation (Pinsker), 7
Azaryahu, Maoz, 153, 154
AZMU (American Zionist Medical Unit), 210

Baghdad, 120, 226, 245; aliya bureau in, 236, 252; migration routes from, 234, 235; opposition to Westernization of Jewish community of, 234–35
Balfour Declaration, 8, 71, 74, 118, 253; immigration spurred by news of, 230, 236, 240; Palestinian Arab concerns about, 178; return of Arab exiles and, 84; Zionist awakening in Mahgreb and, 228
Barga (ship), 196
Barlas, Chaim, 10
Battalion for the Defence of the Language, 216, 217, 218
Beilis trial, 42
Beirut, 81, 83, 85, 86, 90; aliya bureau in, 82; immigrants smuggled into Palestine through, 188; information bureau in, 120
Beiteli, Y., 196, 237–38
Beit Hechalutz (boarding house), 208, 209–10
Beit Kandinof (boarding house), 208
Beit Roch (boarding house), 208
Beit Salant (boarding house), 208
Beit Zariffa (boarding house), 208
Be-Meruts Kaful Neged ha-Zeman [Dual race against time] (Halamish), 8, 13
Ben-Agajan, Shlomo, 231
Ben Artzi (children’s newspaper), 176
Ben-Avi, Itamar, 92, 111, 249–50
Ben-Avram, Baruch, 8, 225
Ben-Eliahu, Ezra, 230
Benficiente (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil), 36
Ben-Yitzhak, Siman Tov, 232
Berman, Yardeni, 62
Bessarabia, 5, 44, 56, 63, 134
Betar, 71
Bialik, Chaim Nachman, 8
Bi-Tela’ot Teiman vi-Yerushalayim [The tribulations of Yemen and Jerusalem] (Habara), 242–43
Blauweiss, 71
Bluwstein, Rachel, 88
Bolsheviks, 19, 43, 46, 251. See also Russia, Bolshevik
Brazil, 20, 36, 85; immigration from Poland, 66; number of Jewish migrants (1920–1929), 20; U.S. quota law and immigration to, 21
bribery, of immigration officials, 187, 188
British Mandate, 9, 14, 42, 57, 248; efforts to keep Communists out of Palestine, 189–90; Health Ministry, 184, 193, 201; immigration “certificates,” 9, 97, 122; Immigration Ordinance, 198, 204; immigration policies of, 7, 11, 37, 39, 76, 93–97, 138; passport control and, 183; quarantine camps and, 197–98; Quarantine Ordinance, 193; recordkeeping under, 77; tension with Zionist immigration workers, 183, 185, 186
Brit Shalom, 176
Brusilov, town of, 56
Brutzkus, Dr. Julius, 33
Brzeski, Ya’akov, 185
Buda, Ahmed, 179, 182, 188
Bulanovka, town of, 56
Bulgaria, 44, 134
bureaucracy, 119, 139–40, 141, 142–44, 173, 174

Campigoglio (ship), 179
Canada, 15, 66, 134; number of Jewish migrants (1920–1929), 20; obstacles for immigrants to, 32; US quota law and immigration to, 21
cargo handling procedures, 77
Carinthia (ship), 90–91
Carnaro (ship), 192
Carniolia (ship), 164, 171
Carr, Wilbur, 28
Castle Garden (New York), immigration processing center at, 78
Center for Skilled Tradesmen, 78
Central Bureau of Immigrant Affairs, 81
Central Zionist Archives (Jerusalem), 13, 201
Central Zionist Office (London), 77
Cheka (Soviet secret police), 62, 63
Chernobelsky, David, 53
China, migration route through, 15, 19
Chinese Exclusion Act (US, 1882), 25, 26
Churchill, Winston, 177
civil war, Russian, 58
civil war, Ukrainian (1917–1920), 3, 6, 49; factions involved in, 47; Jewish death toll in, 7, 9, 16, 46, 74, 115, 248; as a main cause of Jewish immigration, 43; Palestine immigration linked to, 8; refugees from, 14, 88, 106, 134, 244–45; Ruslan emigants and, 88, 89; treated as incidental in Zionist historiography, 8, 108. See also pogroms, in Ukraine
Cleveland, Grover, 26
Cohen, Albert, 238
Cohen, Rosa “Red Rosa,” 88–89
Cohen Azour, Rabbi Pinhas Halifa, 237
Cohen-Hattab, Kobi, 154
Communists, 189–90, 217
Constanţa, 4, 148, 159
Constantinople, 4, 5, 100, 228; aliya bureau in, 150; information bureau in, 120; Jewish refugees in, 56; Palestine Office in, 44, 122, 134–39
Cossacks, 46, 51, 52
Creation of the German-Jewish Diaspora, The (Lavsky), 13
Crimea, 44, 60–61, 100, 134, 150

Dacia (ship), 170, 171
Davidovitch, Nadav, 107, 147
Denikin, General Anton, 42, 47, 48, 49, 54, 233
“Derekh La’avor Golim” [The path of exiles] (Lilienblum), 80
Deutsche Orient-Linie (shipping company), 159
Diaspora, 38, 70, 75, 105
Dijour, Ilya, 33
Dillingham, Senator William, 26, 27
Dillingham Commission, 26–27
Dinstein, Esther, 51
disease epidemics, 56, 57, 197–98
Dizengoff, Meir, 111, 212
Doar Hayom (newspaper), 56, 92, 111, 213, 249–50; on HICEM, 37, 38; on immigrant homes, 219–20
Dobkin, Eliyahu, 72, 243
Dror Federation, 71
Druyanov, Alter, 52
Dubova, pogrom in, 51, 56
Dzyunkov, town of, 56

Eder, David, 190
Efter, Ya’akov, 209
Egypt, 86, 90, 95, 120, 226, 227
Eid, Dr. Kamil, 191, 195
Ekonomishe Lage fun Yidn in Poyln, Di [The economic situation of Polish Jewry] (Lestschinsky), 68
Ellis Island, 17, 28, 77–78, 189; medical examinations at, 144; as model for Palestine immigration, 78, 210, 221
Emergency Quota Act [“Johnson Act”] (US, 1921), 28
Emigdirect, 33, 34, 35, 40
England, German-Jewish immigration to, 13
English language, 17, 187
Eretz Yisrael bi-Shnat Tarpag [Palestine in 1922/23] (Dinur), 44
Erez, Yehuda, 8, 224, 225
Erlich, Michael, 78
Europe, eastern, 15, 18, 42, 58, 104; pogroms in, 115; Third and Fourth Aliyas identified with, 252
Ezra association (São Paulo, Brazil), 36

Fabre Line (shipping company), 159, 164
Fano, Giuseppe, 10
Faraynigten Komitet far Yidishe Oysvanderung (United Jewish Emigration Committee). See Emigdirect
Feigenbaum, Dr. Dorian, 202
Finkelstein, Rabbi Avraham Yitzhak, 18
Fishman, Rabbi Yehuda Leib, 170–71
“folk pioneers,” 116, 253
Foreign Office, British, 95
Forward, The (American Jewish newspaper), 54
Frankel, Jonathan, 18
French language, 89

Galaţi, 4, 123
Galicia, 18, 70, 72, 73, 123
Galicia (ship), 90–91, 178
Galili, Ziva, 260n53
Garland, Libby, 31
Gartenberg, Michael, 158
General Conference of Yemenites in Palestine, 244
General Federation of Jewish Labour, 154, 208, 217, 218, 227
geopolitics, 7, 16, 33
Gergel, Nahum, 48
Germanovka, town of, 56
Gianicolo (ship), 164, 171
Glueckson, Moshe, 88
Gluska, Zecharia, 244–45
Goldin-Zehavi, Moshe, 89
Goloboti, Nota, 158
Gordon, Joshua, 10, 11, 139, 183; on assistance to arrived immigrants, 222; on causes of Jewish emigration from Poland, 69–70; on deportation of refused immigrants, 204; on immigrant homes, 211, 216; on immigration as uncontrollable phenomenon, 74–75; on officials’ hostile questioning of immigrants, 189; on screening out of Bolsheviks, 190; on sick immigrants, 205–7; on Zionism and Polish Jewry, 70–71
Gorenstein, Lillian, 30
GPU (Soviet secret police), 63
Grazovsky, Rachel, 78
Grigoriev, Nikifor, 47
Gross, Nachum, 7
Gurevich, David, 86
Gustav, Rosa, 192

Haaretz (newspaper), 234
Habara, Yosef Shalom, 242–43
Hachamovich, David, 89
Hadassah, 198, 210, 212, 216
Haifa, city of, 4, 11; Arab national movement in, 178; Bat Galim neighborhood, 213, 214; disembarkation of immigrants in, 177; Hadar Hacarmel neighborhood, 213; immigrant homes in, 14, 174, 208, 215; information bureau in, 120; quarantine camp in, 195, 197–99
Haifa aliya bureau, 10, 129, 138, 155, 191, 203, 251; building in Haifa port, 206; establishment of, 79; Sephardic immigrants and, 226; statistics on immigrants, 86; Zionist immigration policy and, 220
Hakham Bashi (chief rabbi of Ottoman region), 188, 232
Halamish, Aviva, 8, 9, 13, 94, 256n14
halutzim, 3, 6, 8, 38, 72, 87; aboard the Ruslan, 88; agricultural training for, 138; Constantinople Palestine Office and, 134; dichotomy with bourgeois immigrants, 43; disappointment among, 240; forged travel documents and, 186–87; Hapoel Hatzair assistance to, 125; immigrant homes for, 208; Ruslan passengers, 165; selective immigration policy in favor of, 108, 114, 116; sick, 205; similarities with Yemenites, 243–44; Trieste Palestine Office and, 126; voyage by ship to Palestine, 165; Warsaw Palestine Office and, 133; youth movements and, 43, 73–74
Ha-Mahpekha ha-Yamit [Maritime revolution] (Cohen-Hattab), 154
Hanikhei Herzliya, 78
Hapoel Hatzair, 78, 100, 102, 107; agricultural committee, 209; aliya committee to assist halutzim, 125; Arab boatmen and, 182; unsanitary conditions in aliya bureau camp, 211
Hapoel Hatzair (newspaper), 87, 92, 136, 218
Harbin, China, 19
Harding, Warren, 27
haredi community, 216–17
Ha-Shavim be-Dim’a (Margalit), 13
Hashomer Hatzair, 71, 72–73, 225
Ha-Tsefira (journal), 32
Haycraft Commission, 190
Ha-Yehudim be-Rusya ha-Sovietit [The Jews in Soviet Russia] (Lestschinsky), 61–62
Hebrew language, 11, 54, 71, 89, 171, 231; courses in, 37, 216, 218; deemed reactionary in Bolshevik Russia, 62, 260n53; Sephardic immigrants and, 238
Hechalutz movement, 71, 72, 123–24, 133, 137, 224, 243
“He-Halutz ha-Katan” (The little pioneer), 143
Heifetz, Elias, 48
Herzl, Theodor, 105, 113, 114
Herzliya Gymnasium, 5
HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society), 17–20, 25, 35, 39; American Jews’ money transfers to relatives in Poland through, 34; Jewish immigration to South America and, 39–40; representative on Ellis Island, 189; US immigration laws and, 33; Warsaw office of, 30, 36; Warsaw Palestine Office and, 128
Hibbat Zion movement, 8, 120
HICEM (Hias-ICa-EMigdirect), 35–36, 37, 38
Hirsch, Baron, colonies of, 36, 85, 186–87
historiography, Zionist, 8, 11, 73, 88, 108, 119, 254; halutzic character of Third Aliya, 6, 42, 97, 225; on two waves of immigration, 6, 42–43, 76
Holocaust, 3, 48, 248
Horwitz, Zelig, 60–61
Hovevei Zion, 80
Howe, Irvving, 26
Hungary, 123

ICA (Jewish Colonization Association), 33, 37, 39, 137; information bureau in St. Petersburg, 120; Mesila Hadasha (“new track”) colony, 137; migration publication of, 35; regulation of Palestine immigration and, 78
Idishe Emigratsie, Di (migration newspaper), 34
Immigration Act (US, 1882), 26
Immigration Act [“Johnson-Reed Act”] (US, 1924), 28, 31
Immigration Problems in Palestine (Gordon), 69
Iran, 6, 9, 134, 226, 227, 228, 236, 239. See also Uremiyeh
Iraq, 6, 9, 226, 227, 228, 236, 246
Israel, State of, 80, 252
Italian immigrants, to United States, 26, 28
Iyunim ba-Aliya ha-Shelishit: Dimui u-Metsiut [Studies in the Third Aliyah: image and reality] (Ben-Avram and Near), 8, 225

Jaber, Sa’id, 181
Jaffa, city of, 4, 11, 85; aliya bureau in, 10, 79, 138, 155, 181, 220, 251; Central Bureau of Immigrant Affairs in, 81; disembarkation of immigrants in, 177, 180, 181; immigrant homes in, 14, 174, 208, 208, 209, 216; information bureau in, 120; Jewish and non-Jewish immigration through, 87; quarantine camp in, 195; riots by Arab demonstrators (1921), 181, 241; Ruslan immigrants in, 88, 89, 93, 263n45
Japan, migration route through, 15, 19
JDC (Joint Distribution Committee), 133, 136
Jerusalem, city of, 4, 10; immigrant homes in, 14, 174; Rehavia neighborhood, 5
Jerusalem aliya bureau, 10, 13, 79, 86, 148, 157, 251; immigrants’ complaints sent to, 167, 168; Jewish immigrants from Islamic countries and, 227, 236; sick immigrants and, 203
Jewish Agency, 13, 139
Jewish immigrants, 7, 11; Arab boatmen and, 14, 175–79, 176, 180, 181–82; countries of origin, 44, 45; immigration societies founded by, 17; motivations of, 43; olim distinguished from immigrants, 12, 74; Palestine as main destination, 74; “persons of means” category, 39, 95, 96, 132; refused immigrants, 185, 189, 191–93, 201, 251; social composition in 1920s, 20, 21–24, 22–25; to South America, 36, 39. See also halutzim; olim; Palestine immigration; United States, Jewish immigration to
Jewish immigration societies, 32–36, 40–41. See also HIAS; ICA
Jewish National Council, 60, 117, 225, 242, 244
Jewish National Fund, 142
Johnson, Representative Albert, 27, 28

Kalb, Dr. J., 136
Katvan, Eyal, 107, 147, 193
Katznelson, Chaim, 165–66, 169
Kaufman, Rachel, 209–10
Kefar Giladi, 4, 5
Keller, Yisrael, 158
Keren Hayesod, 217
Kerensky. Alexander, 46
Kesselman, R. D., 245
ketuba (official marriage certificate), 143
Khedival Mail Line (shipping company), 159
Khodorkov shtetl, pogrom in (1919), 2, 3–4, 50, 55
Khokhlinets (ship), 100, 101
kibbutzim, 6, 8
Kiev: A Poem (Orland), 4–5
Kiev Governorate, 3, 48, 49, 51, 255n4
Kisch, Colonel Frederick (British army), 196, 244
Kishinev (Bessarabia, Russian Empire): aliya bureau in, 150; emigration bank in, 35; pogrom (1903), 4, 8, 43, 114
Kitchener, General Herbert, 105–6
Klausner, Dr. Joseph, 88, 93
Kopper, Yechezkel, 62
kosher food, 122, 126, 169, 170–71
Kranker, Aharon, 185
Kreinin, Myron, 33
Kuntres (newspaper), 54
Kurdistan, 227, 229, 231, 236, 241

Labor Battalion, 6, 8, 224
Lamdan, Isaac, 125, 247–48
landsmanshaftn associations, 36
Lansky, Dr. Mordechai, 147–48
Latvia, Hechalutz movement in, 72
Latzky-Bertholdi, Ze’ev, 33, 65, 66
Lavsky, Hagit, 13, 103
Lebanon, 226, 227
Lederman, Chaim, 159
Leibowitz, Ze’ev, 10
Leifer, Lazer, 185
Lenin, Vladimir, 58, 61, 253
Lestschinsky, Jacob, 33, 54, 61, 68–69
Levi, Yosef, 236, 237
Levin, Ida, 196
Levitt, Celis, 17–18
Lewkowicz, Wolf, 25, 67–68
Lewkowicz family, 67, 69
Libya, 226, 227
Lilienblum, Moshe Leib, 80
Lipschitz, Rabbi Abraham Halevi, 18
Lissak, Moshe, 8
Lithuania, 44, 72
Livneh (Lieberman), Zvi, 182, 186, 187–88, 219; as member of Second Aliya, 225; on members of Third Aliya, 224
Lloyd Royal Belge (shipping company), 159
Lloyd Triestino (shipping company), 132, 155, 159, 161; kosher kitchens aboard ships, 170; letters of complaint to Palestine Offices, 162–63; Zionist Executive contract with (1921), 164
Lufban, Yitzhak, 87–88

Ma’avirim (Jewish Company for Travel and Cargo Transport to Palestine), 128, 155–56, 167, 168
Maghreb (North Africa), immigration to Palestine from, 9, 14, 225, 226, 236–41, 252
Mapas (Communist group), 190
Margalit, Meir, 13, 103
Marshall, Louis, 26, 155
“Masada” (Lamdan, 1927), 247–48
Mavo le-Toldot Tenu’at ha-’Avoda ha-Yisre’elit [Introduction to the history of the labour movement in Israel] (Slutsky), 12
medical examinations, 14, 77, 119, 144–52, 202; by British doctors, 161; categories of prospective immigrants, 145–46; disinfection and, 194; at Palestine Offices, 122, 144, 250; Zionist medical policy and, 107
Megilat ha-Tevah [Scroll of slaughter] (Rosenthal), 48, 50–51, 255n2, 259n22
mehager (general term for immigrant), 119
Meirowitz, Menashe, 78
Meisel, Chana, 239
Mesila Hadasha (“new track”) colony, 137
Mesopotamian Zionist Association (Zionist Office in Baghdad), 231, 232
Messageries Maritimes (shipping company), 159
Metzer, Jacob, 97, 98
Mi-Bayit Leumi li-Medina ba-Derekh [From national home to a state in the making] (Halamish), 9
Midrashi, Ya’akov, 153
Migdal, 4
“Migration Crisis, The” (article in Ha-Tsefira), 32
migration routes, 16; from Baghdad, 234, 235; from Europe, 172; from Odessa, 165; through China and Japan, 15, 19; during World War I, 15; from Yemen, 242–43, 243
migration societies, 16
Mizrachi Jews, 169, 170–71
Mizrachi labor bureau, 156
Morocco, 226, 227, 239
Morris, Major, 57–58
moshavim, 6, 8
Moshavot Yehuda, 78
Mossek, Moshe, 12–13, 94, 262n34
Motzkin, Leo, 33, 259n22

Na’im, Aziz Ala, 231, 232
Nasrat, Ismain, 176, 178, 179
National Archives of the United Kingdom (London), 14
National Greek Line (shipping comapny), 159
Near, Henry, 8, 225
New York, 17, 78, 154; East Side, 75; Palestine Office in, 120, 121; Statue of Liberty, 27. See also Ellis Island
Nicholas II, Czar, 46
Nissenbaum, Dr. Baruch, 89
Nordau, Max, 110–11, 117

October Revolution (1917), 43, 74
Odessa, port city of, 89, 120, 151, 228; migration route Palestine from, 165; pogrom (1905), 43
olim (ideological immigrants), 11, 12, 43, 171; from Congress Poland, 73; Constantinople Palestine Office and, 134; disembarkation in Palestine, 162; mehager distinguished from, 119; preference given to, 80, 104; Ruslan passengers, 263n45; voyage by ship to Palestine, 165
Orland, Eliezer and Batya, 5
Orland, Ya’akov, 4–6, 56, 247
Orumiyeh. See Urimeyeh
Ottoman empire, 77, 89; army of, 15; Ottoman officials, 174, 189; in World War I, 228
Oved, Am, 8

Pale of Settlement, 7, 8, 42, 115, 120, 159
Palestine: British conquest of, 71, 74, 76, 193; British promise to establish Jewish home in, 8; Jewish-Arab relations in, 182; as land of refuge, 111; as new preferred destination for Jewish immigrants, 16
Palestine immigration, 15, 35; from Asia and Africa (1919–1931), 226–28; cost of immigration, 150–52; countries of origin for, 44, 45; disembarkation procedure, 81–82, 175, 177; distribution by age and sex, 99; divided into two waves by Zionist historiography, 6, 42–43, 76, 248–49; first steps in regulation of, 77–84, 108; German-Jewish, 13; Hashomer Hatzair members, 73; historical context of, 3; immigrant homes, 14, 174, 207–23, 214, 215, 254; migration routes from Europe, 172; during military regime period (1919–June 1920), 84–88, 262n34; non-Jewish immigration, 84, 85, 86, 87; number of Jewish migrants (1920–1929), 20; period of free and unrestricted immigration, 93, 108, 249n2; physically and mentally ill immigrants, 200–207; “pilgrims,” 123; pogroms in Ukraine as constitutive event for, 9; from Poland, 66; poor and disabled immigrants, 81; resumption after World War I, 117, 120, 171, 224; as uncontrollable phenomenon, 74–75; U.S. quota laws and, 21, 42, 57, 137; volume and social compostition of, 97–102, 98–99, 101; voyage by ship to Palestine, 152–73, 161, 162, 172
Palestine Immigration Policy under Sir Herbert Samuel (Mossek), 12–13, 94
Palestine Offices, 10, 13, 14, 70, 173, 250, 254; in Baghdad, 232–33; bureaucracy of, 140; in Constantinople, 44; geographical distribution of, 120–22, 121; immigration costs and, 151; immigration policy implemented by, 171; in Iraq, 246; Jewish immigration societies and, 38–39; large number of immigration applicants at, 107; in the Maghreb, 246; medical examinations and, 147, 202; selective immigration policy and, 117–18; in Vienna, 122–25, 148, 151–52, 156, 186–87; Zionist Executive and, 32, 37, 97
Paris peace conference (1919), 105
passports, 32, 121, 174; false/forged, 31, 186–87, 192; passport control at Palestine shore, 182–93, 184, 251; Polish, 142
Pearlmutter, Zissel Malcah, headstone of, 59
Pecker, Dr. Meir, 148
Persian Jews, 222
Petah Tikva, 78
Petliura, Symon, 42, 47, 48, 54, 233, 255n1
Picard, Avi, 12
Pick, Hermann, 10, 38, 189, 204, 220, 244
Pines, Dan, 63
Pinsker, Leon, 7
Pirkei ha-Aliya ha-Shelishit [Chapters of the Third Aliya] (Livneh), 224
Plumer, Herbert, 199
Poalei Zion, 78
“Pogromen in Ukrayne in di Yarn 1918–1921, Di” [The pogroms in Ukraine in 1918–1921] (Gergel), 48
pogroms, in Ukraine, 8, 9, 14, 42, 247; age of victims, 49; bloodbath of civil war compared with, 43, 47; as mini-Holocaust, 112; number of murdered victims, 48–49, 49; pogroms in Orumiyeh compared to, 235; Red Cross report on, 48; refugees from, 56, 100, 107; scale of rape in, 52; survivors among Ruslan passengers, 165; as test for Zionist movement, 114; various civil war factions as perpetrators of, 47, 49. See also civil war, Ukrainian
Poland, 6, 25, 44, 56, 64–71, 123; Congress Poland (Russian Empire), 70, 72, 73; discrimination against Jews in, 65–66; economic hardship in, 14, 43, 64–65; emigration from, 66, 131; Hashomer Hatzair in, 72–73; Hechalutz movement in, 72; Lithuanian, 70; Suwałki Governorate, 17, 18
Polish Jewry, 3, 7, 43, 64, 68, 70, 253
Polish language, 66, 72
Port Said (Egypt), 90, 222; aliya bureau in, 82
Presas, Sara, immigrant certificate of, 141
Prinkipo (ship), 201
Proskurov, pogrom in (1919), 52
Provisional Committee for the Jews of Palestine, 77, 78, 84, 102–3
Provisional Government, in Russia, 46, 47
push factors, in countries of origin and, 14, 70, 76; insignificance in Maghreb, 246; intensification of, 40, 63; out-of-control immigration and, 74; periodization of Palestine immigration and, 43, 249; pull factors of Palestine and, 73; Zionist immigration policy and, 253
Pyatigory, town of, 56

quarantine camps, 14, 177, 184, 185, 191, 193–207, 251; conditions in, 200; in Haifa, 195, 197–99; in Jaffa, 195; in Vienna, 122, 128

rape, during pogroms, 3, 46, 51, 52–54, 107, 209, 253
refugees, 3, 6, 11, 40, 74; halutzim preferred over, 114; as main source of Palestine immigration in 1920s, 58; mortality among, 56–57; Palestine Offices and, 123; Ruslan passengers as, 92; from Ukrainian pogroms, 56, 100, 107; during World War I, 18
Reisfeld, Esther, 31
Reshumot (journal), 52, 53
Ribak, Meir, 4
Ridnik, Chaim, 181, 263n45
Rino, Ahmed, 178, 179
Rishon Lezion, 78
Romania, 28, 44, 72, 132, 134
Romania (ship), 159
Rosenbaum, Shmuel, 197
Rosenthal, Eliezer David, 48, 50–51, 255n4
Rozin, David, 62
Rubinow, Dr. Isaac Max, 210
Rubinstein, Leib, 17
Ruppin, Arthur, 80, 104, 114–15, 209
Ruslan (ship), 86, 88–93, 88, 101, 102, 104, 263n45; comparison with other immigrants by ship, 91–92, 91; encounter between Zionist and refugee passengers, 165–66; refugee certificate of passenger on, 90
Russia, Bolshevik, 6, 58–64; brutal policies of regime in, 74; economic hardship in, 14; emigration stopped from, 32; famine in, 43, 60, 74, 253; Jewish emigration from, 63; NEP (New Economic Policy), 58, 61–62, 63; “war communism” in, 58, 59, 63; withdrawal from World War I, 229
Russian empire, 7, 16, 72, 74, 120
Russian Jewry, 7, 33, 61, 63
Russian language, 89

Sabbath observance, 169–70
Safed, 81
Samuel, Herbert, 57, 71, 249; changes in immigration regulations and, 95, 117; end of military regime and, 93, 108; as High Commissioner, 84, 85; on housing for immigrants, 207
Sanders, Leon, 18–19
Sardinia (ship), 202
Sarum, Avraham, 244
Schechtman, Joseph, 50
Schlör, Joachim, 154
Schwarzbard, Sholem, 255n1, 259n22
Sea Scouts youth movement, 154
Sefer ha-Aliyah ha-Shelishit [The book of the Third Aliyah] (Erez, ed.), 8, 224
Segev, Tom, 269n115
Semiramis (ship), 204
Sephardic Jews, 186, 226, 238, 239
Seriesko, Rosa, 18
settlement programs, 104
sexually transmitted diseases, 145, 185, 204, 205, 221
Shapira, David, 8
Shapiro, Yona, 131–32
Shazar, Zalman, 230–31
Sheinkin, Menachem, 80, 81–83, 93, 150; on “folk pioneers,” 253; on immigrant homes, 208; support for free immigration to Palestine, 116–17
Shibolim (youth newspaper), 143, 160
Shimonovitz, Shmuel, 185
Shimron group, 217
shipping companies, 13, 37, 77, 119; American Palestine Line, 154; main companies in service, 159; medical exams and, 144; Trieste Palestine Office and, 125; US Congress and, 163. See also Lloyd Triestino; Ma’avirim
Shochat, Israel, 78
Shvueli, Levi, 10, 129, 191, 203; on immigrant homes, 212–13, 214; quarantine procedure and, 194–95
Siberia, migration route through, 15, 19
Sidon (Lebanon), 82, 83
Slonim, Esther, 92
Slutsky, Yehuda, 12
Smilansky, Moshe, 115–16, 152, 153, 175, 176–77
SMR (Serviciul Maritim Român) shipping company, 159, 164, 170, 171
Sociail Networks and the Jewish Migration between Poland and Palestine, 1924–1928 (Bloom), 13
Socialist Workers Party (SWP), 190, 217, 218
Socialist Zionists, 71
Società Italiana di Servizi Marittimi (SITMAR), 159
Sokolow, Nahum, 104, 108, 111, 249; influence on immigration quotas, 115; on the pogroms in Ukraine, 112–14
Soprotimis (Argentina), 36
South Africa, 15, 20, 38, 226, 227; number of Jewish migrants (1920–1929), 20; US quota law and immigration to, 21
South America, 16, 36, 38, 85, 120
Soviet Union, 44
Sprinzak, Y., 244
Stab, Yehuda, 158
Stalin, Joseph, 253
Statistical Abstract of Palestine (Gurevich), 86
Subbotin, Andrei Pavlovich, 159
Symes, Colonel, 212
Syria, 226, 227

Tabib, Avraham, 244
Taft, William Howard, 26
Tauber, Rachel, 28
Tcherikower, Elias, 33, 35
Tekhelet Lavan, 71
Tel Aviv, city of, 4, 75, 154, 182; aliya bureau in, 81, 86, 175, 183, 203; beach of, 153; sea as symbolic boundary, 154; unsanitary conditions in, 210–11
Tetiev pogrom (1919), 4–6, 56, 247, 255n4
Tevat Noah [Noah’s ark] (Zionist humor publication), 165–66
Tiberias, 4, 81
Tiomkin, Vladimir, 33
Tiomkin, Ze’ev, 107, 134, 135–36, 146–47
Toldot ha-Mahlaka la-Aliya shel ha-Histadrut ha-Tsiyonit [The history of the Zionist Organization Aliyah Department] (Yakir, 2006), 13
Torah study, 169
Trans-Siberian Railway, 19
Trento (ship), 164, 166–68, 167, 171
Trieste, 83, 144, 151; aliya bureau in, 150; immigrants at train station, 149; information bureau in, 120; kosher food prepared for ship journeys, 170; luggage in port of, 157; Palestine Office in, 10, 122, 125–27, 126, 127
Trifon (correspondent of Sheinkin), 82, 83
Trumpeldor, Joseph, 72, 137
“Tseva’a-Tsiyonit” [A will for Zionism] (Nordau), 111
Tsur, Yaron, 240
Tunisia, 226, 227, 238
Tunisian Zionist Federation, 237
Turkey, 226, 227, 228
Tversky, Nachum, 78
Tze’irei Zion, 71

Ukraine, 3, 33, 46–58. See also civil war, Ukrainian
Ukrainian Jewry, 43, 47, 102–3; consequences of the pogroms, 54, 57; debate in Yishuv over rescue of, 103–4, 106; grave plight of, 8–9; slaughter of, 9, 48
Umbria (ship), 179, 186
United States, immigration quota laws, 7, 9, 16, 42, 57, 248; butterfly effect and, 25–31; categories of people excluded, 26; destination of migrants (1920s) and, 21, 31; by nationality, 29, 29; reaction of American Jewry to, 250
United States, Jewish immigration to, 3, 18, 74, 86; by age, 22–23, 23; American consulates and, 28, 29, 30; comparison with Palestine immigration, 98, 101–2, 101; German-Jewish immigration to, 13; Jewish aid organizations and, 222; number of Jewish migrants (1920–1929), 20; numbers of immigrants (1919–1929), 22; by occupation, 23–25, 24; from Poland, 66; by sex, 22, 23; United States as preferred destination, 15, 20, 74; visa for, 6; during World War I, 17–20, 19
Uremiyeh (Iranian Azerbaijan): Jewish refugees’ immigration to Palestine, 230–32, 241, 246, 253; pogrom in, 3, 6, 9, 228–29; starvation and disease in, 229–30
Uruguay, 20, 21, 36
Ussishkin, Menachem, 83, 90, 128, 134, 135–36

V cherte evreiskoi osedlosti [In the Jewish Pale of Settlement] (Subbotin, 1888–1890), 159
Veselinoya, town of, 56
visas, 10, 16, 33; British, 128, 142, 151, 187, 192; criteria for granting of, 132; distribution by age and sex among Polish Jews, 130, 131; fees for, 151; forged, 254; immigration bureaucracy and, 140; Palestine Offices and, 121, 250; of skilled tradesmen, 184; transit visas, 142; US immigration quota laws and, 28, 29, 30
Vladivostok, Russia, 19

Warsaw Palestine Office, 10, 38–39, 122, 127–33, 130, 132; British Mandate immigration laws and, 139; inspections at, 143; medical examinations at, 147
Weizmann, Chaim, 71, 108, 249, 250, 256n14, 264n71; debate over Ukrainian refugees and, 103, 104, 106–7, 110, 115; influence on immigration quotas, 115; Nordau’s disagreement with, 111–12, 117; opposition to indiscriminate immigration, 104–6, 264n75
White Army, Russian, 47, 49
White Paper, 93
White Russia (Belarus), 33
Wilson, Woodrow, 26, 27
Wolf, Lucien, 47
Women’s Association, 78
World of Our Fathers (Howe), 26
World War I, 31, 72, 77, 81, 89; effect on Jews south of Caucasus, 228–29; immigration from eastern Europe ended by outbreak of, 15; immigration policies tightened after, 9, 40; Jewish migration during, 16–20; Palestine immigration resumed after, 117, 120, 171, 224; withdrawal of Bolshevik Russia from, 46
World War II, 9, 48
Wrobel Bloom, Magdalena, 13

Ya’akobi, Maston, 229
Yahya, Imam al-Mutawakkil, 241, 242
Yakir, Moshe, 13
Yavnieli, Shmuel, 103
Yedidya, Ovadia, 229
Yehuda, Zvi, 186
Yemen, 3, 6, 9, 226, 227, 228; migration routes from, 242–43, 243; motivations of immigrants from, 241–42, 252
Yemenite Jews, 222, 227
Yevseksia (Jewish section of Soviet Communist Party), 62, 253, 260n53
Yiddish language, 17, 34, 171, 259n22
Yishuv (Jewish community in Palestine), 6, 12, 15, 37, 138, 247; debate over Ukrainian refugees, 103–4; economic changes in, 225; elections in, 78; immigrants’ contributions to, 43, 81, 126; New and Old, 153; population growth in 1920s, 31; Zionist immigration policy and, 118, 122
Yokohama, Japan, 19, 120
Yosef, Roma, 192
Yudisher Emigrant, Der (ICA publication), 35

Zacharin, Shlomo, 85–86
Zahra, Tara, 31
Zionism, 16, 71–75, 168; agriculture in ideology of, 153; British immigration policy and, 94; debate on immigration policy, 80; immigrants’ expectations of, 222–23; immigration policies of, 7, 10, 11, 102–18, 106, 109, 251; London conference (1919), 78, 104; London conference (1920), 108; Palestine immigration as focus of, 40–41; pogroms and narrative of, 7; Polish Jewry and, 70–71; suppressed in Bolshevik Russia, 62–63, 260n53; youth movements, 14, 72, 92, 154, 245
Zionist Commission for Palestine, 81, 82, 83, 84; British immigration policy and, 94–95; Department of Statistics and Information, 86; immigrant homes and, 211; Ma’avirim company and, 156; Maghrebi immigrants and, 237; selective immigration policy and, 107, 117; Statistics Department, 98
Zionist Congresses, 10, 78, 104, 108, 112, 220, 244
Zionist Executive, 37, 38, 157; absorption of immigrants and, 222; British immigration policy and, 94–95, 97; debate over Ukrainian refugees and, 103, 104; immigrants’ complaints sent to, 168; immigration “certificates” and, 140; immigration policy set by, 80, 93; letter of protest on behalf of Ukrainian Jews, 42; Maghrebi immigrants and, 236, 238, 239, 240, 241; order to stop migration, 32; Palestine Offices and, 127, 129; Persian Jewish immigrants and, 231, 232; return of Arab exiles and, 84–85; selective immigration policy and, 145, 251; visas and, 132; Yemenite immigrants and, 244, 245. See also Aliya Department
Zionist General Council, 10, 105, 117, 262n19
Zionist Organization, 14, 16, 38, 96; British Mandatory government and, 94; immigrant homes and, 207; kashrut on board ships and, 170; Ma’avirim company and, 156; Maghrebi immigrants and, 236; Mandatory immigration laws and, 39; Palestine Offices and, 128; Political Department, 196; regulation of immigration and, 77
Zissman, Sol, 25, 67

About the Author