Appendix B. Expanded Endnotes - Introduction

4. Scham et al., eds., Shared Histories; Dowty, Israel/Palestine; Rotberg, ed., Israeli and Palestinian Narratives of Conflict; Caplan, Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories; Gabbay and Kazak, One Land, Two Stories; Adwan et al., Side by Side; Roberts, Contested Land, Contested Memory.

5. Hertzberg, ed., Zionist Idea; Laqueur, History of Zionism; Sachar, History of Israel, chs.1-4; Avineri, Making of Modern Zionism. For Palestinian critiques of Zionism, see W. Khalidi, ed. From Haven to Conquest; Said, Question of Palestine, ch.2.

6. Antonius, Arab Awakening; Haim, ed., Arab Nationalism; Dawn, From Ottomanism to Arabism; Muslih, Origins of Palestinian Nationalism; R. Khalidi et al., eds., Origins of Arab Nationalism; R. Khalidi, Palestinian Identity, chs.1-6; Kimmerling and Migdal, Palestinian People, 3-76.

7. Quandt et al. Politics of Palestinian Nationalism; Porath, Emergence of the Palestinian Arab National Movement; Porath, Palestinian Arab National Movement; Mandel, Arabs and Zionism before World War I; A. Lesch, Arab Politics in Palestine, 1917-1939; Kimmerling and Migdal, Palestinian People; R. Khalidi, Iron Cage.

8. L. Stein, Balfour Declaration; Kedourie, In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth; Sanders, High Walls of Jerusalem; I. Friedman, Question of Palestine; Smith, "Invention of a Tradition," 48-61.

10. Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine; W. Khalidi, ed., From Haven to Conquest; Sykes, Crossroads to Israel; M.J. Cohen, Palestine, Retreat from the Mandate; Horowitz, Origins of the Israeli Polity; Khouri, Arab-Israeli Dilemma, ch.2; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, vol.2; Sachar, A History of Israel, chs.6-11; Segev, One Palestine, Complete; Morris, Righteous Victims, chs.3-5; R. Khalidi, Iron Cage.

16. Porath, Palestinian Arab National Movement, 290-94; Mattar, Mufti of Jerusalem, 84-85; Elpeleg, Grand Mufti, 52-55; R. Khalidi, Iron Cage, 114-17; Bauer, From Diplomacy to Resistance, chs.1-2; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, 2:114-18; Sachar, History of Israel, ch.11.

17. Caplan, Futile Diplomacy vols.1-2. Iraq (e.g., Nuri al-Said, Tawfiq al-Suwaidi), Egypt (Mahmoud Azmi, Ali Mahir), Syria (Jamil Mardam, Shukri al-Quwatli), Transjordan (Muhammad al-Unsi, Amir Abdullah), and Lebanon (Riad al-Sulh, Emile Eddé).

21. Bar-Joseph, Best of Enemies; Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, 2:145-48, 157-64, 268-71, 277-79; Sela, "Transjordan, Israel and the 1948 War," 623-88.

22. Eisenberg, My Enemy's Enemy, and "Desperate Diplomacy," 147-63. The logic of "my enemy's enemy is my friend" sustained a decades-long relationship between the Jewish Agency for Palestine and one particular Maronite faction, both of which struggled against Muslim Arab opposition to their aspirations for Jewish and Christian national homes in Palestine and Lebanon, respectively. Their shaky alliance against the anti-colonial, anti-European thrust of the new Arab nationalism that swept through the region in the interwar years was another example of the classic "exchange of services" model for Zionist-Arab cooperation: In exchange for providing political, diplomatic, and material support for the cause of Christian Lebanon, the Zionists hoped the Christian Lebanese could persuade other Arab leaders, the Palestinian Arabs, and the great powers to accept the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.

26. Garcia-Granados, Birth of Israel; Horowitz, State in the Making; Eban, An Autobiography, 79-80; Wilson, Calculated Risk; Hurewitz, Struggle for Palestine, 212-331; M.J. Cohen, Palestine and the Great Powers; Louis and Stookey, eds., End of the Palestine Mandate; Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, 2: ch.6; Shlaim, Collusion Across the Jordan.

27. Morris, Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited; Pappé, Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict; Rogan and Shlaim, eds., War for Palestine; Louis and Stookey, eds., End of the Palestine Mandate; Morris, 1948; Bregman, Israel's Wars, ch.1; Sachar, History of Israel, chs.12-13. R. Khalidi, Iron Cage, 125-26, 136; Kerr, Arab Cold War.

29. Caplan, Lausanne Conference, 1949, and Futile Diplomacy, 3: chs.4-10. Conferences took place in Lausanne (1949), Geneva (1950), and Paris (1951).

31. Heikal, Cutting the Lion's Tail; Berger, Covenant and the Sword; Love, Suez: The Twice-Fought War; Khouri, Arab-Israeli Dilemma, ch.7; Sachar, History of Israel, ch.17; Neff, Warriors at Suez; Bar-On, Gates of Gaza; Louis, Suez 1956; Golani, Israel in Search of a War; Kyle, Suez 1956; Morris, Righteous Victims, 289-301.

32. Hussein, My "War" with Israel; Abu-Lughod, ed., Arab-Israeli Confrontation of June 1967; Herzog, Arab-Israeli Wars, 145-91; Khouri, Arab-Israeli Dilemma, ch.8; Mutawi, Jordan in the 1967 War; Parker, Politics of Miscalculation, chs.1-5, and Six Day War; Morris, Righteous Victims, ch.7; Oren, Six Days of War; Segev, 1967; Bowen, Six Days; Quandt, Peace Process, ch.2; Gluska, Israeli Military and the Origins of the 1967 War; Aboul-Enein, "The Heikal Papers"; Gerges, "1967 Arab-Israeli War," 163-81; Shemesh, Arab Politics; Eisenberg, "Peace Plans: 1967-1993;" Gat, In Search of a Peace Settlement; Laron, Six-Day War; A.S. Khalidi, “Ripples of the 1967 War.”

34. S. Gazit, Trapped Fools, 149-50; Shlaim, Lion of Jordan, 288-95; Gorenberg, Accidental Empire, 40, 164-67, 179, 289-90; Shapira, Yigal Allon, 313-17; Raz, Bride and the Dowry, 67, 245-50; G. Golan, Israeli Peacemaking since 1967, 13-15; Thrall, “Day in the Life of Abed Salama”; Ben-Ami, Prophets without Honor, 271-73. The Allon plan initially envisioned (1967) the creation of an autonomous Palestinian linked to Israel and later (1968) the partition of the West Bank between Jordan and Israel.

35. Shemesh, “Origins of Sadat’s Strategic Volte-face,” 30-34; Meital, "Khartoum Conference and Egyptian Policy after the 1967 War," 64-82; Ma'oz, Syria and Israel, 102-03; I. Rabinovich, Brink of Peace, 23-24; Thomas F. Brady, “Arab Parley Opens. Syrians Stay Away,” NYT, 30 August 1967; "'Moderation' Puts Strains on Arab Unity" (editorial), NYT, 3 September 1967; A.S. Khalidi, “Ripples of the 1967 War,” 30.

36. Caradon et al., UN Security Council Resolution 242; Rafael, Destination Peace, ch.20; Riad, Struggle for Peace in the Middle East, 58-75; Kissinger, White House Years, 345-47; Korn, Making of United Nations Security Council Resolution 242.

37. Touval, Peace Brokers, chs.6-7; Korn, Stalemate; Finkelstein, Image and Reality, ch.6; Quandt, Peace Process, ch.3; Morris, Righteous Victims, ch.8; Bregman, Israel's Wars, ch.3; Gat, In Search of a Peace Settlement, 29-49, chs.2-3.

39. Eldar and Zertal, Lords of the Land: The War over Israel’s Settlements in the Occupied Territories, 1967-2007; Lustick, For the Land and the Lord; Gorenberg, Accidental Empire; Aronson, "Israeli Settlements." One fervent group that checked into Hebron’s main hotel and then refused to leave; the Israeli government finally negotiated their removal to a camp on the city’s outskirts, which became the Kiryat Arba settlement.

41. Kissinger, White House Years, ch.13; Laqueur, Confrontation; Heikal, Road to Ramadan; Aruri, Middle East Crucible; Kipnis, 1973; Stein, Heroic Diplomacy; Morris, Righteous Victims, ch.9; Herzog, War of Atonement; A. Rabinovich, Yom Kippur War; Quandt, Peace Process, chs.4-5; Siniver, ed., October 1973 War.

48. Caplan, "Negotiation," 6; Klieman, Approaching the Finish Line, 29. Klieman has written that “Middle East diplomacy oftentimes serves as a war of attrition by other means.”

49. K. Stein and Lewis, Making Peace among Arabs and Israelis, 14-15. See also: Saunders, Other Walls, 24-25, 121; Thrall, Only Language, 70-71.

57. Kellerman, "Introduction," 10, quoting Jervis; Y. Aronoff, Political Psychology of Israeli Prime Ministers, 3-14, 180-81. Leaders have encouraged individual sacrifice for the national struggle by defining the conflict in existential terms, squelching dissent and promising their people ultimate, if not imminent, victory.