INDEX

Absence, 63, 64, 74

Absolutist theory, 54

Adorno, Theodor W., 21, 142, 144, 148

Aesthetics, 6, 99; and ethics, 1, 77, 107. See also Art

Allemann, Beda, 17, 141

Altos, Paolo, 68

Apel, Karl-Otto, 11, 12, 148, 150-51

Archetypes, 119

Aristotle, 42, 56, 57, 59

Arntzen, Helmut, 28, 37

Art, 11, 47. See also Aesthetics

Artaud, Antonin, 114

Asystematicity, 49

Atomism, 26

Austin, J. L., 11, 92

Austria-Hungary, 12

Authorial function, 8, 9, 122; and irony, 16; and quasi-direct discourse, 126, 127, 128

Bakhtin, Mikhail, 8, 10, 43, 101, 112; dialogism in, 53-54, 92, 124, 129-31; quasi-direct discourse in, 126; reported discourse in, 125

Barthes, Roland, 65, 80, 81, 96

Bateson, Gregory, 2, 4, 9, 70, 84; codification and value in, 144-45; contextuality in, 41; habit in, 67, 79; interaction in, 8; language as communicational in, 53; learning in, 68; overcoding and madness in, 76, 121; implications of perturbation in, 32; the relationaiity of meaning in, 52; theories of, and the relation between theory and practice, 135, 136; value in, 144-45, 146

Baudrillard, Jean, 19, 20, 21

Benveniste, Emile, 64

Bergson, Henri, 100

Blanchot, Maurice, 36, 88, 127, 133, 138

Body, 27, 42, 43, 100

Boltzmann, L. E., 12, 21

Booth, Wayne C., 21

Brooks, Cleanth, 36

Capek, Milic, 29-30

Capitalism, 99, 100, 147

Causality, 23, 29, 122

Cervantes, Miguel de, 20

Chomsky, Noam, 19

Codes, 19, 65-66, 68, 144, 166n.l33; use of codes in cybernetics, 80. See also Overcoding

Cogito, 6, 11

Cohen, Jean, 72

Communication, 10, 12-13, 77-80, 84; communicationality, 66; in Bateson, 53, 65-67, 70-71; indirect, 21; utopia as perfect communication, 138-40; communications technology, 5, 6, 32; in Serres, 67

—in Habermas, 53, 85, 101-102, 140, 144; distinction between communication and discourse, 149-50; and habit, 77-79

Community, 151-53; knowledge and consensus of community, 8, 72-74, 84, 89, 165-66nn.115-16; isolation from, 139

Contextuality, 3, 9, 83; radical, 40-41. See also Contextualization

Contextualization, 3, 8, 10-11, 70, 82, 87, 90; and the absoluteness of key-words and characters, 97-98; and decontextualization, 96; discursive contextualization as “reality,” 35-36; and the multiplication of contexts, 91-93; recontextualization, 18, 98, 100, 119, 143

Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, 5, 19

Criminality, 9, 12, 107-111, 112, 113, 118-21

Cybernetics, 65, 66, 68, 70, 74, 79; and ecology, 146; and Peirce’s notion of habit, 80

Death, 55, 114, 152

Deconstructionism, 18

Dehumanization, 10

Deleuze, Gilles, 93

Democracy, 12, 53, 74

Derrida, Jacques, 20, 21, 63, 64, 106

Descartes, René, 6-7, 19, 73, 112

Dialogism, 8, 15, 20; in Bakhtin, 53, 92, 129-31

Différance, 63-64

Difference, 68, 74

Différence, 64, 65

Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 114

Eco, Umberto, 61, 74-75, 79, 81, 84, 107, 121

Economic collapse of 1873, 12

Ego, transcendental, 36

Einstein, Albert, 29, 159n.6, 165n.107

Empiricism, 27, 28, 33, 34

Enlightenment, 32, 35-36

Essayism, 5, 8, 15, 18, 46-55, 60; and the continual reposition of a sign, 94; as a field of forces, 71

Essence, 25, 26-27, 46

Ethics, 9, 10, 20, 58-59, 136-40; and aesthetics, 1, 77, 107; criminal, 12; transcendent character of discourse of ethics, 21; and modernism, 2; and relations with nature, 146; speech, 12-13, 148; statistical ethics in Musil, 25. See also Morality

Exactness, 12, 24-26, 28

Experimental procedure, 8, 94, 122

Fact, 110; apriori, 46; scientific discourse and description of fact, 28, 31; facticity, 101; reduction of essence to, 26; distinction between fact and telling, 19; fact/value issue, 11

Feyerabend, Paul, 73

Fichte, J. G., 29

Fontana, Oscar, 15

Foucault, Michel, 3, 9, 10, 57, 84, 155-56; “applied” work of, 107; the authorial function in, 128; and the classical episteme, 6, 20, 74, 97; classical taxonomy in, 72; continuity of sign-production in, 53; definition of discourse, 40-41, 43; discursive interrelations in, 92-93; the fellowships of discourse in, 106; comparison of Foucault and Habermas, 107, 149; ideology in, 75; madness in, 107, 114, 115; on the materiality of discourse, 4; object/events in, 118; politics of knowledge in, 136; power relations in, 11; procedures of discourse in, 77, 89; the relation of various discursive practices in, 92; refusal to limit the scope of analysis of discourse, 147; the subject in, 8; theories of, and the relation between theory and practice, 135; truth in, 108; utopianism in, 107

Franz-Joseph I (emperor of Austria), 12

Freud, Sigmund, 11, 76, 114, 145; hermeneutics of, 13, 20; transference-countertransference in, 13-14

Frier, Wolfgang, 129

God, 35, 112, 144

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 94

Habermas, Juergen, 1, 3-4, 10-13, 84, 146-51 passim; contextuality in, 41, 92; on empiricism, 28; compared to Foucault, 107, 149; interaction in, 8; irony in, 101-102; and the lack of an affirmative moment in critical theory, 142; debate with Lyotard, 18; and critique of positivism, 27, 146, 147; postmodernism in, 9, 21; on science, as the interaction between the knowing subject and reality, 31-32; theories of, and the relation between theory and practice, 135; universal pragmatics of, 12, 78, 149

—communication in, 53, 85, 101-102, 140, 144; and discourse, distinction between discourse and communication, 149-50; communication and habit, 77-79

Habit, 8, 55-82, 83, 84, 154; and belief, 66-67; breaking, 67-70, 106-19, 121; and community, 72-74; modern discourse as habit-disturbance, 84; fielding, 70-72; and ideology, 74-77; in Peirce, 8, 55, 64-71, 78, 80, 89, 150; and praxis, 137; and self-reflexive processes, 142-43, 151-52; stochastics of, 67; habits and constitution of the subject, 97-100

Heelan, Patrick, 13, 39, 56, 57, 73

Hegel, G. W. F., 21

Heisenberg, Werner, 3-5, 11, 21, 59, 84; experimental procedure in, 8; Heelan’s study of, 13; objectivity in, 73; perturbation effect in, 14; potentia in, 8, 55, 56-57, 59, 60-61, 78; public objectivity in, 8, 73; the wave packet in, 30

Hermeneutics, 13, 20, 21-22, 44

Hertz, Gustav, 21

Hirsch, E. D., Jr., 21

History, 1, 2, 9-11, 14, 62

Hochstaetter, Dietrich, 16-17

Humanism, 36, 99

Hutcheon, Linda, 18-21

Icon and the object, relation of, 32

Idealism, 36, 37, 43

Ideology, 14, 78, 84, 144; and habit, 74-77, 100; and irony, 16, 17; and war, 143

Ignorance, 16, 54, 119

Impersonality, 49

Incompleteness, 48, 49

Indeterminacy, 10, 20, 24, 30-33, 54, 82

Intention, authorial, 44

Intentional structure of knowledge, 23-24, 28

Interaction, 8-9, 17, 47, 50-55; continuous, 3, 51; infinite, 49; potential of, 53-55

Interdiscursivity, 53, 92

Interpretant, 38, 39-41, 43, 44, 55, 62-64; dependence, 107; Interpretant-habits, 66, 67, 74, 87; immediate, 62-63; madness as an, 114-15; and pragmatic truth, 137; ultimate, 20, 63, 142-44, 151

—and Objects and Representamen, 38, 40, 43, 62, 64, 82, 109; absolute relations established for, 118; and Interpretant-habits, 66; sign-production as dependent upon, 83; and un-coding, 76

Interrelationality, 37

Intertextuality, 19

Intuition, 23, 42

Irony, 5, 60, 63, 66, 83, 118; as critical theory/praxis of communication, 101-102; the impersonality of, 124-34; as infinite semiosis, 18; and interaction of discourses, 119; modernity and, 18-21; as the plurality of the objects of observation, 122; and power, 17, 18; of reason, 111-16; Romantic, 6, 16; Socratic, 10, 54; syntactico-semantic models of, 7; and theory and praxis, 101-102, 135; and utopia, 14, 141, 149-53

—in Musil, 10, 14-18, 36, 49; apophatic function of, 142; “New,” 54-55, 152; partial solution to, 89-93; as a type of battle, 79; and utopia, 144-45

Jakobson, Roman, 65

Jameson, Fredrick, 2

Janik, Allan, 11, 12, 21, 88, 137

Jankélévitch, Vladimir, 135

Joyce, James, 20, 44, 47

Kant, Immanuel, 7, 22-23, 42, 56, 94; monologic knowledge of, 54; theory and praxis in, 135; transcendentalism of, 33, 43, 59, 82, 148, 151; universals of, 26, 57, 58

Karthaus, Ulrich, 36

Kierkegaard, Søren, 20, 105-106, 118, 135, 137

Klebnikov, Vélimir, 134

Klimt, Gustav, 11

Knowledge, 6-7, 23-33, 80, 82-85, 127, 136; absolute, 8, 19; alternative discourse of, 33-41, 152-53; classical, 24, 26, 72; theme of closure off from knowledge, 28-29; co-constructivist discourse of, 5; and the consensus of the community, 8, 72-74, 84, 89, 165-66nn.115-16; and human interest, 134-35; human type of knowledge vs. scientific topoi of discourse, 90; impersonal, 129; intentional structure of, 23-24, 28; in Mach, 25-27, 28; positivist, 4, 24, 146. See also Positivism; as semiotics, in Peirce, 38, 42; and the subject’s values, 145; and will, 4, 10. See also Objectivity; Subject; Truth; Uncertainty

Kokoschka, Oskar, 11

Kortian, Garbis, 148

Kraus, Karl, 11, 128

Krysinski, Wladimir, 90, 134, 142

Kuhn, Thomas, 73

Lacan, Jacques, 18, 20, 21, 63, 106

Laing, R. D., 114

Lang, Candace, 18

“Langue,” 41, 53, 67, 92

Law, 65, 77

Locke, John, 19, 43

Loebenstein, Johannes, 25

Love, 123, 138-39

Lucretius, 67

Lyotard, Jean-François, 1, 18, 20, 135, 144

Mach, Ernst, 7, 11, 12, 32, 33, 37; doctrine of elements, 26; man’s place in the world in, 73; the problem of synthetic knowledge in, 25-27, 28; and relativity theory, 29-31; the subject in, 98

Madness, 9, 76, 107, 111-16, 118-19; rigor as a sign of, 120

Mann, Thomas, 88

Map and territory, relation of, 2, 32, 136

Marin, Louis, 128

Marxism, 10, 18, 147

Materiality of discourse, 4, 20, 43, 92, 103, 133

Mauthner, Fritz, 10, 11, 28, 52

Meaning, 39-41, 51, 55, 72, 80, 82-85; absence of the trace in, 20; and action, in Mauthner, 10-11; and the consensus of the community, 72-74; as habit, 82; and interaction, 10, 54-55; and irony, 18; objectivity of, 6; possibility of, 1; pragmatic theory of, 34-35, 37-39; relational theory of, 35-37, 52, 61; relativity of, 35; temporariness of, 51; transcendental, 61. See also Contextualization

Memory, 66, 142

Metaphor, 36

Metaphysics, 28

Modalization, 90

Modernism, 2, 46

Modernity, 3, 7-8, 109; and ignorance, 16; and irony, 18-21; moral dilemmas of, 12, 107

Morality, 9, 12, 121, 140, 143-44; and abduction, 153-54; and the dilemmas of modernity, 12, 107; existential problems of, 12; and indetermination, 30; and irony, 14, 152; laws of, and the natural laws of science, 136; and practical reason, in Kant, 135. See also Ethics

Mueller, Goetz, 143

Musil, Robert, 2-5, 7-22, 28-85 passim, 87-156; abduction in, 153-56; as an author of infinite semiosis, 64; consciousness in, 45-46; death of, 92; “exactness and soul” in, 12, 24-26, 28; expanding triadicity in, 93-97; habit in, 68-69, 76; on Joyce, 44-46, 47; narrative techniques of, 59-60, 69-70, 87-134; partial solution in, 8, 55, 58-61, 89-93; Peters on, 21; possibility in, 55-64; presentation in, 27; the subjunctive conditional verbal mode in, 59; theory of poetry, 25, 47, 144; truth and consensus in, 73

—irony in, 10, 14-18, 36, 49; apophatic function of, 142; “New,” 54-55, 152; partial solution to, 89-93; as a type of battle, 79; and utopia, 144-45

Mystical experience, 25, 138-39. See also Spiritual experience

Narration, 5, 7, 44-46, 156; constant, 125; field of, 87-88; as made up of other narrations, 133-34; distinction between the narrated and, 19

Narrative, 14, 17, 18-19, 44-46, 122; field of, 87; tie between life and, 15; master, 2, 18; partial solution as narrative procedure, 59-61; techniques, of Musil, 59-60, 69-70, 87-134

Nature, 30-31, 38, 57, 136, 146

Newton, Isaac, 19

Nietzsche, F. W., 4, 18, 21, 105, 106; negation of the real in, 20; reading of Musil, 5; transmutation of values in, 34, 160n.31; will to power in, 97; will to truth in, 54

Nihilism, 2

Nominalism, 42-43

Nostalgia, 19

Noumena, 56, 57

Nuesser, Peter, 25

Objectivity, 6-7, 11, 39, 56, 110, 146; and the consensus of the community, 72; public, in Heisenberg, 8, 73; in scientific observation, assumption of, 30-31

Objects, 6, 105, 108, 114, 115; and the discourse of the Other, 119-20; mediation of logos and, 6; text-objects, 61-62, 82

—and Interpretants and Representamen, 38, 40, 43, 62, 64, 82, 109; absolute relations established for, 118; and Interpretant-habits, 66; sign-production as dependant upon, 83; and un-coding, 76

Observation, 20, 30, 39; compared with language and explanatory language, 35; plurality of objects of, 122; points of, in Heisenberg, 56

Ontology, 14, 17, 129, 131

Other, discourse of, 119-20, 126

Overcoding, 74-76, 79, 84, 121, 122. See also Codes

Parody, 19

Partiality, 108

Partial solution, 8, 55, 58-61

Peirce, C. S., 2-5, 7-14, 19, 21-21, 36-43, 49; abduction in, 153-56; Apel on, 150-51; on limitation of his semiotic categories, 81; the community in, 72, 73, 84; definition of the sign, 51, 130; habit in, 8, 55, 64-71, 78, 80, 89, 150; infinite production of signs in, 80; inherent prejudices in, 146; the Interpretant in, 38-41, 62, 63; phaneron in, 70-72; “Questions Concerning Certain Faculties Claimed for Man,” 33; synechism in, 50; theories of, and the relation between theory and practice, 135, 137; theory of meaning, 35, 39-41; truth in, 8; the ultimate interpretant in, 20, 63, 142, 151; values in, 145

—triadicity in 3, 5, 8, 14, 37-41, 87; and meaning, 62, 63-64; and mediation, 45; and the notion of habit, 66

Pelć, Jerzy, 45

Performative quality, 17, 20, 52

Perspectivism, 34, 36, 47, 49, 53, 82, 158n.26

Perturbation, 8, 14, 30-33, 82, 145

Peters, F. G., 21, 158n.28

Phaneron, 70-72

Phenomenology, 33, 39-41

Physics, 1, 5, 7, 21, 75, 89; laws of, in Musil, 25; relativity, 11, 29-30; and theories of sensation, 29; uncertainties in, 30

—quantum mechanics, 35, 54, 58, 61, 70, 80; Copenhagen interpretation of, 5, 19; Heelan’s description of, 13, 39; image and reality in, 118-19; indeterminacy in, 30-33; concept of the random in, 68; relationality in, 36-37. See also Heisenberg, Werner

Pike, Burton, 143

Pirandello, Luigi, 16, 20

Planck, Max, 29

Poetry, 25, 47, 144

Polyphony, 92, 124, 129

Pongs, Herman, 49

Port-Royal. 27

Positivism, 13, 113, 114, 152-53; in Habermas, 27, 146, 147; Mach’s, 26, 28, 33; Musil on, 12, 34; view of knowledge, 4, 24, 146. See also Empiricism; Wittgenstein, Ludwig

Postmodernism, 1, 2, 8, 18, 74, 80; in Habermas, 9; ironic mode of, 18-21

Postructuralism, 2

Potentia, 55-64, 67, 70, 87, 93, 148; in Heisenberg, 8, 55, 56-57, 59, 60-61, 78; truth and, 151

Power, 7, 11, 53, 128, 152; and irony, 17, 18; will to, 4, 97

Pragmatic: practice, 43; rules of interaction, 102-106; theory of meaning, 34

Pragmatics, 3, 4, 7, 10-11, 68; Bakhtin on, 43; of communicating, 77-78; criticisms of, 9; and the ontological sphere of interiority, 14; Peircean, 12, 40-41; Wittgenstein’s pragmatics of speech, 11; universal, in Habermas, 12-13, 78, 149

Pragmatism, 155

Praxis, 4, 7, 9-11, 26, 134-56

Prigogine, Ilya, 2

Prussia, 12

Psychoanalysis, 11, 20, 111-16

Quantum mechanics, 35, 54, 58, 61, 70, 80; Copenhagen interpretation of, 5, 19; Heelan’s description of, 13, 39; image and reality in, 118-19; indeterminacy in, 30-33; relationality in, 36-37; concept of the random in, 68. See also Physics

Rathenau, Walther, 91, 127

Realism, 16

Realities, plurality of, 8, 23-85

Reason, 9, 107, 111-16

Receiver effect, 44

Referentiality, 6-8, 9, 17, 19, 30, 33; in Bakhtin, 43; as the basis of analytical language philosophy, 13; destruction of confidence in, 30; copy theory of, 28; crisis of, 12, 131-32; emphasis on, vs. emphasis upon the materiality of discourse, 20; end of, 134; Bateson on epistemological critique of, 32; and journalism, 110; madness vs., 118-19; Mach’s reliance on paradigm of, 27; and Pierce’s sign-theory, 39; postulates of, 103, 122

Reichenbach, Hans, 31

Reiss, Timothy, 52, 60-61

Relationality, 47, 49, 66; of meaning, in Bateson, 52; in quantum mechanics, 36-37; three-way, 37-41

Relativisation, 119-24, 125

Relativism, 29-30

Relativity, 35, 61, 66; as a factor for classical theories, 82; theory, 7, 8, 20, 29-30

Religion, 66. See also Mystical experience; Spiritual experience

Renaissance, 20

Representamen, and Interpretants and Objects, 40, 64, 82, 95, 97, 109; absolute relations established for, 118; definition of, 38; and experiment, 62; and Interpretant-habits, 66; and the materiality of the sign, 43; sign-production as dependant upon, 83; and un-coding, 76

Representation, 2, 5-6, 19, 21, 31-32, 131-32; in Bakhtin, 43; classical, 20, 43; copy theory of, 28; crisis of, 28, 29, 32-33, 77; as impossible, 133; non-synthesis of, and object, 27-29; and perspectivism, 34-35; postulates of, 122; of reality, vs. production/presentation, 57; replacement of representation by re-presentation, 20; content of representations, in Musil, 16, 27

Romanticism, 2, 6

Russell, Bertrand, 13

Sadow, defeat of Austria-Hungary at, 12

Satire, 11, 15-16, 17, 130

Saussure, Ferdinand de, 7, 53

Schizophrenia, 75-76

Schlegel, Friedrich, 5, 7, 21, 136; irony in, 15, 141

Schlick, Moritz, 26

Schoene, Albrecht, 59

Schorske, Carl E., 11, 12, 88

Schroenberg, A. F. W., 11

Science, 2, 5, 7, 12-14, 23-24; classical, 41, 75; epistemological critique of, Bateson on, 32; exactness of, 25; as the interaction between the knowing subject and reality, 31-32; and literature, 19, 29; and metaphysics, demarcation between, 28; natural laws of, and moral laws, 136; pure, 29. See also Physics

Self, inner, reality of, 28

Sensation, 26, 27, 29, 33, 42

Serres, Michel, 2, 67

Shakespeare, William, 31

Socrates, 10, 14-16, 54, 116-19, 130, 135

Solers, Philippe, 20

Soul, 12, 24-26, 28

Spiritual experience, 25, 89, 100, 140. See also Mystical experience

Spitzer, Leo, 20

Stengers, Isabelle, 2

Stochastics, 2

Structuralism, 7, 19, 28

Subject, 4, 6, 9, 19, 29, 46; cognitive subject and his environment, 28; Peirce on cognitive framework of, 33; habit and constitutions of, 97-100; de-ontologization of, 18; dispersion of, 2; evacuation of subject from discourse, 21; as a “field” of discourses, 8; issues of subject in history, 10; and the known object, 26, 27, 56-57; “left-out,” 42; cognitive subject/mind, as inferences of signs, 42; postmodern murder of, 41; science as the result of interaction between subject and reality, 32; and relationality, 37; values of, 145. See also Subjectivity

Subjectivism, 47-48

Subjectivity, 6, 18, 25. See also Subject

Suicide, 12

Synechism, 50

Syntax, 6, 13, 14

Systematization, 19

Szondi, Peter, 141

Taxonomy, 19

Technocratization, 10

Theory and praxis. See Praxis

Time and space, categories of, 9, 29, 51

Totalitarianism, 16

Toulmin, Stephen, 11, 12, 21, 88, 137

Trace, 20, 56

Truth, 6, 55, 72; and abduction, 153-54; absolute, 5; and constructive irony, 17; contextualization of, 52, 92; correspondence theory of, 4; and falsehood, 17, 19, 54, 81, 82, 138; illusory, 118; indefiniteness of, 152; indeterminacy of, 20; as infinite semiosis, 151; and interaction, 54-55; legitimation of, 4; metaphor and, 36; possibility of scientific truth, 7; relation of truth and society, 116-17; temporariness of, 51; and Utopia, 141; truth-values, 81-82; will to, 54, 108

—definition of, 27, 39; and the consensus of the community, 8, 72-74; and praxis, 137; and triadicity, 39, 40, 41, 51, 80, 82

Tychism, 50

Uncertainty, 7, 8, 10, 16, 47-48, 52; human uncertainty, in Musil, 30; impersonal character of uncertainty, and knowledge, 129; of meaning, contextual, 36; of reference, 51; solution to, 54-55; of value, 17

Universal essence and particulars, schism of, 25, 26

Universals, Kantian theory of, 26, 57, 58

Utopian irony, 14, 16, 17, 101-102, 141-42. See also Utopianism

Utopianism, 9-11, 101, 107, 137-53, 155, 168n.5. See also Utopian irony

Validity, 5, 58, 143; communicational, 103, 107, 149, 150, 151; contextual, 81; in Habermas, 12, 77-78, 79, 102-103; legitimation of, 4

Value, 9, 18-19, 120-21, 137, 145, 154; affirmation of value, and utopia, 144-49; evacuation of value from discourse, 21; fact/value issue, 11; nihilism of, 2; value positions, as the basis for practice, 144; truth-values, 81-82; value systems, true and false, 17, 19, see also Truth, and falsehood; transmutation of value, in Nietzsche, 34; uncertainty of, 17; problem of value in Wittgenstein, 137

Van Gogh, Vincent, 114

Volochinov, V. N., 124

War, 12, 92, 140, 143

Wave packets, 30, 31, 56

Will, 4, 10, 137

Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 4, 9-10, 24, 28, 76, 88; language-use in, 94; problem of values in, 137; Russell on, 13; speech pragmatics of, 11, 41; theory of meaning, 35

World War I, 12, 92

World War II, 92