Index

(Illustrations are identified by italic numbers.)

abdominal: breathing, 12; control, 13; diaphragm, 30, 32-34, 68; muscles, 11, 100; pressure, 13, 101; pulsated scale, 13; tuck, 10; wall, 37, 68

abduction separation, 63

acoustics, 108; method for identifying words, 250; physical area, 120; recorded sound, matching, 232; vocal, 121

action, 51-54

adduction: moment of, 94; of the vocal folds, 94; subglottic, phase of, 73

adductors, 60

aerodynamic theory, 62

aesthetic experiences, 3

agonist, 30

air: elasticity of, 103; pressure, 23, 104, 150; stream, 122; velocity of, 73

air pressure variations, 104, 150

air stream, 122

alveoli, 25

amplification: reinforced, 117

amplification of sound, 118

amplitude, 151-52; concept related to, 15

amplitude decay, 118

amplitudes, 111

anatomical system, 25; alterations, 95

anatomy: of the ear, 158; relative to phonetics, 171

antagonist, 30, 37

antagonist muscles, 13, 61

anterioposteriorally, 69, 73

anterior, 43

anterior nares, 74

anterolaterally, 61

anteroposteriorly, 28

aorta, 32

aperture: mouth opening, 120

arch of the cricoid, 54

art is artifice, 18

art song, 9, 172

artful singing: physical disciplines, 18; psychophysical, 9; word disciplines, 171

articulated, 29

articulation, 9; phonetics, 171

articulator, 74

aryepiglottic fold, 47, 77

aryepiglottic muscle, 78

arytenoid cartilages, 48, 68

atmospheric pressure, 28-30

audible sound, frequency limits of, 144

auditory feedback, test for, 141

auditory nerve, 165

auditory sensation, 108

back muscles, 13

balanced suspension, 14, 37

basic vowel, 133, 223, 224-25, 249; analysis of, 262; criteria for reproducing, 230; defined, 223; determined, 227; diction, 236

basilar membrane, 163

bel canto, 90

Bell Telephone, 64, 89

Bernoulli, 69; effect, 69; law of 73

bicipital groove of the humerus, 34

body: balanced suspension, 13; control, 14; musculature in singing, 68; posture, 14; support, 13

breath column, 23

breath support, 102

breathiness, 61

breathing for singing: abdominal, 12; breath pressure, 13, 15; clavicular, 12; costal, 12; mechanics of, 10; rib, 12; thoracic, 12; vital capacity, 26

broad transcriptions, techniques, 174

bronchi, 25, 63, 78

bronchioles, 25

cardinal vowels, 248

cavity: coupling, 128; defined, 128; laws, 119; loosely coupled, 128, 129, 131; resonators, 118; tightly coupled, 128, 129, 131

centiseconds, 104

central tendon, 31

ceratocricoid: lateral, 46; posterior, 46

chest: position, 14; register, 87—88; voice, 90, 92, 94

cinefluoroscopy, 24

clavicles, 12, 34, 86

cineradiology, 95

clavicular breathing, 12

closed tones, 27, 89

cochlea, 142, 162, 162-67

communication, 43

complex sounds: defined, 108; spectrum of, 108

complex wave, 112-13

components of sound waves, 108

compressions, 104, 104

Concone exercises, 21, 261-62

consonants, 343-48; phonetic drills of, 179; terms pertaining to the production of, 258; use in opera, 239

conus elasticus, 47, 47

coracoid process, 34

corniculate cartilages, 47

corniculate pharyngeal ligament, 47

cornu, 45

costal, 31

covering mechanism, 89-90

coupled system, 84, 128

cricoarytenoid ligament, 47

cricoarytenoids: lateral, 68; posterior, 61

cricoid: arch of, 45, 54; cartilage, 43

cricothyroid ligament, 46

cricothyroid membrane, 47

cricothyroid muscles, 51, 54, 61, 68, 85

cricotracheal ligament, 46

crura, 31

cuneiform cartilages, 47

cycles, 104

damping, 77, 118, 119

damping factor, 15, 118

decibel scale, 150, 153, 155

diacritical marks, 174

dialect: areas of U.S., 203; drills, 205; General American, 205; in singing, 201; interpretation, 201

diaphragm, 28; abdominal, 31; action, 31; central tendon of, 31; pelvic, 30

diction: basic vowel theory, 236; defined, 236; problems in singing flowing text, 242; rules of, 236

digastric muscle, 84-85

double resonator, 130

drills: dialectal variation, 205; emotional stress, 198; emphatic stress, 195

dualistic nature of sound, 141

dyne: acoustic power, 151; defined, 149

ear: anatomy of, 158; animal, 143; drum, 117, 159; external, 158; human ear, 142; incus of, 160; inner ear, 162, 162; malleus, 160; middle ear, 142, 160, 160-61; ossicles of, 142, 160; outer, 158, 159; sensitivity of, 142; stapes, 160; tympanic membrane, 157

energized effort, 19

epigastrium, 13-epiglottis, 41, 43, 48, 68, 77, 79

erg per second, 150

esophagus, 32

eustachian tube, 161

expiration, 11, 62; abdominal breathing, 13; muscles of, 37

external oblique, 37, 68

external thyroarytenoid, 73

facets, 68; movable, 28

facia, lumbar, 37

Fant’s theory, 121

flowing speech: problems of, 244; rhythmic problems, 244

focus, 236

formant, 125-28, 240; charts, 133, 224; frequency change, 127; movement, causes of, 133, 134-36, 138; multiple resonance of, 130; origin of, 130-31

Fourier theorem, 108

frequency, 104, 152; fundamental, 109; measurement of, 143, 148; physical aspects of, 143

fundamental, 108, 113; component, 113; frequency, 109, 121

Garcia’s theory: closed or dark, 88; middle and upper register, 88; of registration, 87

glottal tone, 123

glottal wave form, 114, 122-24

glottic aperture, 62

glottic shock, 73

glottis, 48, 51, 57, 64, 69, 73, 123; respiratoria, 51, 57, 68; vocalis, 53, 68

hair cells, 65

harmonic analysis, 121, 132

harmonic series, 108-109, 110

harmonics, 108-109, 121

hearing: musical communication of, 141; threshold of, 144, 145

helicotrema, 163

Helmholtz, resonators, 73, 118, 120

human resonating system, 73, 75; physiological, 73

hyoid bone, 43, 82, 84-85

ilium, 36

incus, 160

inertia, 64

infraglottic, 63; pressure, 80; resonator, 79

inguinal ligament, 37

inspiration, 68; forced, 26; muscles of, 30

intensity, 100, 146, 147-50; amplitude and, 149; decibel scale of, 150; defined, 149; proper, 100; vowel modification and,221

intercostal lift, 10

interference, 123; complete, 111;defined, 111

International Phonetic Alphabet, 172; broad transcription, 173-74; diacritical marks of, 174; nonsense drills, 180; origin of, 172; structure of, 173; symbols of, 176

interpretation: dialect, 201; stress, 191; vowel migration, 216

IPA, see International Phonetic Alphabet

ischial spine, 31

Jones’ cardinal vowels, 248, 250

kinesiologic analysis, 229-340, 262-384

labial orifice, 74

laryngeal “buzz,” 69

laryngeal control, 101

laryngeal framework, 41, 43; epiglottis, 43; thyroid cartilage, 43

laryngeal functions: alterations of, 95; theories of, 86

laryngeal mechanism, 41

laryngeal position, 82

laryngeal tension, 95

laryngeal vibration: nature of, 121; theories of, 61, 121

laryngopharynx, 48, 77

laryngoscopy, 73

larynx, 41, 63; air column instrument, 62; cartilages, 43, 44; evolution of, 42; ligaments, 45, 45-46; lowering of, 95; membranes, 45, 45; of man today, 43; structure of, 43; vegetative organ, 41; see also laryngeal

laws that govern vocal sound, 103; cavity laws, 119; complex sounds, 108; phase and interference, 111; process of sound analysis, 103; psychophysical, 103; simple sounds, 104

legato singing, 237

length, 69

levator ani, 30

levator veli palatini, 74

levatores costorum, 30

lifts, 87

ligaments, 45; aryepiglottic fold, 47; ceratocricoid, lateral, 46; ceratocricoid, posterior, 46; conus elasticus, 47; corniculate pharyngeal, 47; cricoarytenoid ligament, 47; cricothyroid, 46; cricotracheal ligament, 46; hyothyroid, 45; thyroepiglottic, 46; vocal, 47

lingual tension, 89

linguistic character of stress, 192

linguistics: see phonetics, 171

lips: protrusion, 74; rounding, 74, 120, 137-38, 138, 189; spreading, 138-40; tension, 89

longitudinal wave, 103

loudness, 108, 141, 156, 158; amplitudes, 154; defined, 154; level scale, 155; measurement of, 154-56; numerical scale, 157; phon, 155; power exponent, 157; sone, 157; Weber-Fechner law, 154, 157

lungs, 26; alveoli, 25; elasticity, 25; function of, 25; lobes, 25

maintained vibration, 116

malleus, 160

mandible, 16, 74

mass, 24, 64, 67, 69

material media, 103

membranes, 45

messa di voce, 11, 101

migration drills, 260, 298-340

modification of vowels, 90, 220, 222

modulation of the respiratory air stream, 69, 122

modulation of tracheal air flow, 67

moment of passing, 87

Morgagni: ventricle of, 49

muscles: abdominal, 31, 100; abdominal diaphragm, 31; abdominal viscera, 13; agonist, 30; antagonist, 30; anterioabdominal musculature, 13; back, 13; cricothyroid, 54, 55; diaphragm, 30-31; digrastic, 84; expiration, 37; external oblique, 37, 39; external thyroarytenoid, 56, 73; genioglossus, 84; geniohyoid, 85; group action, 10; infrahyoid, 82-85, 83; insertion, 29; intercostal, 12; interarytenoid, 51; internal oblique, 38, 39; involuntary, 29; laryngeal musculature, 50, 51, 52; lateral cricoarytenoids, 54, 61, 68; latissimus dorsi, 30, 35, 37, 40, 68; lax, 84; levator veli palatini, 77; levatores costarum, 34, 35; musculature synthesized, 13; mylohyoid, 85; oblique arytenoids, 52, 53; of expiration, 37; of inspiration, 30; omohyoid, 86; organic, 29; origin, 29; palato-glossus, 77; palato-pharyngeus, 77; pectoralis, major-minor, 34, 35; pelvic diaphragm, 30; pharyngeal constrictor, 77; physical characteristics of, 29; posterior cricoarytenoids, 53, 53; quadratus lum-borum, 36, 36; rectus ab-dominus, 37, 38; rib-depressors, 30; rib-raisers, 30; ser-ratus posterior inferior, 36, 36; skeletal, 29; smooth, 29; sphincter, 13, 68; stapedius, 160; sternohyoid, 85; sternothyroid, 85; striated, 29; stylohyoid, 84; suprahyoid, 82, 84, 95; tense, 84; tensor tympani, 161; thoracic, 11, 100; thyroarytenoid, 56, 61, 66, 67, 71-72, thyroepiglottic, 78; thyrohyoid, 85; trachealis, 29, 79; transverse abdominus, 37, 38; transverse arytenoids, 51, 52; transverse thoracis, 38, 39; unstriated, 29; vocalis, 56, 59-60, 61, 66; voluntary, 29

narrow pass-band filtering, 133

nasal cavity, 74; anterior nares, 74; posterior nares, 74

nasal fossae, 74

nasopharynx, 74

neurochronaxic theory, 62

nonsense sentences, 181

nonsense syllables, 180

objective of a singer, 9

open throat, 80, 84

open tones, 89

opera, use of consonants in, 239

oral cavity: labial orifice, 74; pillars of the fauces, 74; shape and size, 74; volume of, 138

organ of Corti, 165

orifice, 50, 63; change of, 63

origin of muscles, 29

oropharynx, 77

ossicles, 160

oval window, 160

overtones, 108

partials, 108-109, 117; defined, 108; inharmonic, 108

pedagogical principles, 100

pedagogy, definition of, 3

pelvic diaphragm, 31; described, 30; levator ani, 30

pelvis, crest of, 36

period of the system, 63

perlymph, 162

perpendiculars, 105

pharyngeal cavity, 74, 76; laryngopharynx, 48-50, 77; nasopharynx, 74; oropharynx, 77

pharyngeal isthmus, 77

pharyngeal resonators, 87

pharyngeal wall, 74, 89

phase: defined, 111; interference, 111, 123; reinforcement, 111, 123

phon, 155

phonation, 92; mechanics of, 50; musculature of, 50

phonatory airway, 63

phonatory track, 101

phonatory tube, 24, 62, 95

phoneme, defined, 192, 220

phoneme, 84, 90

phonemic accuracy, 217, 245; model word, 219; necessity for, 259

phonemic migration, 77, 222

phonemic stress, 191

phonetic accuracy, 217

phonetic alphabet, 172-78

phonetic drills, 178-88

phonetic instability, 241

phonetic transcriptions: “Au Clair de la Lune,” 387, 389; “Widmung,” 388, 394

phonetics, 171; approach to singing, 216; articulation, 171; broad transcription, 174; definition of, 171; diacritical marks, 174; disciplines of, 171; drills, 178-88; French sounds, 190; German sounds, 189; instability, 241; Italian sounds, 176-78

physiological change and for-mant movement, 133; cause, 133; of children, 133; of men, 133; of women, 133

physiology: relative to phonetics, 171; pianissimo sounds related to, 15; vocal force, 16; vowel color, 16, 90, 222

pillars of the fauces, 74

pinna, 158

piriform sinus, 49, 78

pitch, 43, 108, 141, 146, 148; changes, 69, 140; defined, 145; intensity of, 146, 149; measurement of, 147; range of, 100, 231; relationship between, 145; subjective comparison of, 145; vowel migration and, 233; vowel modification and, 220

pitch changes and vowel for-mant movement, 140; vowel recognition, 140, 219

pleura, 26

pleural cavity, 28, 31

point, 84; in singing, 236; of passage, 95; of suspension, 10; of transition, 91

postdorsum, 80

posterior, 51, 68

posteriorly-anteriorly, 69, 73

pressure: abdominal, 101; air, 24, 104, 150; atmospheric, 28, 30-31; balance between, 100; changes, 104; diaphragmatic, 102; increase in breath, 100; infra-glottic, 80; subglottic, 24, 73; thoracic, 102

primary register change, 95

process of sound analysis, 103

projection, 236

pronunciation, relative to phonetics, 171

properties of sound wave components, 104

prosodic elements in song, 385

psychology, relative to phonetics, 171

psychophysics, 142

pubic arch, 31, 37

psychophysical, 9, 103

psychological method, support, 17, 100

puffs, 63

pulsated drills, 17; advantage of, 22; association with student, 23; basic drills and unification of forces, 23; goals of, 20; natural body coordination in, 22; objectives of, 17; presentation and performance of, 19; relaxation and, 17; tension and, 17; vocal force in, 19

pulsated scale, 14

pure vowel, 223, 228-29

purposive voice, 43

quality, 117

quality alternate vowel, 223, 226

radiography, 24

rarefactions, 104

recorded sound, 232, 260

rectangular wave, 114,115

Reed theory, 62

register: chest, 87-88, 93; closed or dark, 89; head, 88; lower, 93; middle, 88, 93; transition, female, 93, 98-99; transition, male, 91, 96—97; upper, 90

registration, 86, 91; Garcia’s theory of, 87

reinforcement, 116, 123

resistance, 14, 100

resisting antagonist forces, 13

resonance: defined, 117; forced vibration, 117; frequency, 127; in song, 73, 117; multiple, 130; selectivity, 117

resonating cavities, natural frequencies, 127

resonating system, 27, 103; pitch change, 63

resonation, 9, 92

resonators, 15; cavity, 118; damping of, 119; double, 130; infraglottic, 79; nasal, 74; pharyngeal, 87; sounding board as, 118

respiration, 9; coordination of, 92; mechanics of, 25

respiratory air stream, 68

rima glottidis, 57

round window, 161

scala tympani, 162

scala vestibuli, 162

scale, tempered, 143

schwa, 234-35, 352

selectivity, 118-19; partials, 118; resonance, 118; sounding board, 119

semantics: body of knowledge, 191; phonemic stress, 191

semicircular canals, 162

septum, 74

sensation of, 154; abdominal control, 14; body control, 13; discipline, 103; intensity, 9; singing, 9; support, 13; vocal quality, 9

sensitivity: of the ear, 142; to text, 191, 385

shearing action, 166

simple harmonic motion, 107, 111; defined, 105; employment of, 107; mechanics of, 107; transfer of, 107

simple sounds, 104

simple tones, 108; timbre, 108

simple wave forms, 104

sinusoid: mathematical derivation of waves, 105, 112, 123

singing: act of, 10, 43; breathing in, 10; concept of, 9; consonants in, 237; definition of, 9; dialect, 203, 204; focus in, 236; intensity of, 9; interpretation of, 201; meaning in, 191

sinus, piriform, 49, 78

sinusoid, 105-106; defined, 104

soft palate, 74, 77

soft-walled resonators, 118

sone, 157

song, 385-86; “Au Clair de la Lune,” 387, 389, 390-93; “Widmung,” 388, 394, 395-98

sonograph, 126, 132; complex wave, 141; defined, 103; frequency limits of, 144; intensity, 142; loudness, 141; pitch, 141; simple sounds, 104

sound spectra, defined, 108

sounding board: mass, 117; selectivity of, 118; size, 118; surface, 118

sounds of French, 190, 328-72, 329-40

sounds of German, 189, 328, 357-62, 381-82, 329-47

spectra, 109

spectrograph, 132

speech: analysis of, 121; forms, 121; overlaid function, 43; sounds in singing, 248, 251

speech mechanism, 253; alveolar ridge, 253; buccal, 256; dental, 253; glottis, 253; glottal stroke, 253; labial, 253; lateral, 256; lingual, 256; mandible, 256; maxilla, 256; nasal, 256; nasal port, 256; oral, 256; oropharynx, 256; palate, 256; pharyngeal wall, 256; pharynx, 256; postpalatal, 256; prepalatal, 256; raphe, 257; sibilant, 257; tongue, 256; uvula, 257; vallecula, 257; velum, 257

square wave, 113, 114

stable vowels: acoustically, 223; pitch range, 231

sternal, 31

sternum, 13, 28-31, 34, 85

stress: drills for, 195-99; emotional element of, 194; emphatic and emotional, 194; linguistic character of, 192; method of determining, 199; semantic character of, 191; sensitivity to text, 191; stressed and unstressed words, 193; stressing and unstressing, 193

style in singing, 201

subglottic pressure, 24, 73

support: defined, 11; dualistic nature of, 13; feeling of, 10; objectives of, 11; sensation of, 13; unification of effort in, 17

supraglottic space, 63,95

suspended resistance, 13

synthesized musculature, 13

synthesized support, 16

teacher preference, 216

teachers of singing: concern, range and register, 90; preparation of, 6; variations in teaching, 216

tension: laryngeal, 95; lingual, 89; vocal folds, 24

tessitura, 100

thoracic cage, 28, 29

thorax, 27, 28

tightly coupled system, 74

tilt of the thyroid, 61, 66

timbre, 87, 108, 120; defined, 108; matching, 232

tomography, 78-79, 95

tonal color, 64, 90

tones: closed, 89; covered, 89; open, 89; uncovered, 89

tongue, 16, 74, 89; backing, 138; base of, 95; fronting, 138; root of, 78, 80

trachea, 25, 74, 80-81; bifurcation of, 63, 95; defined, 78

tracheal air pressure: modulation of, 67, 69

transitions of female, 93-94

transitions of male, 91-92

uvula, 74, 257

vegetative organ, 41

velum, 47, 257

vena cava, 32

ventricle of Morgagni, 49

ventricles, 77, 78

ventricular folds, 49, 77-78; false vocal folds, 77

vertebra: lumbar, 36; sacral, 36; thoracic, 36

vestibular opening, 78

vestibule, 48, 49, 50, 78; narrowing of the, 95

vibrating string theory, 64

vibration: amplitude of, 15; concept of, 15; forced, 116; free, 115-16; laryngeal, 76; maintained, 116

vibrato: control, 24; defined, 23; in song, 23; separate entity, 25; thyroid cartilage control of, 23

viscera, 30, 68

vital capacity, 26

vocal cords, 59

vocal folds: adduction of, 94; alterations, 101; amplitude, 15; concepts of, 15; contour of, 62; control of, 15; false, 49, 77; length of, 24, 62, 64, 100; mass of, 24, 64, 100; tension of, 23, 62, 100; vibration of, 15

vocal force: breath pressure, 15; control of, 15; energized effort, 19; pianissimo sound, 15; pulsated drills, 19

vocal pedagogy, 3, 6, 102

vocal process, 53, 68

vocal quality as sensation, 9

vocal range, 103,144

vocal register, 86

vocal scale: pure, 90; unbroken, 90; uninterrupted, 90

vocal technique, 41

vocal text, 191; requirements of, 191; sensitivity to, 191

voice development, 19

volume, 16

vowel color, 16, 91, 222; phonemic migration, 222; related to pianissimo sounds, 16

vowel diagram 251

vowel formant movement, 133, 138

vowel migration: described, 226; intellectual element of, 216; stable pitch range, 233

vowel modification, 90, 220

vowel recognition, 140, 219

vowel size, 245

vowels: back, 251; basic, 139, 223, 230, 240, 262, 299, 305; cardinal, 248, 249-50; central, 251; clarifying of, 22; closed, 89-92; color, 100; covered tone, 91; drills and exercises of, 178-88; focusing of, 22; French nasal, 335-41, 365-72; frontal, 251; high central rounded, 327, 354; lax, 89; lip rounding, 189; migration of, 140, 216, 234; migration drills, 298-340; modification of, 90, 220, 234; neutral, 92, 325; open, 89, 92; pitch range, 231; pointing, 22; pure vowel, 223, 229-30; quality alternate, 139, 223, 226; rounded frontals, 327-33, 328-62; rules for singing, 194; schwa, 234, 352; semivowel, 342, 375; stable, 231; stressed and unstressed, 194; tense, 90, 129; terms pertaining to the production of, 257; vowel recognition. 219

walls of the mouth, 89

wave crest, 111

wave form, 105, 108, 109, 114, 122

Weber-Fechner law, 154; disproved, 157

word, 171, 193, 201, 219; cue of recognition, 219; discipline of, 172; importance in singing, 172; methods for examining in song, 250; phonemic accuracy, 219; pronunciation, 219; relative to phonetics, 171; singing style, 201; spelling, 220; stressed and unstressed, 194

xiphoid process, 27, 31

yawn, 78, 87