SUBJECT INDEX

A accent (Bolinger): compared to other analyses, 2, 17-19, 30, 32; definition, 17-18, 35, 64, 215n3; discourse function, 58-62, 64-69; Jackendoff’s use of term, 32, 146, 210n3, 216n4; relation to stress, 24, 38, 49. See also Accent analyses; В, С accent; Fall

Absence of stress (Schmerling), 53-55, 67, 212n4, 214n4. See also Deaccenting

Accent. See also А, В, С accent; Emphasis; Pitch obtrusion; Sentence stress; Stress

—[accent] (Vanderslice-Ladefoged), 16—18, 21, 48, 54-56, 88

—accent analyses (Bolinger and others), 9, 16-19, 23-25, 29-31, 33; accent vs. intonation, 9, 17, 19, 25, 30; accent vs. stress, 9, 20-22, 24, 33, 21on16; prominence, 16-17, 20-22, 24-25, 30, 34-39, 49, 98, 205; rhythmic cues, 34-39, 43, 45-46; sentence stress, 24, 46-49

—accent placement, 31-33; compounds, 86-90; content words, 84-85, 90; definite and indefinite NPs, 91-92; function words, 84-85; locative phrases, 91-92; names, 91, 215n12; nouns, 85, 90; parallel constructions, 79-80; predicates, 90. See also Contrastive stress; Deaccenting; Focus; Normal stress

Acoustic correlates of stress. See Stress, acoustic correlates

Acquisition of suprasegmentals, 120-121

Affective uses of intonation. See Attitude; Expressive uses of intonation

Africanist languages (Woo), 193, 219n9

All-or-none. See Contrast; Gradience

Ambiguity, 47-49, 82-83, 96, 120, 152

American analyses, 3-20 passim, 102-103, 141, 194; phrasing, 4-5, 162-163, 166; pitch levels, 4-5, 9-14, 29, 31, 101-103, 209n1o (see also Levels-vs.-Configurations); sentence stress, 7-9, 29, 31; stress levels, 4-5, 20-24, 26-28

Amplitude, 26, 130, 133. See also Intensity

Anacrusis (Chao), 16. See aho Prehead

Anaphoric destressing, 52. See also Deaccenting

Answers to questions, 12, 63, 111, 219n15

Arbitrariness (vs. iconicity), 197-202

Attitude (emotion), 123-133 passim, 154-156, 161-162; as special function of intonation (Pike and others), 13, 123, 125-128, 133, 139-140; expressed nonintonationally, 124-127, 131; relevance to language-paralanguage distinction, 101, 104-105, 128-133, 204; relevance to intonational lexicon hypothesis, 154-156, 161-162. See also Expressive uses of intonation

Auctioneers, 219n6

Autosegmental, 2, 9-10, 190, 192-193, 219n9

В accent (Bolinger): compared to other analyses, 2, 17-19, 32; definition, 17-18, 61-64, 194, 215n3, 219”7; discourse function, 58-64 (see aho Pretonic accent); JackendofFs use of term, 32, 146, 148, 210n3, 216n4; relation to stress, 24, 38, 67. See also A, С accent; Accent analyses; High rise

[BG] (Lieberman), 163

Bloomfieldian, 3-4, 10, 28, 51

Body (of tune) (Kingdon), 16

Boundary: boundary tone (Liberman), 10, 163, 166, 218пз, 220n10; in American analyses, 139-140, 162-164; 166, 208-209n10; in British analyses, 6, 165, 208-209n10; relational nature of, 51, 164-168, 205, 212n2; timing cues for, 41-43. See also Terminal juncture

Breath group (Lieberman), 2, 104-105, 163

British analyses, 3-23 passim, 104, 141, 194, 217718; compared to accent analyses, 19, 30-31; pitch contours, 5-6, 10-16, 29, 31; phrasing, 6, 165, 209nio; sentence stress, 7-9, 29, 31; stress, 5-6, 20, 22-23

Broad focus. See Focus

С accent (Bolinger): compared to other analyses, 2, 17-19, 32; definition, 17-18, 62-64, 194, 219n7; discourse function, 62-64 (see also Pretonic accent); relation to sentence stress, 49. See also A, В accent; Accent analyses; Low rise

[cadence] (Vanderslice-Ladefoged), 17-19, 189

Calling, 169-179, 184

Categorial perception, 113-117, 196

Ceneme, 200-202

Chant, 169-170, 176, 178-179, 184-185, 192

Chinese, 121, 136-137, 164, 187, 189-190, 193, 220n11

Chroma (Gibbon), 170

Closed class words. See Function words

Commands, 126

Comparatives, and Fall-Rise, 156, 161

Complex tonal pattern (Liberman), 69

Complex tone (Crystal), 110; (Kingdon), 5

Compound stress, 27, 33, 86, 88-90

Compound stress rule (Chomsky-Halle), 26, 77

Compound tone (Crystal),110

Configuration. See Levels-vs.-configurations; Pitch contour; Tune

Consciousness, and deaccenting, 52

Constituent structure: as cue to prominence, 39, 42-44; interaction with focus, 75, 77-78, 85-89, 95, 98, 146

Content words (vs. function words), 84-85, 90, 92, 216n2

Context: as disambiguating factor, 22, 47-49, 117-118; in fall-rise sentences, 153-161; role in accent placement, 52-66 passim, 72-75, 83, 87-99, 157; role in intonational meaning, 12, 104, 121-122, 127, 139-145

Continuation (Delattre), 167-168

Contour. See Pitch contour

Contradiction contour (Liberman-Sag): as lexical unit, 13, 15, 148, 150-151, 163; embeddability, 151-152; phonological status, 15, 147-152, 181, 216-217n6 (see aho tune-tone controversy)

Contrast (contrastiveness). See Contrastive stress; Emphasis; Focus

Contrast (vs. gradience), 2, 11-13, 134, 195-196; as feature of intonational analyses, 17, 30, 102-106; distinguishing contrasts from gradient aspects of intonation, 112-118. See also Gradience; Paralanguage

Contrastive stress, 41-42, 71-82 passim, 149-150; vs. contrastive accent (Bolinger), 86-87; vs. deaccenting, 52, 67, 81-83. See also Deaccenting; Default accent; Emphasis; Focus

[convex] (Wang), 189

Coreference, 52, 66, 82, 93. See also Deaccenting

Cycle, phonological, 22, 26, 28

Deaccenting: as rhythmic weakening, 56-58, 67, 82-83, 88-89, 98, 205; in other analyses, 47, 53-88, 67, 82, 88-89; relation to default accent, 81-83, 87-90; relation to normal stress, 89-92, 94-96; relation to pretonic accent, 37-38, 64-69

Declarative intonation, 139. See also Statement intonation

Deep structure, 70, 139-140, 161-162

Default accent, 81-83, 87-88, 95. See also Deaccenting

Destressing, 52. See also Deaccenting Dialect differences in intonation, 11, 207n6, 208n7

Dialogue. See Context; Deaccenting

Differential meaning (Trager-Smith), 103

[dip] (Vanderslice-Ladefoged), 17, 47

Discourse. See Context; Deaccenting

Disjuncture (Bolinger-Gerstman), 41-44. See also Boundary; Timing

Distance, 170-172, 174-178

Distinctive features, 14, 16-17, 50-51, 188-194, 206

Duality of patterning (double articulation), 200-202, 205

Duration (length): as correlate of perceived prominence, 9, 22, 26, 28-29; as cue to rhythmic structure, 26, 41-44; in accent analyses, 21, 34-35, 44-45. See also Rhythm; Timing

Echo question, 111, 208n7

Elicitory question (Bresnan), 57, 84

Emotion, 101, 104-105, 128-133. See also Attitude

[emph] (Vanderslice-Ladefoged), 47, 212n6

Emphasis: as phonological characterization, 4-6, 8; as semantic characterization, 62, 64, 112-113, 157 163. See also Contrastive stress; Scoop

[endglide] (Vanderslice-Ladefoged) 17-19, 189

Epithets, 64-65, 127, 181-182

Expressive lengthening, 106, 113, 117

Expressive uses of intonation (vs. grammatical), 13, 47, 101, 104-105, 139-140, 161-162, 167-168. See also Attitude; Emotion

Eye contact, 171, 176

Facial expression, 110, 127-128

Fall, 10-12, 35, 40, 106, 176

—[fall], 189-190

—fall (nuclear tone), 10, 19, 30-32, 106, 110-112, 164, 179-180; in accent analyses, 17, 19 (see also A accent, [cadence]); scooped, 35, 111; stylized 173-175, 179-180, 185; vs. fall-rise, 110-112, 114-117, 146, 155-156, 158-161. See also High fall; Low fall

—falling terminal, 4, 10, 17, 19, 104-105, 114-117, 120-121

—fall-rise (nuclear tone), 5-6, 10, 12, 31, 110-112, 135-136, 164-165; in accent analyses, 17, 19, 48; interaction with focus, 145-147, 152-162; vs. contradiction contour, 147-152, 217n7; vs. fall, 110-112, 114-117, 146, 155-156, 158-161

—fall-rise sequence (Lee), 217n7

—fall-rise tune (Lee), 217n7

Familiar form of pronoun, 124

Features. See Distinctive features

Figure-ground, 194

Finality (completion), 163

Focus, 21, 67, 71-90 passim; broad (unmarked) focus, 74-75, 81, 87-89; in fall-rise sentences, 149-151, 153-162; logical representation of, 146-147, 157-159, 213n2; narrow focus, 74, 77-84, 86-87, 89. See also Accent placement; Contrastive stress

Foot, rhythmic, 210-211n19

Formal style, 125, 127

Formants, 133, 193

French, 124, 127-128, 167-168

Full stress (IPA), 5, 8, 19-20. See aho Stress

Full vowel (in accent analyses), 20-22, 24, 34-35, 210n14

Functionalism, 215n14

Function words (vs. content words), 84-85, 90, 216n2

Fundamental frequency (physical correlate of pitch), 115, 121, 130, 132 133, 137. See also Pitch

Generative, 3, 7, 21

German, 121-122, 124, 143, 168, 204

Gesture, 110, 199, 202

Given (old information). See Context; Deaccenting

Gradience (vs. all-or-none contrast), 2, 1ο1, 178-179, 195-196, 203-204; definition, 106-112, 117-118; identifying gradient aspects of intonation, 102-106, 112-118; relation to emotion, 104-105, 131-133. See also Contrast; Paralanguage

Grammatical uses of intonation (vs. expressive), 101, 104-105, 139-140, 161-162, 167-168. See also Boundary

Greetings, 172, 177

Grid, 25; metrical grid, 28, 43-44

Half stress (IPA), 5-6, 20, 34-35, 41, 48, 54-55. See also Stress

Head: as subdivision of tune, 10, 15-16, 29, 152, 209n10; compared to accent analyses, 209n11, 211n3; Hockett’s use of term, 15-16, 209n10; main head (Chao), 16; types of heads, 64, 69, 132, 150, 152, 181, 205, 211n20, 218n2, 21gn8

[heavy] (Vanderslice-Ladefoged), 21, 25, 34-35, 41, 48, 54-55. See also Long syllable

Hierarchical structure, 25, 28, 56. See also Constituent structure; Rhythmic structure

High, 5, 11, 14, 53, 110, 188

—[high] (Liberman), 14, 188

—high fall: head, 15, 126, 211n2, 216-217n6; nuclear tone, 110-112

—high rise, 5-6, 10, 19, 31-32, 110-111, 164; stylized, 180, 183-185. See also В accent; [endglide]

Holistic contour. See Intonational Lexicon; Tune-tone controversy

Honorifics, 124, 143

Humped descent (Gunter), 211n2. See also Scoop

Iconicity, 197-202

Ideophonic. See Phonesthesia

Illocutionary force, 140, 142

Indexical feature (Vanderslice-Ladefoged), 35

Informality, 122

Inherent feature (Jakobson-Halle), 212n1

Initiatory question (Bresnan), 57, 84

Instrumental phonetics: relevance to suprasegmental analysis, 8-9, 25-27, 133-134; studies of emotional cues and pitch, 130, 133-134, 148; studies of stress and timing, 8-9, 26-29, 34, 39-45

Intensity (loudness or volume): acoustic correlate of perceived prominence, 8-9, 20, 22, 29-30, 44, 46, 21on15; basis of traditional stress, 4, 8, 20, 30, 41, 21on15; correlate of ‘terminal juncture’, 163; gradient meaningful dimension, 109-110, 213n3; in calling intonation, 170-171, 175, 177-178; in synthetic speech, 26, 130, 133

Internal open juncture. See Plus juncture

Intonation: vs. accent (accent analyses), 9, 19, 30, 49; vs. lexical tone, 121, 216n1; vs. stress, 8-9, 20, 25, 29-31, 100, 205, 213-214n3, 214n5. See also Pitch

—[intonation] (Vanderslice-Ladefoged). See intonation center

—intonational lexicon, 11-14, 31, 140-141, 143-145, 208n8; role in grammar, 148, 161-162, 178, 194

—intonational meaning. See Meaning

—intonational word (Liberman), 13, 141

—intonation center: Hockett, 7, 21-22, 211n2; Vanderslice-Ladefoged, 21-22, 46-48, 54-55, 88. See also Nucleus

—intonation contour. See pitch contour

—intonation curve (Jones), 10. See also Pitch contour

IPA, 5, 19-20, 187

Isochrony. See Stress timing

Japanese, 128, 143, 145

Journalistic coreference, 52, 66

Juncture. See Boundary; Plus juncture; Terminal juncture

Kinetic tone (vs. static), 5, 29, 188-190, 207n6. See also Levels-vs.-configurations

Length. See Duration; Expressive Lengthening

Level of analysis, 11, 13, 187-190

Levels of stress: acoustic basis, 22, 41-44, 21on15; and rhythmic structure, 50-51, 166; in accent analyses, 23-25, 48, 210n16; in traditional analyses, 4, 7-8, 19-20, 22-25, 27-29; relation to deaccenting, 53-55, 58, 82. See also Stress

Levels-vs.-configurations: as British vs. American, 9, 11-12; as question of phonological status of tune, 14, 30, 186-196 passim

Level terminal, 4, 166, 170, 190, 218n13, 220n10

Level tone (nuclear tone), 185, 211n20. See also Levels-vs.-configurations; Static tone; Stylized intonation

Light [-heavy] syllable (Vanderslice-Ladefoged), 21, 34. See also Duration, in accent analyses; Reduced vowel

List intonation, 183-184

Long syllable, 20-21, 34-38, 44, 67. See also Duration; Strong syllable

Loudness. See Intensity

Low, 5, 11, 110, 188

—[low] (Liberman), 14, 188, 191, 195

—low fall, 110-112

—low pitch and deaccenting, 53-55, 57, 67, 82

—low rise (nuclear tone), 5-6, 10, 15, 31-32, 110-111, 126, 194; in accent analyses, 19, 48; in contradiction contour, 15, 181, 211n2, 216-217n6; stylized, 180-183, 185, 191-192. See also С accent; [dip]

Macrosegment (Hockett), 209n10

Main head (Chao), 16

Main stress. See Primary stress

Major continuation (Delattre), 167-168

Mandarin. See Chinese

Marked breath group (Lieberman), 2, 104-105, 163

Meaning: attitudinal meaning, 123-128; gradience of intonational meaning, 106-109, 112-113, 117-118; peripherality of intonational meaning, 101, 119-128, 140-145, 202; phonesthetic meaning, 140-141, 144, 197-202; role of meaning in analysis, 2, 98-99, 103, 112-113, 117-118, 208n6

Melody. See Music; Tune

Metalinguistics (Trager-Smith), 103

Metaphor, 141, 144, 172, 175, 197-202

Metrical bracketing (Liberman), 68

Metrical grid (Liberman), 28, 43-44

Minor continuation (Delattre), 167-168

Modals: English modal verbs, 124-125, 143; German modal particles, 121-122, 124, 143

Modulation of intonational meaning (Liberman), 14, 195-196. See also Expressive uses of intonation; Gradience

Monosyllables: duration, 43-45, 135; pitch contours, 135, 149, 152

Morphological stress (Stockwell), 24, 210n16

Music, 25, 31, 219n6; musical intervals. 163, 170, 184-185

Names, deaccenting of, 91, 215n12

Narrow focus. See Focus

Negation, scope of, 146-148, 159-162

New information, 57-59, 66, 91-92, 153, 157-158

Normal stress, 33, 215n5; and contrastive stress, 73, 76, 78-80; and deaccenting, 89-90, 94-95; and focus, 74-78, 84-85. See also Accent placement

Notation: assumptions implicit in notation systems, ix-x, 11, 13, 25, 48, 187-188, 212n4; British notation, 5-6, 217n8; Trager-Smith notation, 4-5, 13

Nouns, accenting of, 85, 90

Nuclear Stress Rule (Chomsky-Halle), 26, 70, 77. See also Accent placement; Primary stress

Nuclear tail (Crystal), 217n7

Nuclear tone. See Nucleus; Tone

Nucleus: comparison of British and other views, 15, 19, 29-31; definition, 5-10, 22, 29; double-nucleus sentences, 69, 79-80, 146-147, 157-159. See also Accent; Sentence stress

Oaths, and stylized intonation, 181-182

Old information. See Context; Deaccenting

‘Once a phoneme always a phoneme’, 13-14

1-stress. See Primary stress

Open class words. See Content words

Orientalist languages (Woo), 187, 219n9

Overhigh pitch, 14

Paralanguage: tone of voice, 110, 129-133, 137, 178, 216n3; traditional distinction between linguistic and paralinguistic, 101-108, 119-120, 131-133, 167, 203-204; universality, 127-128

Parallel constructions, 69, 79-80

Parenthesis, 162, 164-165

Particle, modal (German), 121-122, 124, 143

Pause, 164-166. See also Boundary

Pendant (Hockett), 15-16

Perception of prominence. See Stress, acoustic correlates of

Performance (vs. competence), 144-145

Phoneme. See Levels of stress; Pitch level

Phonemic clause (Trager-Smith), 4, 166

Phonesthesia, 140-141, 144, 195, 197-202, 204-205

Phonological cycle, 22, 26, 28

Phrasing, 162-168. See also Boundary

Pitch. See also Fundamental frequency; Intonation

—pitch accent. See Accent

—pitch contour: as meaningful unit, 11-14, 186; phonological status, 2-5, 10-16, 29-31, 186-193 passim. See also Tune

—pitch direction, 190-192, 194

—pitch level, 61, 163, 186-196 passim, 208-209n10; in American analyses (pitch phoneme), 4-5, 9-14, 30-31, 102-103, 188-192. See also Levels-vs.-configurations; Level tone; Static tone; Stylized intonation

—pitch morpheme (Gardiner), 163

—pitch movement: ambiguities in accent analyses, 19, 30-31, 35-36, 49 215n3 at boundaries, 10, 166. See also Pitch direction; Pitch obtrusion

—pitch obtrusion (pitch prominence): as correlate of perceived prominence, 9, 20-22, 26, 29, 34-36, 39-41, 64; in accent analyses, 9, 16-22, 34-39; on first strong syllable, 36-39, 67

—pitch phoneme. See Pitch level

—pitch position (Trager), 7

—pitch prominence. See pitch obtrusion

—pitch range: as gradient dimension, 108-111, 131-132, 195-196, 203-204, 213n3; emotional effects, 106, 111-112, 129, 135; speaker’s pitch range, 9, 110-111, 135, 204

Plereme, 200

Plus-juncture (Trager-Smith), 4, 51. See also Boundary

Poetry, 201, 219n6

Posture, 127

Prague school, 3

Precontour (Pike), 16, 208-209n10

Predicates, accent on, 90

Predictability: and deaccenting, 52; and stylized intonation, 173, 175, 178

Prehead, 15-16, 38, 211n20, 211n3

Presupposition, 52, 57, 73, 91, 213n2

Pretonic accent, 58, 64-68. See also Deaccenting

Primary contour (Pike), 16, 208-209n10

Primary stress (American analyses), 4, 20-23, 27; comparison with accent analyses, 21, 46, 21m5; relation to sentence stress, 4, 7, 40, 46, 166. See also Sentence stress; Stress

Prominence, x, 19-31, 3349- passim, 64, 115, 212n4; as rhythmic strength, 25-30, 34, 36-45, 115; in accent analyses, 9, 17, 19, 21-22, 34-38. See aho Accent; Pitch obtrusion; Rhythm; Stress

Prosodie features (Jakobson-Halle), 50, 212n1

[Ps] (Lieberman), 210n15

Quantifiers, and fall-rise, 159-162

Quaternary stress, 42. See also Levels of stress

Questions: answers to, 12, 63, 111, 219n5; background questions, 182-183; echo questions, 111, 208n7 elicitory and initiatory questions (Bresnan), 57, 84; WH-questions (information questions), 63, 85, 111; yes-no questions, 105, 124, 139, 208n7

—question intonation, 104-105, 111, 115-117, 129-131, 139-140, 182-183

Quotation, 164

Reduced vowel (in accent analyses), 20-24, 34-35. See also Weak syllable

Relational grammar, 51

Relative pitch, 2, 110, 163-168, 205

Remainder (Hockett), 16

Restrictive relative, 95

Rheme, 158. See also New information

Rhyme, 51

Rhythm: as basis of perceived prominence, 22, 25-26, 28-31, 39-44, 98; in accent analyses, 34-39, 44-46; in stylized intonation, 178-179, 185; relational nature, 50-51, 56, 83, 98, 165; relevance to deaccenting, 56-57, 67-68, 98; rhythmic stress shift, 29, 36-39, 213n7; semantic function of rhythmic structure, 33, 67. See also Duration; Strong syllable; Timing; Weak syllable

Rise, 11, 40, 129, 139, 163, 186; in accent analyses, 17-19 (see also В, С accent; [endglide]); rising nuclear tones, 5, 106, 110 (see also Fall-rise, High rise, Low rise); stylized rises, 179-180, 184-185

—[rise], 189-190, 192

—rise-fall, 32, 110. See also Scoop

—rising terminal, 4, 10, 17, 19, 104; attitudinal effects, 105, 129; perceptual experiments, 114-116, 120-121, 148-149

Salient (Halliday), 22-23, 46, 210-211n19. See also Secondary Stress; Tonic

Scoop, 18, 31, 35, 40, 110-112, 115, 117-118, 207n2, 211n2

Scope, 75; scope of negation, 146-148, 159-162

Secondary stress (American analyses), 7, 20-23, 27, 55, 57, 210n15; compared with accent analyses, 21, 42, 46, 48; relation to primary stress, 7, 21-22, 46; relation to tertiary stress, 21, 42, 48. See also Levels of stress

Segmental (vs. suprasegmental), 3, 117֊ 118, 142-145, 151, 206; phonology, 51, 106, 113, 133, 137, 206

Segmentation, 1-3, 12, 14, 50-51, 100

Semantic differential (Osgood), 129

Sentence-final intonation, 139, 163. See also Statement intonation

Sentence stress.

—function, 7, 30-31, 33, 70-99 passim. See also Accent placement; Deaccenting, Focus; Normal stress

—phonological status, 20, 31, 39-40, 64; in accent analyses, 9, 24, 34, 46-49, 55; in traditional analyses, 5-9, 14, 29 (see also Nucleus; Primary stress)

Shifter (Jakobson), 93-94, 96

Short syllable, 20-21, 34-35. See also Duration; Weak syllable

Simple tone (Crystal), 110

Simultaneity in phonology, 206

Single-bar juncture. See Level terminal

Speaker’s attitude. See Attitude

Speech synthesis, 22, 90, 114-115, 129-130, 132, 135, 193

Statement intonation, 104, 111, 115, 117, 129-131, 139, 179

Static tone (vs. kinetic), 5, 13, 188-196 passim. See also Levels-vs.-configurations; Pitch level

Step-down tone (Fox), 170, 218n2

Stereotype: and pretonic accent, 60, 64; and stylized intonation, 173-175, 178-179, 185

Stress: vs. accent (accent analyses), 20-22, 33, 39, 21on16; vs. intonation (traditional analyses), 7-9, 20, 25, 29-31. See also Accent; Levels of stress; Rhythm; Sentence stress; Word Stress

—stress, acoustic correlates of: in accent analyses, 19-20, 39; phoneticians’ approach, 8-9, 40-42; rhythm interpretation, 25-29, 39-44, 50. See aho Duration; Intensity; Pitch Obtrusion; Rhythm

—stress phoneme. See Levels of Stress

—stress placement. See Accent placement; Sentence stress

—stress shift, 29, 36-39, 213n7

—stress timing, 29, 41-46

Strong syllable, 50-51, 57; relation to pitch changes, 7, 29, 40, 64, 179, 213n7. See also Rhythmic structure

Stylized intonation, 163, 204; function, 172-186; phonological status, 180, 185, 190-192, 195-196, 211n20

Subordinate tone (Crystal), 69

Superlatives, and fall-rise, 155-156, 159, 161

Surprise-redundancy tune (Sag-Liberman), 13-14, 21gn8

Sustention (Sledd), 11, 186. See also Level terminal

Syllable. See Long syllable; Short syllable; Strong syllable; Weak syllable

Syntax: cues to stress, 27-29, 39, 42; phrase boundaries, 139-140, 162-168; relevance to accent placement, 70-71, 74-81, 95-96, 99; relevance to intonation, 122, 139-140, 145-147, 151-152, 159-162; syntactic determinism (Bolinger), 98-99, 162, 215n4. See also Constituent structure

Synthetic speech. See Speech synthesis

Taboo words, 125-126

Tail, 10, 16, 47, 53, 150, 217n7

Talking blues, 219n6

Tempo, 110, 129, 163, 215n2. See also Timing

Terminal juncture (Trager-Smith), 4-5, 10, 46, 163, 166, 218n13, 220n10. See also Boundary; Falling terminal; Level terminal; Rising terminal

Tertiary stress (American analyses), 20-22, 51; compared to accent analyses, 21, 48; relation to secondary stress, 21, 42, 48. See also Levels of stress

3-stress. See Tertiary stress

Timing, 25, 41; correlate of intonational boundaries, 163-166; cue to rhythmic structure, 25-26, 41-45, 98; in accent analyses, 34-35, 98. See also Duration; Rhythm; Stress timing

Tonality (Halliday), 218n12

Tone. See also Pitch

—kinetic tone (vs. static), 5, 29, 188-190, 207n6. See also Levels-vs.-configurations

—lexical tone (tone languages), 121, 136-137, 145, 164, 187, 189-190, 193, 206, 219n9

—nuclear tone, 109, 118, 164-165, 191, 193-194, 202, 218n2; as subdivision of tune, 10, 14-16, 29, 69, 180, 185-186, 218n2; compared to accent analyses, 19, 30-31, 210n13; taxonomy, 5-6, 31-32, 100, 110-112, 180, 185, 211n20, 217n7. See also British analyses; Tune-tone controversy

—static tone (vs. kinetic), 5, 13, 188-196 passim. See also Levels-vs.-configurations

—tone group (Halliday and others), 12, 22, 207n5, 209n10. See also Tune

—tone of voice, 110, 125, 129-133, 137, 178-179, 182, 184-185. See aho Paralanguage

—tone sandhi, 190

—tone spreading (autosegmental), 192-193

Tonetic marks, 6, 20, 217n8

Tonic (Halliday), 8, 22-23, 46; tonicity, 218n12. See also Primary stress; Nucleus

Topic-comment sentences (Schmerling), 57-58, 84-85, 98, 212n4, 214n4

Traditional analyses (vs. accent analyses), 19-30 passim, 46, 165. See also American, British analyses

Transactions, 172, 177

Transcription. See Notation

Tune, 64, 69, 180; in accent analyses, 19; in British analyses, 10, 12, 14-15, 29, 31, 104; Tunes I and II (Armstrong-Ward), 10, 104; tune-text association, 29, 189-190; tune-tone controversy, 14-16, 29-31, 180-181, 185, 218n2, 219n8. See also Intonational lexicon; Levels-vs.-configurations; Pitch contour

2-stress. See secondary stress

Unaccented (accent analyses), 20-22, 24, 34, 45, 21on16. See also Accent

Universality, 121, 127-128, 201-202

Unmarked breath group (Lieberman), 2, 104-105, 163

Unmarked focus. See Focus; Normal stress

Unstressed, 4-5, 20-24, 27. See also Levels of stress; Stress; Unaccented; Weak stress

Vendors, 2, 179, 186

Vocative, 69, 176, 179; vocative chant, 2, 169-172, 178-179, 192

Voice qualifiers (Trager-Smith), 132. See also Paralanguage; Tone of voice

Voice quality. See Tone of voice

Volume. See Intensity

Vowel quality (cue to prominence), 20-24, 29, 34-35, 39, 21on14

Warning, 169, 171-172, 174-175, 179, 184; warning-calling tune (Liberman), 169, 186, 219n4, 219n8

Weak stress. See Unstressed

Weak syllable, 18, 20, 22, 50, 68, 129. See also Rhythmic structure

WH-question, 63, 85, 111

Women’s speech, 212n6

Word order, 92, 214n6

Word stress, 20-21, 33, 86-87, 150. See also Stress vs. accent; Stress shift

Writing systems, intonation in, 120

Yes-no questions, 105, 124, 139, 208n7

O-stress. See Unstressed