How to Cite Texts

Depending on the style you are using, here are several resources to help you properly format bibliographic citations for these online works. Please be sure to use the DOI located in the metadata section as the web site address when citing the title.

The Chicago Manual of Style provides helpful guidance here: https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/. See also “Page or location numbers in electronic formats”.

For American Psychological Association (APA) Style, see Sections 9.1 to 9.3 of the Publication Manual or Concise Guide as well as the reference examples in Chapter 10. For the Seventh Edition APA Style, visit https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines. This page provides additional guidance on citing references using APA Style: https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references.

The MLA Handbook has helpful information here: https://style.mla.org/works-cited/citations-by-format/ and here https://style.mla.org/works-cited/citations-by-format/online-works/. See also how to cite ePubs/eBooks https://style.mla.org/citing-an-e-book/ and Open Educational Resources (OER): https://style.mla.org/citing-open-educational-resources/.

Purdue University’s Online Writer’s Lab (OWL) offers help when citing online resources that comply to MLA Style: https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/mla_style/mla_formatting_and_style_guide/mla_works_cited_electronic_sources.html.

[Updated 2-28-2025 mr]

Item 10 - The Middle East Subordinate System, Composition 1968