“INDEX” in “Lithuania in Crisis”
INDEX
agricultural problems, 65–83: farm labor shortage, 76–79; farm productivity, 65–67; government remedies, 82–83, 166–67; land redistribution, 66–74, 160–61, 197; and price indexes, 74–76; social stigma of farming, 79; surplus rural population, 65–67
Alantas, Vytautas, 137; quoted, 140
Aleksa, Jonas, quoted, 28
anti-Fascist coalition, 51
Arms Fund, 131–33
army, politics of, 45–46
authoritarianism: height of, 8–9; in Lithuania, summarized, 210–12; and Nationalist theory, 138, 210–12; retreat from, 9, 113–21; Smetona’s brand of, 25, 30–32
Baltic Entente, 19
Baltic states: coordinated defense against Russia? 159; German-Soviet agreement on, 151; neutrality policy of, 19; Soviet destruction of, 20–21, 215; Soviet relations with, 177, 215; Treaty of Good Understanding and Cooperation, 19; union of, 17–21
Bistras, Leonas, 164–65
Bizauskas, Kazys, 149, 156, 181
Boy Scouts, 136
Brizgys, Vincentas, 171
business and industry: flax industry, 103–4; foreign capital in Lithuanian companies, 220; government intervention in, 99–100; in Klaipėda, 116–18; Nationalist support of, 105; in Vilnius, 161 Byelorussia, 52
capitulation to Russia, 181–84
Catholic bloc: association with Populists, 44–45; bitter discord with Nationalists in final hours before Soviet takeover, 183–84; and cooperative economic objectives, 105; influential opposition to Nationalists, 41–45; membership in Catholic organizations, 43; political parties in, listed, 5, 43; role in coalition governments, 212–15; under Soviet occupation, 186–87; summarized, 5–7; support of Nationalists, 37–38, 164–73
Catholic Church: Nationalist pressure on, 170–71; Vatican concordat, 6, 199; see also Catholic bloc
Central Union of Agricultural Cooperative Societies, 103
Central Union of Dairy Cooperative Societies, 95, 96
Černius, Jonas: address on coalition government’s “new deal,” 122–23; and farm cooperatives, 95; heads Council of Ministers, 119; neutrality policy of, 149; Smetona breaks with, 164; and Soviet aid, 156; see also Černius government
Černius government: discords within, 213–15; downfall of, 141, 167–68; formed as a consequence of Klaipėda, 210; members of, 218; “new deal” period of, 122–30; summarized, 9
Cesevičius, Domas, 137, 141, 167
Christian Democratic Party: as leader of Catholic bloc, 5–6; members in Černius cabinet, 119; opposition to Nationalists, 41; reaction to loss of Klaipėda, 114
chronology of most important events, 220–21
Church-State relations, 165, 170–71, 199
cities. See urban problems
civic groups, relief programs of, 90–91
civil marriage, 171
coalition governments: deep-seated discords within, 164–73; Klaipeda’s loss leads to formation of, 117–21; “new deal” period of, 122–30; reviewed, 213–15; Union of Labor as a mock coalition created by Soviets, 201–3; see also Černius government; Merkys government
collaboration with Soviet occupation, 185–209
Communist International, 51
Communist League of Youth, 52, 57–58
Communist Party: collaboration with Soviet occupation, 185–209; faction in People’s Government, 189; membership in, 52–56; mock coalition Union of Labor created by, 201–3; platform for People’s government, 192–93; publications of, 56–57; as the sole party legalized by Soviet occupation, 192; subsidiary organizations of, 57–59; underground movement of, 4761
constitution of 1938, 34
construction, urban, 88
cooperative movement, 92–98: as aid to peasant, 92–93; economic objectives of, 104–6; failure of, 97; and flax industry, 103–4; and government intervention in economy, 96, 101, 103–6; membership and societies in, 93–96; propaganda of, 97–98
cost of living, 84–87
Council of Agriculture, 82, 97
Council of Ministers, 119–21, 125, 148–49, 188–90
Council of National Economy, 107, 124
Darbininkų, ir Valstiečių Jaunimas, 57
debate on government intervention in the economy, 99–109
defense preparations, 131–36: fund raising, 131–33; National Guard growth, 133–34; youth militarized, 134–36
Dekanozov, Vladimir G., 188, 190, 199–201, 208
democracy in Lithuania, 3–8, 211–12
Department of Public Affairs, 127–28
Diet, People’s, 193, 200–10, 215–16
Dirmeikis, Bronius, 137
distribution of land. See land redistribution district executives, 172
economy of Lithuania: agricultural problems, 65–83; Catholic and Populist reforms aborted by Nationalists, 213–14; consequences in Klaipeda’s loss, 116–17, 118; cooperative action on, 104–6; and cooperative movement, 92–98; cost of living, 84–87; Council of National Economy, 107; flax debate, 103–4; foreign capital in Lithuanian companies, 220; government intervention in, 99–109; as liberal, 99–100; Ministry of Finance’s central authority in, 108–9; as a planned economy? 100–3; urban problems, 84–91
education: clash over Church-State relations, 165; military, 134–36; Nationalist policies on, 35–37
elections: local, 171–72; results of, 217; Soviet controlled, 200–9
Elsbergas, Stasys, 197
emergency law to maintain public order, 129–30
estates, large, 72–74, 160–61, 166
Estonia: relations with Lithuania, 17–21; see also Baltic states
events, chronology of most important, 220–21
Farmers’ Union, 5
farms and farming: and Communist underground, 48, 50; “experimental” farms, 72–73; government aid to landed interests, 82–83; labor shortages, 76–79; overpopulation on, 65–67; productivity, 65–67; redistribution of land, 66–74, 160–61, 166–67, 197; social stigma of rural labor, 79; Soviet assurances to farmers, 196–97; in Vilnius, 160–61
Fascism, as distinguished from authoritarianism, 30–32
Federation of Labor, 5
Finland, to join Baltic bloc? 18–19
flax industry, 103–4
foreign capital in Lithuanian companies, 220
foreign relations, 10–21; with Baltic states, 17–21, 159; with Estonia, 17–21; with Germany, 11–13, 19, 113, 145–50, 180; over Klaipėda issue, 11–13; with Latvia, 17–21; objectives of, 11; with Poland, 13–15, 18, 145–50; with Russia, 15–17, 20–21, 151–60, 175–216; over Vilnius issue, 13–15, 153–57
“foundling” cabinet, 168
freedom of the press, 126–28, 194–96
fund raising for defense, 133–34
Galvanauskas, Ernestas: and flax crisis, 104; heads nation’s economy, 105–8; opposed concessions to Russia, 184; quoted on Soviet, 159; resigns, 201; Soviets retain in cabinet, 188–89; stays in government, 198, 199
Gedvilas, Mečys, 196, 199–200; quoted, 206–7
Germany: conflict with Poland, 145–50; Klaipėda issue, 11–13, 113; nonaggression pact with Soviets, 20, 146; requested to send troops into Lithuania? 180; as threat to Baltic Entente, 19; as threat to Russia, 17
Girl Scouts, 136
Grinius, Kazys, 43
guided economy, 99–109
Hitler, Adolf, 180
housing shortage, 87–89
individual welfare, and state intervention, 101–2
industry. See business and industry
Jewish merchants, and flax industry, 103, 106
journals. See press
Kalinin, Mikhail I., 178
Kareivių Tiesa, 57
Karys, 132
Kaulėnas, Alfonsas, quoted, 36
Kaunas, housing shortage in, 87–89
Klaipėda: consequences of loss of, 113–21; 210, 213; history of dispute over, 11–13
Komsomol (Communist League of Youth), 52, 57–58
Krėvė-Mickevičius, Vincas, 197–201, 208
Krikščiūnas, Jurgis, 164
labor: agricultural, 65–83; Catholic organization of, 42–43; in Communist underground, 48–50; migratory, 82; shortages in, 76–79; surplus in, 65–67; and unemployment, 89–91; urban problems of, 84–91; wages for selected occupations, 80, 81n
land redistribution: and economic problems, 66–74; political quarrels over, 166–67; under Soviet occupation, 197; in Vilnius, 160–61, 166
Latvia, relations with Lithuania, 17–21; see also Baltic states
League of Nations, 10, 11, 13, 15, 18
left, alliance of the, 185–209
Lietuvos Aidas, 121, 151, 153, 195
Lietuvos Žinios, 105, 115, 172, 196
Lithuania: chronology of most important events, 220–21; Communist underground in, 47–61; cooperative movement in, 92–98; domestic affairs of, 3–9; economy of, 99–109; election results of, 217; foreign capital in, 220; foreign relations of, 10–21; history of, xix-xi; incorporation into USSR, 198–99, 209; land problems of, 65–83; nationalism in, 25–40; neutrality policy of, 145–50; opposition to Nationalist regime in, 41–61; Soviet occupation of, 21, 185–209; urban problems of, 84–91; Vilnius returned to, 151–63
Lithuanian Nationalist Union, 34–35; see also Nationalist Party
Lithuanian Patriotic Front, 44, 120–21
local elections of 1940, 171–72
Maceina, Antanas, quoted, 29, 162
manufacturing in Vilnius, 161
marriage, civil, 171
Memel. See Klaipėda
Merkys, Antanas: heads cabinet, 168–69; and Lithuanianization of Vilnius, 161–62; in Moscow, 178–79; quoted on Ministry of Finance, 108; resignation, 182, 184; Soviet dictation to, 188; unalarmed by Soviet troops, 159
Mickis, Matas, 196
migratory labor, 82
militarization of youth, 134–36
Ministry of Finance, 104–6, 108–9
Ministry of the Interior, 190, 191
Mironas, Vladas, 117
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 177–79, 198, 208
Mussolini, Benito, 30
Musteikis, Kazys, 125, 129, 156
nationalism, 25–40: authoritarianism of, 30–32; educational policies of, 35–37; failures of, 38–40; Lithuanian Nationalist Union, 34–35 and Lithuanianization of Vilnius, 160–63; and the “organic” state, 32–34; successes of, 37_38; see also Nationalist Party
Nationalist Party: angry young men vairininkai, 137–42; authoritarianism of, 30–32, 137–42, 210–12; Communist opposition to, 47–61; conflict in ranks of, 139–42; cooperation with opposition parties ends, 164–73; counterdrive to liberalism, 137–42; and democracy, 212; discord and bitter opposition in final hours before Russian take-over, 183–84; dismisses General Raštikis, 169–70; downfall follows Soviet occupation, 185–86; eco nomic policies of, 213–15; forms Merkys cabinet, 168; local elections of 1940 favor, 171–72; “new deal” of Černius coalition, 122–30; opposition to, 41–46, 166–67; pressures Church, 170–71; proposes law on district executives, 172; retreat following Klaipėda surrender, 113–21; revival of party spirit, 140–42; Soviet shatters, 191; summarized, 8–9
neutrality policy of Baltic states, 20–21
neutrality policy in German-Polish conflict, 145–50
newspapers. See press
Norem, Owen C., 156
occupation by Soviets, 185–209
“organic” state, 32–34
overpopulation, agricultural, 65–67
Paleckis, Justas: breakdown of, 200; Communist sympathies of, 155; dissolves Seimas, 199; election-day speech, 206; and Galvanauskas, 188; radio address to nation, 191; seeks press loyalty, 194
Paleckis government, 218–19
Peasant-Populist Union, 43–44; see also Populists
peasants: and Communism, 50; and cooperative movement, 92, 95; as prostrate, 72; Soviet assurances to, 196–97; in Vilnius face land reforms, 160–61; 166; see also farms and farming
People’s Diet, 193, 200–10, 215–16
People’s Government, 187–210, 215–16
periodicals. See press
planned economy, 99–109
Poland: German invasion and issue of Lithuanian neutrality, 145–50; to join Baltic bloc? 18; relations with Lithuania over Vilnius, 6, 13–15; Russian-Lithuanian mutual animosity toward, 15; war with Russia, 47, 53
popular front, 51
population surplus, 65–67
Populists: bitter discord with Nationalists before Soviet take-over, 183–84; in Černius cabinet, 119; and Communists, 51; cooperation with Nationalists, 164–73; cooperative movement supported by, 105; described, 6–7; opposition to Nationalists, 43–44; reaction to loss of Klaipėda, 114–15; role in coalition governments reviewed, 212–15; satisfaction at Nationalists’ downfall, 185–87
Pozdniakov, N.G., 188, 190, 200
press: censorship of, 126–28, 194–96; Communist, 56–57; discontinuance of, 194–96; reaction to loss of Klaipėda, 114–15; reaction to occupation, 185–86; reaction to return of Vilnius, 151–55
price indexes, 74–76
“price scissors,” 74
prisoners, political, 192
prominent persons, list of, 218–19
protectionism, 100
public order, emergency law to maintain, 129–30
public works, 90
publications. See press
purges under Soviets, 194
radicalism, postwar, 3–5
Rastenis, Vincas, 167
Raštikis, Stasys: and Arms Fund, 131–32; becomes Prime Minister, 182–84; censorship of article by, 127; and coalition governments, 117, 119; dismissal of, 169–70; and German-Polish conflict, 145, 149; interest in politics, 121; persuades Smetona to broaden Merkys cabinet, 168; reaction to loss of Klaipėda, 115–16; submission to Nationalists, 213; support of Smetona? 45
recognition, diplomatic, 11
Red Army: encampment in Lithuania, 60, 152–60; Soviet claims provocation against, 177–78; see also Russia
redistribution of land. See land redistribution
reforms: land, 66–74, 160–61, 166–67, 197; social, 166–67
religion, and nationalism, 35–38
representative government, demanded following the loss of Klaipėda, 117–21
resistance to Russia, 181–84
Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 113, 148
Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Church
Russia: army, 60, 151–60, 177–78; incidents leading to Lithuanian occupation, 177–84; incorporates Lithuania into USSR, 198–99, 209; influence on Communist underground, 47–50, 61; intervention in Lithuania, 47–50, 61, 175–216; occupation of Baltic states, 21; occupation of Lithuania, 185–209; relations with Baltic states, 20–21; relations with Lithuania summarized, 15–17; returns Vilnius to Lithuania, 151–60; Soviet legation in Kaunas, 190; strategy of exploiting Lithuanian domestic discord, 215
Šalčius, Petras, quoted, 92
Šalkauskis, Stasys, 41; quoted, 32, 37, 38
schools, military education in, 134–36
Scout Association, 136
Škirpa, Kazys, 146–48
Smetona, Antanas; quoted on democratic period, 7–8; government of, 8–9; and Nationalist theory, 25–26; quoted on own ideology, 27–28; quoted on nationalism, 29; quoted on Fascism, 30; quoted on obedience to one’s leaders, 31; “organic” state of, 32–34; and constitution of 1938, 34; and youth, 36; failures of, 38–40; and democracy, 40; and the army, 45–46; resists coalition government, 117, 119; censorship by, 126; pardons criminals, 129; Nationalists glorify, 139; and vairininkai, 139–40; last major address quoted, 141–42; neutrality policy in German-Polish conflict, 145, 149; clash with opposition leaders, 164; opposed to land reform, 167; names Merkys Prime Minister, 168; Merkys’ attachment to, 168–69; dismisses Raštikis, 170; and deteriorating relations with Russia, 178–79, 181; urges resistance, 181; to leave country, 182; proposes all-Nationalist cabinet, 184; popular satisfaction at downfall of, 185–87; refuses to return from Germany, 187–88; power over subordinates, 214
Social Democratic Party: and Communists, 51, 60–61; described, 6, 7; unaffiliated aloofness of, 45
social organizations’ relief programs, 90–91
social reforms, 166–67
Social Zionists, 51
Soviet Union. See Russia
Soviet-type government, for Lithuania? 48
Stalin, Joseph, 155
Statkus, Jonas: questions neutrality policy, 146–47, 149; silenced on Vilnius issue, 127; as vairininkai leader, 137–39
stores, cooperative, 97
surplus population, 65–67
Talka, 98
Tautos Ūkis, 101
Thälmann, Ernst, 50
Tiesa, 57
totalitarianism, 29
Treaty of Good Understanding and Cooperation, 199
“triple alliance,” 44
Tūbelis, Juozas, 137
underground, Communist, 47–61
unemployment, 89–91
Union of Christian Workers, 42–43
Union of Labor, 201–3
Union of Young Lithuania, 36
unity, national, 26–30, 113–21
urban problems, 84–91: cost of living, 84–87; housing, 87–89; unemployment, 89–91
Urbšys, Juozas: and Klaipėda surrender, 113; quoted on Soviet troops, 156–57; and return of Vilnius, 151, 155–57; Soviet trips, 178, 184
USSR, Lithuania incorporated into, 198–99, 209; see also Russia
vairininkai, 137–42
Vilnius: “foreign element” in, 162–63; land reform in, 160–61, 166–67; Lithuania to recapture following German-Polish conflict? 145–50; Lithuanianization of, 161–63; Polish-Lithuanian dispute over, 13–15; Polish-Vatican concordat on, 6, 199; rejoicing over return of, 153–57; Russians return to Lithuania, 152–63
Vilnius Balsas, 194
Vitkauskas, Vincas, 170
Voldemararas, Augustinas: followers of, 44, 46, 117; mentioned, 148, 154; personality of, 46
von Ribbentrop, Joachim, 113, 118
wages: and high cost of living, 84–85; for selected occupations, 80, 81n
welfare, as state responsibility? 101–2
Wilno. See Vilnius
workers: alienation of, 91; Catholic organization of, 42–43; and Communist underground, 48, 50; urban problems of, 84–91
World War II’s political repercussions, 143–73
XX Amžius, 85, 114, 123, 167, 169, 171, 186, 195, 196
“young Turks,” 137–42
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